THIRD TERM SCHEME OF WORK FOR B/TECH

Week 1:Revision
Week 2 :Wood works,Hand tools,Boring tools
and cutting tools
Week 3:Wood work Hand tools continues
Week 4:Metal-work Hand tools
-Measuring tools
-Marking tools
Week 5:Metal work hand tool continue
Week 6:Maintenance of tools and machines
Week7:Basic Electricity
Week8:Basic Electricity Contd
Week9:Simple Electrical Calculation
Week10:Basic Electricity Contd
WEEK 2
WOODWORK HAND TOOLS
BORING TOOLS
They were used for making holes in
wood.Examples are;
1.Bradawl:Used for boring small holes wood for
larger nails or screw.It is also used to mark the
centre of a wood in readiness for drilling.They
are of different tips either sharp,pointed,or
screw

2.Braces:Is used to hold twist bit for boring

holes.there are different types;
-Piain types
-Ratchet types
Both types of brace have a chunk to which
the bit is connected.

3.Gimlet:Is used where braces cannot be used

for boring holes
4.Bits:Are used in conjunction with brace to
bore holes of large depth or diameter.Various
types of bits are available and these includes
the following
-Twist bits:Is used for boring deep and straight
holes in any direction of the grain.
-Centre bit:Is used for boring large shallow
holes.
5.Drills:Are alternate to the brace.They are
equally used to bore holes in wood.There are
three main types;
-Breast drill
-Hand drill
-Push drill
 CUTTING TOOLS
There are tools used to cut wood.Examples
are saws,plane,chisel,file.
SAWS
Are used for cutting wood or plank two or
more pieces.The cut made by a saw is called
KERF
Saws are grouped into different types:
A.Hand saw:Are used for cutting straight
lines.They include:
i.Rip saw:Used for cutting alone the grain of a
plant.
ii.Crosscut saw:For cutting grass across the
grain of a plant.
iii.Panel saw:Used to cut both across and along
the grain of a wood.
v.Dovetail saw:Used for cutting dovetail joints
B.Curve cutting saw:Are used for cutting
curves.Examples are:
i.Coping saw:For accurate curve within wood or
veneer
ii.Fret saw:Used for complex shapes and curve
in plywood
iii.Bow saw:For cutting circular or semicircular
curve
PLANES
They are used for removing the rough
surface of a plank.They are:
1.Jack Plane:Is a general purpose plane for
removing rough surfaces from and for straight
planing
2.Smoothing Plane:Used for smoothing the
surface of wood which have first been roughen
by the jack plane
3.Try Plane:Is used for flattening the surface of
wood
4.Spoke Shave:Is used for shaping light particles
from the surface of the wood.It cuts in a similar
way to plane
 All these plane have blade[or edge tools]on
them.It is the blade that do the actual work of
planing
CHISEL
The chisel is for cutting wood.The blade is
made of high quality carbon steel.When using
chisel you must ensure that the chisel is
properly held in the wooden handle and
secondly the right type and size of chisel must
be selected for each job.The most commonly
used are:
l.Mortise chisel:Is used for cutting mortice and
all other heavy work requiring much leverage
ll.Bevelled chisel:Has level edge which enable it
to be used in difficult cornes
III.Firmer chisel:Is a square edge chisel.It is used
as general bench work and joint cutting
FILES
This comes in various types:
i.Saw Files:Used for filing the teeth of saw
ii.Half Round File:Half Round File are used to
sharpen the blade of other wood work tools

SCRAPERS
Is used to remove irregularities from
surfaces.
WEEK 3
DRIVING TOOLS
Are used to push in or pull out screws,
nails,bolts,pins.The driving tools are
hammer,mallet punches,screwdrivers,pincer
Hammer:they are named according to the
shape of their head which is made up of high
carbon steel and the handle is made up of
wood.
The weight of a hammer determines its usage.A
hammer with a heavy head made of steelis
called sledge hammer;it is used by
builders.other types of hammer includes:
1.Claw Hammer:used for driving and removing
nails.
2.Ball pein hammer:used for riverting.
3.Straight pein hammer:use for riverting in
awkward position and for bending of sheet
metal.
 MALLET
This is a driving tool that is made either from
hardwood,plastic,rubber or raw hide.it is used
for striking tools with wooden handle.e.gfor
driving chisel.it is also used for assembling or
disassembling joint.

