VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JnanaSangama, Belgavi-590018

Report On

“COMPUTER NETWORKS TECHNICAL PRESENTATIONON

INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATION”

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree

of

BACHELOROFENGINEERING
In
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE ENGINEERING

Submitted By

MANOJ S[1EP22AD033]

5thSemester and Section “A”

Under the Guidance Of

N HARSHA
Assistant Professor

Department of Artificial Intelligence and D ataScience Engineering

Approved by AICTE New Delhi Affiliated to VTU ,Belagavi,
Virgo Nagar, Bengaluru-560049
 Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the “COMPUTER NETWORKS TECHNICAL PRESENTATION

ON INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATION ”report carried out
by Mr. MANOJS[1EP22AD033], a Bonafide student of East Point College of
Engineering & Technology in partial fulfilment for the degree of BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING In ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE
ENGINEERING (5thsemester)of the Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belgaum during the year 2024-2025. It is certified that all corrections suggestions
indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the
departmental library. The report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements.

Mr.NHARSHA Dr.AnandR
AssistantProfessor Professor&HOD
Dept.ofAI&DS, Dept.ofAI&DS,
EPCET EPCET
 INTRODUCION :

Data communications and networking have changed the way we do business

and the way we live. Business decisions have to be made ever more quickly,
and the decision makers require immediate access to accurate information.
Why wait a week for that report from Europe to arrive by mail when it could
appear almost instantaneously through computer networks? Businesses today
rely on computer networks and internetworks.

Data communication and networking have found their way not only through
business and personal communication; they have found many applications in
political and social issues. People have found how to communicate with other
people in the world to express their social and political opinions and problems.
Communities in the world are not isolated anymore.

Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some
Form of transmission medium such as a wire cable. For data communications
to occur, the communicating devices must be part of a communication system
made up of a combination of hardware (physical equipment) and software
(programs).
FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERSITICS:

Delivery : he system must deliver data to the correct destination. Data must
be received by the intended device or user and only by that device or user.

Accuracy: The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that have been
altered in transmission and left uncorrected are unusable.

Timeliness: The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered
late are useless.
In the case of video and audio, timely delivery means delivering data as they
are produced, in the same order that they are produced, and without significant
delay.
This kind of delivery is called real-time transmission.

Jitter. Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven
delay in the delivery of audio or video packets.
For example, let us assume that video packets are sent every 30 ms . If some of
the packets arrive with 30-ms delay and others with40-ms delay, an uneven
quality in the video is the result.
 DATA REPRESENTATION:

TEXT:
In data communications, text is represented as a bit pattern, a sequence of bits
(0s or1s). Different sets of bit patterns have been designed to represent text
symbols. Each set is called a code, and the process of representing symbols is
called coding. Today, the prevalent coding system is called Unicode, which
uses 32 bits to represent a symbol or character used in any language in the
world. The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII),
developed some decades ago in the United States, now constitutes the first 127
characters in Unicode and is also referred to as Basic Latin.
Appendix A includes part of the Unicode.

Numbers:
Numbers are also represented by bit patterns. However, a code such as ASCII
is not used to represent numbers; the number is directly converted to a binary
number to simplify mathematical operations. Appendix B discusses several
different numbering systems.

Images:
Images are also represented by bit patterns. In its simplest form, an image is
composed of a matrix of pixels (picture elements), where each pixel is a small
dot. The size of the pixel depends on the resolution. For example, an image can
be divided into 1000 pixels or 10,000 pixels. In the second case, there is a
better representation of the image (better resolution), but more memory is
needed to store the image.
After an image is divided into pixels, each pixel is assigned a bit pattern. The
size and the value of the pattern depend on the image. For an image made of
only black-and-white dots (e.g., a chessboard), a 1-bit pattern is enough to
represent a pixel.
 KEY COMPONENT OF DATA COMUNICATION:

1. Message. The message is the information (data) to be communicated.

Popular forms of information include text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video.

2. Sender. The sender is the device that sends the data message. It can be a
computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera, and so on.

3. Receiver. The receiver is the device that receives the message. It can be a
computer, workstation, telephone handset, television, and so on.

4. Transmission medium. The transmission medium is the physical path

by which a message travels from sender to receiver. Some examples of
transmission media include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable,
and radio waves.

5. Protocol. A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. It

represents an agreement between the communicating devices. Without a
protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicating, just as a
person speaking French cannot be understood by a person who speaks only
Japanese.
data flow

SIMPLEX MODE:

simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on

a one-way street.
Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other can only
receive.
Keyboards and traditional monitors are examples of simplex
devices.

HALF-DUPLEX MODE:
In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and
receive, but not at the same time.
When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice
versa.
The half-duplex mode is like a one-lane road with traffic allowed
in both directions. Walkie-talkies and CB (citizens band) radios
are both half-duplex systems.

FULL-DUPLEX MODE:
In full-duplex mode (also called duplex), both stations can transmit
and receive simultaneously
One common example of full-duplex communication is the telephone
network.
When two people are communicating by a telephone line, both can
talk and listen at the same time.