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Modern Radar System

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M
O Introduction
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O Tracking Radar
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Tracking Functions and Parameter Estimation
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R Radar Parameter Estimation
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S • Location
Y • Azimuth Angle
S • Elevation Angle
T • Range
E • Motion
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• Radial Velocity
D • Radial Acceleration
E • Rotation
S • Size
I • Amplitude (RCS)
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• Radial Extent (Length)
• Cross Range Extent (Width)
M
O
Tracking Radar: Functions & Parameter Estimation
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• A tracking radar has a pencil beam to receive echoes from target.
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• A tracking-radar system
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• measures the coordinates (r,,) of a target
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A • provides data(fd, vr) which used to determine the target path
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A • predict its future position.
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• used to measure the trajectory of the moving target [Ex:
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Y missile] and to predict future position.
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T • Types:
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• STT Radar
• MTT Radar
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E • ADT
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I • Phased Array Radar Tracking
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N • TWS Radar
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O • STT [Single Target Tracker] Radar designed to
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E • Continuously track a single target at a high data rate
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N • Ex: Weapon control radar [guided missile targets]

R • ADT[Automatic Detection and Track] Radar

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• Lower data rate
A • Ex: Air Surveillance Radar [Military and Civilian]
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• Phased Array Radar
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Y • High data rate
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T • Electronically steered phase array antenna
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M • Used on time sharing basis

D • Ex: Air-defense weapon radar system [MOTR]

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S • TWS [Track while Scan] Radar
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• Moderate data rate
N • Ex: Aircraft Landing Radar (Airborne Radar)
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M
O TRADEX MTT Radar System
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E • Multl-Target Tracker (MTT), Target Resolution and Discrimination Experiment
R (TRADEX) is a
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• high-power,
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A • high-sensitivity instrumentation radar system
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• is unique because it utilizes a large, steered, pencil-beam antenna.
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R • designed to detect and track [> 63 targets] within the beam of the radar.

S • It provides data necessary for determining the angular locations and ranges of
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all of these targets, as well as signature data necessary for target identification.
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T • The MTT system automatically processes received signals, reports targets,
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M initiates and maintains target track files, and presents target information to the

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radar operators through real-time interactive graphical displays..
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S C-band monopulse precision tracking radar [NASA Wallops Island Station ]
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N It has a 29-ft-diameter antenna with capable of 0.01 mil tracking accuracy.
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N ARPA [Marshall Islands] Long-Range Tracking and Instrumentation Radar
(ALTAIR)
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E • Same power is radiated
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I • Radiation intensity is power density over sphere (watt/steradian)
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• Gain is radiation intensity over that of an isotropic source
M
O Angle Tracking
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E • A tracking radar has a pencil beam to receive echoes from target.
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E • Methods to extract error signal may be classified as
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N • Sequential lobing

R • Conical scan
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• Simultaneous lobing or monopulse
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E Single beam on time sharing basis. Multiple beam.
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• Sequential lobing Radar and • Simultaneous lobing or monopulse
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• Conical scan Radar Radar]
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• Simpler • Complex
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R • One antenna • Multiple antennas
S • Less equipment • More equipments
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S • Not accurate • Accurate
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E • RCS scintillation • Single pulse is used to
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• Angle scintillation determine the angular error.
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E • No of pulses are • Amplitude comparison
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required to extract the • Phase comparison
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error signal
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M
O Sequential Lobing [switching the antenna beam between two positions]
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G Polar representation Rect. representation of switched antenna patterns
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Lobe-switching antenna patterns and error signal (one dimension).
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error signal
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Y Target located on the antenna axis
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Angle error sensing in one
D coordinate by switching the
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S antenna beam position from one
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G side of the target to the other,
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Target at one side of the antenna axis.
M
O Conical Scan Tracking
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I T (Target angle):angle between the axis of rotation and the direction to the target.
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q (Squint angle):angle between the antenna-beam axis and the axis of rotation
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B (Beamwidth):angular separation two half power points
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S (a) Angle error information contained in the envelope of the received
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G pulses in a conical-scan radar. (b) Reference signal derived from the
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drive of the conical-scan feed.
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Block diagram of conical-scan tracking radar
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E Why AGC is required
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The echo-signal amplitude at the tracking-radar receiver will not be constant but
R will vary with time.
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D The three major causes of variation in amplitude are due to
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R (1) target cross section (Pr  )
(2) range i.e. Pr  (1/R4)
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Y (3) the conical scan modulation (angle-error signal), and
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M
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E Function of AGC
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• to maintain the d-c level of the receiver output constant
R • to smooth or eliminate as much of the noise like amplitude fluctuations as
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D possible without disturbing the extraction of the desired error signal at the
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R conical-scan frequency.
• Results in an error signal that is a true indication of the angular
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Y pointing error
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T • to prevent saturation by large signals.
E • Scanning modulation and the error signal would be lost if the receiver
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were to saturate
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M
O AGC
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Block diagram of the AGC portion of a tracking- radar receiver
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The angle-error signal voltage vs function (T / B)
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E T (Target angle):angle between the axis of rotation and the direction to the target.
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I q (Squint angle):angle between the antenna-beam axis and the axis of rotation
G B (Beamwidth):angular separation two half power points
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M
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E Observation:
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N • Greater the slope of the error signal, More accurate will be the tracking of