SCREWDRIVER
Are used to turn in or drive out screws.The
various types are:
1.Flat Screwdriver:Used on screw with slotted
head
2.Star Screwdriver:Used in screw with star head
3.Allen Screwdriver[or allen key]:Used on screw
with hexagonal or square slotted holes in their
head
4.Ratchet type Screwdriver:This has ratchet
which can accommodate the heads of all other
types of screwdriver.There is a general purpose
screwdriver.
5.Offset:Used where straight screwdriver
cannot work
 PINCER
Are used for withdrawing nail,screw,pin and
objects driven into wood

PUNCHES
Are used in hammer for driving nail into wood
beyond where a hammer can only do.They are
used for locating centre hole for drilling
operation.
 CARE OF WOODWORK
HANDTOOLS
1.Always sharpen the cutting tools when due,to
prevent accident
2.Never put tools in damp places to avoid
rusting
3.Use the right tools for the right job to prevent
damage to the tool and accident to the user
4.At the end of the day’s work,return tool to
the appropriate place or rack
5.Avoid careless dropping on the floor,keep
them well on the work bench
6.Clean tools at the end of the day’s work

WEEK 4
METAL WORK HAND TOOLS
1.Marking Tools:Are hand tools used for
marking lines on metal surfaces or checking
alignment or indicating points on position on a
work piece
Examples are:
a.Surface plate:The surface plate is a piece of
equipment with a flat surface at high grade
finish on which work piece are placed for
marking out.It is also used for testing the
flatness of surface
2.Surface tables:The surface table or marking
out table is larger than the surface plate.It is
used for supporting bigger work ,so that
marking out can be easily carried out with ease
and accuracy.
3.Scriber:The sciber is a metal worker is
pencil.It is used for marking out lines by hands
and together with straight edge like steel
rule,try square or box rule

4.Divider:They are two legged steel

instruments,used for scribing arcs,circles,curves
and for setting off distance or transferring
measurement

5.Punches:Are used to bore holes in the sheet

metal being worked upon,they are made from
either medium carbon steel or high carbon
steel.They are of two types:
a.Dot punch:Used for denting scribed lines
b.Centre punch:Is used for providing a heavy
conical ldent at the end of the point where hole
will be drilled in a workshop
6.Try Square:It is used to test the squareness of
surface and to mark out lines at right angles to
given edges.It should be handled with care

7.Odd leg caliper:Are used on the lathe

machine for scribing a line round the work.They
are also used for the centre of the end of a bar
or for drawing lines parallel to a straight line
MEASURING TOOLS
They are used for measuring
length,width,thickness or size of a
metal.Measuring is usually done during
marking out.Examples of measuring tools are:
1.Steel Rule:This is used to measure length,
Breadth or thickness of metal
2.Calliper:They are used for measuring
diameter,width and thickness of metal.There
are three types:
a.External or outside caliper:For taking external
measurement
b.Odd leg caliper:Used for centering i.e locating
centre of bar
3.Depth Gauge:Is used for measuring holes

4.Height Guage:Is used to perform two

functions:
a.To determine the height of component
b.To mark out dimension
5.Micrometer:It is used for taking precision
measurement.It is available in two types:
a.External micrometer-for external
measurement
b.Internal micrometer-for internal
measurement
6.Vernier Calliper:Is used for taking very
accurate measurement of object
7.Combination Set:It is a measuring instrument
which consist of three heads:
a.Centre Square:Used to determine the centre
of round shafts of holes.It is also used as
marking out tool
b.Square Head:Used for measuring and setting
out 900 and 450
c.Protractor:Perform both marking and
measuring tool.Generally combination set can
also be used as depth or height guage
 CUTTING TOOLS
They are used for cutting metal by
sawing,filing,chiseling or scrapping.Examples
are:
SAW
They are number of saw used for cutting
metal:
a.Hack saw:It is mainly used to cut narrow
strips of metal
b.Junior Hacksaw:Used for fine work,wprk best
on thin sheet of metal.
c.Piercing Saw:It is used for cutting irregular
shape
2.Chisel:Are made from steel and are designed
to cut metal and groove slot and keyway in
metal.Types are:
a.Flat Chisel:
-Levelling metal surface
-Removing rivet,screws and bolt head
-Cutting excess metal after drilling
b.Crosscut Chisel:
-Cutting keyways on shafts and holes
c.Round nose Chisel:
-Cutting oil grooves in bearing
-Cutting V-shaped grooves
d.Diamond point chisel:
-Cutting Vee grooves and cutting oil well in
bearing
3.Scrapper:Used for removing
irregularities,shape edges and mark on surfaces
of metal

