THE INDIAN SCHOOL, KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN .

SALT ANALYSIS
1)PRELIMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Colour 1.Colourless 1. Absence of colored cations
2.Bluish green 2.Cu 2+ may be present.
3.Light pink 3. Mg 2+ may be present.
4.Pale green 4. Fe 2+ may be present.
5.Light brown 5. Fe 3+ may be present.

2 Odour 1.Pungent smell 1.NH4 + may be

present/(ammonium ion )
2.Vinegar like smell 2.CH3COO- may be present.
(acetate ion )
3. No Characteristic smell 3.Absence of NH4 + and
CH3COO-

3 Dry heating 1.Brown gas 1.NO3- may be present

2.Pungent smelling gas 2.Cl- may be present.
(Dip the glass rod in NH4OH and show
near the mouth of the test tube , will get
a dense white fume)

3.No characteristic gas. 3.Cl- and NO3- may be absent.

4 Flame test. 1.Silvery white. 1.Pb 2+ may be present.

[Make a paste with 2.Crimson red. 2.Sr 2+ may be present.
Con .HCl] 3.Apple green. 3.Ba2+ may be present.
4.Brick red 4.Ca2+ may be present.
5.Dark bluish green. 5.Cu2+ may be present.
6.No characteristic flame. 6.Pb2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ca 2+ and
Cu 2+ are absent.

2)TEST FOR ANIONS [ ACID RADICAL ANALYSIS]

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Salt + dil H2SO4 1.Brisk effervescence 1.CO32-, SO3 2-, S2-, NO3- may be
present.
2. No characteristic gas 2. CO32-, SO3 2-, S2-, NO3- are
absent.
2 Salt +Con H2SO4 1.Pungent smelling gas 1.Cl- may be present
a)Without heating . 2. Reddish brown vapour . 2.Br- may be present
3.Violet vapours. 3.I- may be present
4. No characteristics gas 4.Cl-, Br- and I- are absent.
b) With heating.
1.Pungent smelling gas (Dip the glass 1. Cl- may be present.
rod in NH4OH and show near the
mouth of the test tube , will get a
dense white fume)

2. Vinegar like smell. 2. CH3COO- may be present.

3. Brown vapour 3. NO3- may be present.

1
 (after adding a paper ball or wood
splint )

4. No characteristics gas Cl-, CH3COO- and NO3- may be

absent.

3 S.S+ BaCl2 White precipitate which is insoluble in SO42- may be present

Con. HCl

3)CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 NO3- ion
a)S.S + diphenylamine a)Deep blue ppt.
NO3- is confirmed.
b)Brown ring test.
S.S + freshly prepared b)Brown ring is formed
FeSO4 + Con H2SO4 slowly
through the sides of the
test tube .

2 SO42- ion White precipitate SO42- is confirmed.

S.S+dil. acetic acid+ lead
acetate solution.

3 Cl- ion
S.S +dil HNO3 + AgNO3 White precipitate soluble in Cl- is confirmed.
solution NH4OH

4 Br- ion Pale yellow precipitate sparingly Br- is confirmed.

S.S +dil HNO3 + soluble in NH4OH
AgNO3solution

5 I- ion Yellow precipitate insoluble in I- is confirmed .

S.S +dil HNO3 + AgNO3 NH4OH
solution

6. CO32- ion. Brisk effervescence with CO32- is confirmed.

evolution of a colourless
odourless gas which can
turn lime water milky

7 CH3COO- ion. Red colouration CH3COO- is confirmed.

S.S + Neutral FeCl3

4)GROUPWISE ANALYSIS OF CATION (BASIC RADICALS )

[Prepare a test tube full of salt solution]
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 S.S + dil. HCI a) White precipitate a) Gpl cation (Pb2+) may be
Present.
b) No characteristic precipitate b) Gpl cation is absent

2
2 S.S + dil.HCl + H2S a) Black precipitate a) Gp2 cation(Cu2+) may be
Present.
b) Yellow precipitate b) Gp2 cation(Cd2+) may be
present.
c) No characteristic precipitate. c) Gp2 cation is absent.

3 S.S+ NH4Cl 十NH4OH a)White gelatinous ppt. Gp3 cation (Al3+) may be
present.

b) No characteristic precipitate. b) Gp3 cation is absent

4 S.S + NH4CI +NH4OH + H2S a)Dirty white precipitate a) Gp4 cation(Zn2+) may be
Present.

b)Flesh Coloured precipitate b) Gp4 cation(Mn2+) may be

Present.

c) No characteristic precipitate c) Gp4 cation is absent.

5 S.S + NH4CI +NH4OH + a)White ppt a) Gp5 cation (Ba2*/Sr2*/Ca2+)

(NH4)2CO3 may be present.

b) No characteristic ppt. b) Gp 5 cation is absent.

6 S.S + NH4CI +NH4OH a)White ppt a) Gp6 cation (Mg2+)may be

+ (NH4)3PO4 present.

b) No characteristic ppt. b) Gp 6 cation is absent.

7 SALT +NaOH Evolution of gas which gives NH4+ (Gp 0) may be present.
[Heat if necessary] dense white fumes with
conc.HCl. (Dip a glass rod in
conc.HCl &show near the
mouth of the test tube)

5) CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CATIONS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Gp 1 Pb 2+
a)S.S + Potassium Chromate a)Yellow ppt

b)S.S + Potassium iodide b)Yellow ppt Pb 2+ is confirmed.

c)Flame test c)Silvery white
Gp2 Cu2+ Chocolate brown ppt Cu 2+ is confirmed
S.S + dl. HCl +
Potassium ferrocyanide
Gp 2 Cd2+ Greenish white ppt. Cd 2+ is confirmed
• S.S + dil. HCl +
Potassium ferrocyanide

Gp 3 Al3+
Blue lake Test Floating blue is Al 3+ is confirmed
S.S + dil. HC1+ blue litmus precipitate is
sol.+ NH4OH slowly. formed on the top

3
Gp4 Zn²+ Bluish White Zn2+ is
S.S + dil HCl + precipitate confirmed.
Potassium ferrocyanide

Gp 4 Mn²+ Purple Coloured solution. Mn2+ is

S.S + lead oxide + Conc.HNO3 Confirmed

Gp 5 Ba2+
a)S.S + Potassiun Chromate a)Yellow ppt Ba2+ is confirmed
b)Flame test b) Aplle green flame

Gp 5 Sr²+
a) S.S+ (NH4)2 SO4 a)White precipitate
Sr2+ is confirmed.
b) Flame test b)Crimson red

Gp 5 Ca2+
a)S.S+ Ammonium oxalate a)White crystalline ppt
(NH4)2C2O4 Ca 2+ is confirmed.
b) Flame test b) Brick red.

Gp 6 Mg 2+
a)S.S + NaOH + Magneson a)Blue precipitate
reagent
Mg 2+ is confirmed.
b) S.S+ NaOH +Titan Yellow b)Red ppt
reagent
Gp 0 NH4 +

S.S + NaOH + Nessler's Orange Brown ppt NH4+ is confirmed.

reagent .

6)RESULT