R the target.
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• The maximum slope occurs for a value T / B slightly greater than 0.4 that
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A corresponds to a point on the antenna pattern (the antenna crossover) about
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2 dB down from the peak.
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• It is the optimum crossover for maximizing the accuracy of angle tracking.
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S • It has been suggested that the compromise value of T / B be about 0.28,
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E corresponding to a point on the antenna pattern about 1.0 dB below the
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peak.
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M
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E Conical scan Radar Monopulse Radar
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N • Simpler • Complex
R • One antenna • Multiple antennas
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• Less equipment • More equipments
A • Not accurate
R • Accurate
• RCS scintillation • Extract the error signal:-
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Y • Angle scintillation • On the basis of single
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T • Extract the error signal:- pulse and
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M • On the basis of number • Using multiple beam
D of pulses and [simultaneous lobing]
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S • Using one beam on time • Two types.
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sharing basis [Sequential • Amplitude comparison
N lobing] • Phase comparison
M
O Monopulse Radar [since the 1960s]
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E Limitations in conical scan radar:
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N • The conical scanning radar compares the return from two directions to
directly measure the location of the target.
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A • It creates confusion by rapid changes in signal strength.
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M
O Monopulse Radar
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E • Monopulse radar is a radar system that compares the received signal from
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N a single radar pulse against itself in order to compare the signal as seen in
multiple directions, polarizations, or other differences.
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A • In this technique,
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A • The RF signals received from two offset antenna beams are combined
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so that both the sum and the difference signals are obtained
S simultaneously.
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S • The sum and difference signals are multiplied in a phase-sensitive
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detector to obtain both the magnitude and the direction of the error
M signal.
D • To determine the angular error is obtained on the basis of a single
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S pulse; hence the name monopulse is quite appropriate.
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Monopulse Antenna pattern
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S Sum patterns
Y Overlapping antenna patterns
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Difference patterns Error Signal
M
O Amplitude-Comparison Monopulse Radar
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N Block diagram of amplitude-comparison monopulse radar (one angular coordinate)
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Block diagram of amplitude-comparison monopulse radar (Two angular coordinate)
M
O Phase-Comparison Monopulse Radar
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M
O Phase-Comparison Monopulse Radar
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(a) Wave front phase relationships in a phase
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comparison monopulse radar
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(b) Block diagram of a phase comparison monopulse radar (one angle coordinate).
M
O Limitations to Tracking Accuracy
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E • Major effects that determine the accuracy of a tracking radar:
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N • Glint or angle noise or angular scintillation: which affects all

R tracking radars especially at short range.

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• Receiver noise: affects all radars and mainly determines tracking
A accuracy at long range.
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• RCS scintillation or Amplitude fluctuations of the target echo that
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Y bother conical scan and sequential lobing trackers but not
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T monopulse.
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M • Servo noise

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M
O TRACKING ANTENNAS
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• Most popularly used antennas are:
N • Parabolic Reflector Antennas
R • Planar Phased Arrays
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D • Electronically steered Phased array antennas
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M
O Advantages of Beam Forming
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E • Increases coverage and reduces the number of antennas.
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N • Improves SNR
R • Improves signal quality
A ELECTRONIC BEAMFORMING
D • Increase in system capacity
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SCANNING ADAPTIVE SWITCHED/FIXED

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I Multi
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N Beam Fixed
Arrays Butler Matrix
Selector
 Corporate Feed Series Feed
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R Define RADAR resolution cell. Draw the resolution cell of 10.6GHz pulse Radar
N system whose pulse width 2 s and antenna HPBW is 8 and range to the target is
R 100KM.
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1. M.I. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, McGraw hill, 2000.
N 2. M.I. Skolnik, Radar Handbook, McGraw hill, 2nd edition, 1990.
R 3. A.K. Sen and A.B. Battacharya, Radar Systems andRadar Aids to
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D Naviation, Khanna Publications, 1988.
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