4.Files:Used on flat surfaces to remove small

amount of metal,leaving itsmooth
Types of file are:
-Flat file
-Round file
-Square file
-Half round file
-Triangular file:Filing tools on surfaces that are
less than 900 and in awkward corner
-Hand file

DRIVING TOOLS
 Are used in metal work for repmoving or
driving object into metal through
hammering,punching or screwdriving
1.Hammer:They are the most commonly used
of all tools types,the types are:
-Ball Pen Hammer
-Cross Pen Hammer
-Straight Pen Hammer
2.Punches:Punches are also driving tools.They
are used for punching holes in sheet metal
drive out rivert.
Types
-Pin
-Square punch
-Round punch
3.Screw driver:They are for fixing or removing
screws by their head.
Types
-Flat Screwdriver
-Star Screw driver
- Ratchet Screwdriver:Can accommodate
different types of heads.All that is required is to
remove and fix the required head.

HOLDING DEVICES
In order to safely and comfortably work on
any work piece, the work piece needs to be
firmly secured . Examples:
1.Vice:Are used for holding object firmly in
position ,so that desired operation can be
carried out .Vices are of various types, sizes and
shapes.
a. Bench Vice:Used for holding all types of
heavy work like filing ,chipping and sawing .It is
fastened to the bench .A vice clamp is used
along with the bench to prevent damage to
work piece .
b.Machine Vice :They are commonly used in
drilling mill and shaping machine.Machine vice
are also secured to the machine table by means
of bolt and nut .
c.Hand Vice :They are used for holding small
work piece that cannot be handled
conveniently
by the bench vice because of their small sizes.
d.Leg Vice :Is used by blacksmith for holding
workpiece that requires heavy blows bend.
2.Clamp:Are also holding devices for holding
workpiece for various jobs.Clamps are mainly
three types :
a.Plier: Are useful general purpose holding
tool ,they are used by metal workers,electrician
and automechanic.
Types
-Long nose Plier
-Flat nose Plier
-Round nose Plier
-Combination Plier
b.Tools marker’s Clamp:The tool marker’s
clamp is used for holding metal in drilling
operation, as well as for securing jobs.
c.G Clamp: Is used by metal workers for sec
uring long work piece to the drilling machine
MAINTENANCE
Maintenance is an action taken on anything
to keep it moving or to restore it to good
working condition. If an item is not properly
taken care of, break down .When the item is an
equipment or tools, its breakdown will cause a
lot of inconvinences and delay the work being
done to prevent an item from breaking down
there should be regular maintenance
REASONS FOR MAINTENANCE
1.To make the item or equipment function
properly
2.To avoid preventable breakdown
3.To reduces chances if accident and ensure
safe use
4.Make the item or eouipment last longer
5.To avoid the inconvenience of equipment
failure
6.To reduce time and thereby save money
TYPES OF MAINTENANCE
1.Preventive Maintenance:This type of
maintenance carried out on an equipment
before breakdown occurs. Most preventive
maintenance activities are
regular ,predetermined and planned in advance
.Preventive maintenance usually include
activities like cleaning ,
oiling ,greasing ,checking ,adjusting and
servicing.
2.Corrective Maintenance : Involves action
taken to restore or correct a broken down
equipment to a function state. An equipment
can breakdown without any prior signal.
Corrective maintenance is usually expensive
and time consuming. Here equipment may
need total overhand and some parts may need
to be replaced or repaired . This type of
maintenance is corrective in nature.
3.Predictive Maintenance: It is carried out on
an equipment when there is breakdown signal
such signals are change in sound ,noise redlight
[indicating danger] increase or decrease in
speed . Any action taken when a breakdown
signal is noticed is predictive maintenance.
Predictive maintenance involves such
action like checking , adjusting ,replacement of
parts ,servicing.
 BASIC ELECTRICITY
The origin of electricity can traced to the
existence of certain particles in matter . The
scientific experiment and work of men like
J.J.Thompson Rutherford ,Benjamin Franklin
and few others who have shown that matter is
not just made of molecules and atoms but that
the atom itself is made up of three basic
particles called:
a.Proton-Which carry positive charge
b.Neutron-These carry no charge
c.Electron-These carry negative charge
 STRUCTURE OF ATOM
The proton and neutron are packed
togrther to form the neucleus.While electrons
move around the entity,same way planets
move around the sun.
For an atom,the following are observed to
be true:
-It is electrically neutral i.e equal no of proton
and electron
The proton and neutron are packed together to
form the neucleus.While electrons move
around the sun.
For an atom the following are observed to be
true:
-It is electricity neutral i.e equal no of proton
and electron.
-The force of attraction between proton and
electron in motion about their orbit. It is
possible when the electron(s) in the outmost
shell are for them to jump out of their orbit and
wander as free electron. It is also possible for
an atom to receive into its outmost shell free
electron . In some cases electron is either lost
or gained . Thus net positive and net negative
charge is created by rubbing materials
together, this process of transfer or movement
actually takes place hence electricity is created.
Electricity therefore can be defined as the
flow of electric charges (either positive or
negative). Charges created by rubbing are
static, they can only flow for brief
instant .Electricity such as this is described
known type of electricity we encounter in
several ways in our daily lives:
-When combing our hair especially during dry
season.
-When pressing ,crackling sound is heard and if
the environment is dark , the spark are seen
-At rainy season thunderstorm and lighting are
real e.g static electricity.
Later Micheal Faraday discovered current
electricity, which is a more useful type of
current which flows continuously for as long
there is a generating source . The generating
source may be batteries,ac or dc generator.
Not all materials allows electricity to pass
through them,these materials which allows the
flow of electricity through them is called
conductor and these which do not allow
electricity pass through them are called
insulator.
The movement of free electron is called
electric current.The two classes of electricity
are static and current electricity.

