SALTANALYSIS

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Colour and appearance of the a) Colourless Absence of salt of Fe,Co,Ni,Mn…
Salt is noted b) Pink Presence of salt of Fe,Co,Ni,Mn…
May be due to the NH4+
2 Solubility of the salt is noted

Presence of group 1 cation.

(a) In water Soluble
(b) In dil. HCl Insoluble
3 Odour is noted a) Smell of vinegar was Maybe due to Acetate

b) Smell of ammonia vapours Maybe due to NH4

(a) In dil H2SO4 evolved
+
(b) In NaOH
were evolved

4 Flametest
A little of salt is made into a a) Pale green flame Presence of Barium
paste with con. HCl and b) Brick red flame Presence of Calcium
introduced to non-luminous c) Crimson red flame Presence of Strontium
flame
5 Ash Test
A little of the salt is taken in a a) Blue ash Presence of Aluminium.
test tube and add Con. HNO3
and cobalt nitrate. Mix the b) Green ash Presence of Zinc.
solution well and heat. A strip
of filter paper is dip in to it c) Pink ash Presence of Magnesium.
and burn in to ashes.

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANIONS

1 Action of dil.HCl a) Brisk effervescence with a Presence of Carbonate
A little of the salt is treated colour less odourless CaCO3+2HCl→CaCl2+CO2+H2O
with dil. HCl

2 Action of dil.H2SO4
A little of the salt is rubbed Smell of vinegar Presence of Acetate
with dil H2SO4
CH3COO-+H2SO4→HSO4- +CH3COOH
3 Action of conc.H2SO4 a) Colourless gas turning Presence of Chloride
A little of the salt is treated dense white when a glass rod Cl- +H2SO4→ HSO4-+HCl
with conc. H2SO4 dipped in NH4OH is shown
to the mouth of the test tube
b) Reddish brown vapours Presence of Bromide
Br-+H2SO4→ HSO4-+HBr

4 Action of conc.H2SO4 and

paper ball Reddish brown fumes Presence of Nitrate
A little of the salt is treated
with conc.H2SO4 it is heated NO3-+H2SO4→ HSO4-+HNO3
Then paper ball is added. 4HNO3+C→4NO2+CO2+2H2O
5 Action ofBaCl2
A little of the salt solution is a) White ppt .insoluble in dil. presence of Sulphate SO42-
acidified with dil. HCl and HCl +BaCl2→BaSO4+Cl -
BaCl2 solution is added
 CONFIRMATORYTESTFORCARBONATE
1 The colourless odourless gas Lime water turns milky Ca(OH)2+CO2→CaCO3+H2O
is passed through lime water. Presence of Carbonate is confirmed

CONFIRMATORYTESTSFORACETATE
1 A little of the salt A deep red colouration is Presence of Acetate is confirmed
solution is treated with obtained. It is diluted with
neutral FeCl3 water and heated. A red FeCl3+3CH3COO-→(CH3COO)3Fe+3Cl-
ppt. is formed

CONFIRMATORYTESTFORCHLORIDE
1 A little of the salt A white curdy ppt. soluble Presence of Chloride is confirmed
solution is treated with in NH4OH solution AgNO3+Cl-→AgCl+NO3-
dil.HNO3andAgNO3
Solution is added

CONFIRMATORYTESTFORNITRATE

2NO3-+H2SO4→SO42-+2HNO3
1 Brownringtest A brown ring is Presence of nitrate is confirmed

6FeSO4+3H2SO4+2HNO3→3Fe2(SO4)3+4H2
A little of the salt formed at the junction

O+2NO FeSO4+NO+5H2O→[Fe(NO)
solution is mixed with of two layers
freshly prepared
(H2O)5]SO4
FeSO4 solution and
add con. H2SO4 along
the sides
Of the testtube

CONFIRMATORYTESTFORSULPHATE
1 Action of lead acetate A whiteppt.is Presence of Sulphate is confirmed
A little of the salt obtained SO42-+Pb(CH3COO)2→PbSO4+2CH3COO-
solution is treated with
Acetic acid and
leadacetate solution

ANALYSISOFCATIONS

Presence of NH4+ is confirmed

TESTSFORZEROGROUP
1 ActionofNaOH Smell of ammonia
A little of the salt solution NH4++NaOH→Na++H2O+NH3
is treated with Na OH

Presence of NH+ is confirmed

solution
3 Action of A chocolate brown 4
Nessler’sreagent ppt. is formed 2K2[Hgl4]+NH3+3KOH→H2N.HgO.Hgl+7Kl+2H2O
To a little of the salt
solution add Nessler’s
reagent

PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF GROUPS

1 To the salt solution add Whiteppt. Is obtained Maybe due to group I
dil.HCl.
2 To the salt solution add a) A black ppt Maybe due to Copper
Maybe due to Cadmium Group II
dil.HClandpassH2S b) A yellow ppt
3 To the salt solution add a) A gelatinous white ppt. Maybe due to Aluminum
Maybe due to Iron Group III
NH4OHand NH4Cl b) A brown ppt.
4 To the salt solution add
NH4OH,NH4Clandpass a) A dirty white ppt. Maybe due to Zinc GroupIV
H2S b) Fleshy coloured ppt. Maybe due to Manganese
 5 To the salt solution add A whiteppt. Is obtained Maybe due to groupV
NH4OH, NH4Cl and
(NH4)2CO3
6 To the salt solution add A white ppt. May be due to groupVl
NH4OH, NH4Cl and
Ammonium
hydrogen
phosphate

ANALYSISOFGROUP-I (LEAD)
The precipitate is dissolved in hot water and divided in to two parts.

1 a) To the first part add a)Yellow ppt. Presence of Lead is confirmed

potassium chromate PbCl2+K2CrO4→PbCrO4+2KCl
solution
b)To the second part add b)A yellow ppt. soluble in Presence of lead is confirmed
Kl hot water and reappeared PbCl2+2Kl→Pbl2+2KCl
as golden spangles on
cooling

ANALYSISOFGROUP-II(COPPER)
1 To the salt solution add Pale blue ppt. which Presence of Copper is confirmed
NH4OHsolutionin excess Dissolved to from deep Cu(NO3)+4NH4OH→[Cu(NH4)[NO3]2+4H2O
blue solution
2 To the salt solution add A chocolate brownppt. Presence of Copper is confirmed
aceticacid and potassium is formed 2CuSO4+K4[Fe(CN)6]→Cu2[Fe(CN)6]+2K2SO4
ferrocyanide solution

ANALYSISOFGROUP-III(ALUMINIUM)
1 Precipitate is dissolved in Blue lake is obtained. Presence of Aluminium is confirmed
dil. HCl . Add few drops Al(OH)3+3HCl AlCl3 +2H2O
of blue litmus solution AlCl3+3NH4OH Al(OH)3+3NH4Cl
followed by NH4OH drop
by drop.

2 Ash test is conducted Blue ash is formed Presence of Aluminium is confirmed

Al2O3+CoO Al2O3.CoO

ANALYSISOFGROUP-IV ( ZINC)
Group IV ppt is dissolved in dil.HCl solution and boil off H2S gas and divide into two parts.

1 To the first part Whiteppt. Dissolved in Presence of Zn2+ is confirmed

NaOH is added in drops excess reagent ZnCl2+2NaOH→Zn(OH)2+2H2O
and then in excess to the
Salt solution
2 To the second part Whiteppt. Presence of Zn2+ is confirmed
Potassium ferrocyanide 2ZnCl2+K4[Fe(CN)6]→Zn2[Fe(CN)6]+4KCl
solutionisaddedtothe salt
solution
3 Ash test is conducted. Greenashis formed PresenceofZn2+isconfirmed
ZnO+CoO ZnO.CoO
ANALYSISOFGROUP-V(BARIUM,CALCIUM AND STRONTIUM)

Group v ppt. is dissolved in aceticacid and divided into 3 portions

1 Test forBa2+

a)To one potion add

potassium chromate
solution a)Yellow ppt. a)Presence of Ba2+ confirmed
b)Flame test is (CH3COO)2Ba+K2CrO4→2CH3COOK+BaCrO4
conducted. b)Pale green flame b)PresenceofBa2+confirmed

2 Test for Sr2+

a)To the second a)A white ppt. was a)PresenceofSr2+confirmed Sr2++

portion add formed immediately (NH4)2SO4→SrSO4+NH4+
(NH4)2SO4solution b)Crimson flame b)Presence of Sr2+confirmed
b)Flame test is
conducted.
3 Test forCa2+

a)To the third portion a) A white ppt. a)Presence of Ca2+ confirmed (CH3COO)2Ca+
add ammonium (NH4)2C2O4→
oxalate solution 2CH3COONH4+CaC2O4
b)Flame test is b)Brick red flame b)Presence ofCa2+confirmed
conducted.

ANALYSISOFGROUP-VI (MAGNESIUM)
1 Two drop of magneson reagent Blueppt.is formed Presence ofMg2+confirmed
and 2mL NaOH solution is
Added to the solution
2 Ash test is conducted Pink coloured ash Presence ofMg2+confirmed
MgO+CoO MgO.CoO