The space around any charged object usually

contain line of force because another object
which is also charged when brought into that
space experiences either a force of attraction or
repulsion . The space in which a charged object
experiences a force is known as electric field. A
fundamental law which has been established
by experiment shows that
-Like charge repel
-Unlike charge attract
 TYPES OF CURRENT
1.Direct current(DC):Is the current which flows
steadily in one direction.Examples of this,is the
simple circuit containing a battery, wire and an
electric bulb.
2.Alternate current (AC):Is the current which
change it direction at periodic interval.
Examples of this, is the current that comes from
the power station.

Basic Component Of Electric Circuit

Electric circuit is the path provided for the flow
of electric charges (or current). Each
component connected to a circuit has a role to
play. The component are :
1.Battery Or Source of power i.e from power
holding company of Nigeria
2.Switch(or key):There should always be a
means of closing and opening a circuit . The
symbol is

3.Electrical Bulb:symbol is
4.Metal Wire
5.Resistor: Resistor in circuit are connected to
the flow of current. The symbol is
6. Capacitor: They are parallel plate separated
by a dielectric material (i.e insulator material),
capacitor are storage component, storing
electrical energy in an electrical field. Symbol
for capacitor is
7. Inductor:Cord carrying current are referred
to as inductor . They are storage device ,storing
electrical energy in magnetic field ,symbol is
There are several other components placed in a
circuit to perform different function.

Electrical Quantities And Their Measurement

Certain quantities are associated with electrical
quantities which needs to be measured , these
quantities are:
a.Current : This can be defined as the
quantity of charges flowing through section
of a circuit in a given time or it is the flow of
electron. Current is measured with an
 instrument called Ammeter and the unit of
measurement is Ampere.
b. Voltage : Voltage across a circuit is the
potential difference or amount of work that
has to be done in moving unit of charge
across the circuit voltage is measured in
volts (v) using a voltmeter.
flow of current ohm a german scientist was
the person who discovered the relationship
between I,V and R i.e current, voltage and
It is law stating this relation
R = V/I
Resitance can be measured directly using an
ohmmeter or multimeter.
d.Power : The amount of electrical energy
consumed in a given timeis called power.
Power can be calculated from the value of
I,V and R measured using a wattmeter.
P=current (I) xVoltage(V)
Combining this ohm’s law , power can be
expressed also as P=V2/R or P=I2R
Simple Calculation Involving Electricity
According to ohm’s law, the relationship
that exist between current, resistance and
voltage is expressed as ; I =V/R or V=IR or
R=V/I
Example
1. A current of 3a is drawn from 6volt
battery calculate the resistance.
Solution
I=V/R
=R=V/I=6/3=2ohms
2.In an electric circuit the potential
difference is 15volt while the resistance is
45ohms .What is the current following in
the circuit.
Solution
Potential difference =Voltage=18volt
I=V/R=15/45=0.33A

Assignment
1.Calculate the current flowing in a circuit
whose total resistance is 100ohms and
applied volt is 24.
2.If a wire is resistance 0.050hms drawing
current of 10A from battery . Find the
potential difference.
3.A potential difference (pd) of 240volts is
applied to a lamp of 60ohms resistance .
What amount of current will flow in the
circuit.
4.Calculate the current and power flowing
in a current having resistance of 100ohms
and voltage source of 12volts

Electrical Appliances
This is a device that uses electricity to
perform a function. Examples are
computer, television,washing
machine,DVD player, Refrigeration,table
lamp,toaster,freezer,microwave,water
heater.

Electrical accessories
An electrical accessories is a basic part
used in wiring either for protection and
adjustment or for the control of the
electrical circuits or for a combination of
these functions.Examples are:lamp
holder,switch,ceiling switch,13A
plug,cordgip lamp holder,joint box,socket
outlet,socket plug,3way lampholder
adaptor,oneway switch
 Transformers:This is a device used to
lower or increase voltage
Stabilizer:Are electronic device
responsible for correcting the voltage of the
electrical power supply.

SCHEME OF WORK FOR JSS ONE MATHS

3RD TERM SCHEME OF WORK

MATHS JSS 1
Week 1:Revision
Week2:Simple Equation
Week3:Geometry
Week4:Geometry Contd
Week5:Three Dimensional Shapes
Week6:Angles;Identification and Properties of
Angles
Week7:Angles contd
Week8:Construction
Week9:Statistic 1
Week10:Graphical presentation of data
Week11:Statistic contd
 SIMPLE EQUATION
An algebraic expression with an equal sign is
called an equation.Examples of simple equation
are:x+3=7,2x=10,3t+4=0,6+y=14-y
The symbol=is called the equality sign,it tells
us that what is on the right hand side is the
same as what is on the left hand side.The letter
in the equation,you will be required to find the
value of the unknown[letter] which makes an
equation.We call this value the solution of the
equation.To solve an equation one needs to
find its solution
METHOD OF SOLVING SIMPLE EQUATION
1.Balanced method
2.Collection of like terms
Balanced method
LHS=RHS,this means that whatever you do to
the left hand side,you also do to the right hand
side,consider the equations below:
a. 2t+1=3
Soln
2t + 1 -1 =3 - 1
2t = 2
2t
/2 = 2/2
t =1
Check the soln
Substitute t = 1 into the eqn
2t + 1 = 3
2(1) + 1 = 3
3 =3
LHS = RHS
b. z+5z-2z=12
Soln
4z = 12
4z
/4 = 12/4
Z=3

c. 5y-3y+2=10
Soln
2y + 2 -2 = 10 -2
2y = 8
2y
/2 = 8/2
Y=4
SIMPLE EQUATION
Collection of like terms
We collect terms that are the same. Example;
solve the following using collection of like
terms:
a. 29=5x+4
soln
29=5x+4
29 – 4 = 5x
5x = 29 – 4
5x = 25
5x
/5 = 25/5
X = 5

b.4x+3=3x-4
Soln
4x+3 = 3x-4
4x-3x=-4-3
x = -7

Assignment
1. 6d+5=4d+11
2. 14-m=m
3. 10+5x=-35
4. 8+2x=6+3x
5. 0.9z- 0.7z=0.3z-0.1

6. 9x-8=-16
7. 15+b=23
8. 3+p=8
9. -15+n=-9
10. m-9=-13
11. 4x-7=-7
12. 7f=4f-36
13. 2x+1=9

SIMPLE EQUATION INVOLVING FRACTION

Example: find the unknown in the following:
1. -4= 4+ x/2
Soln
Lets collect like terms
-4 -4= x/2
x
/2= -8
Cross multiply
X=2 x -8
X=-16
2. e/5 + 6=2
Soln
Lets collect like terms
 e
/5=2-6
e
/5=-4
Cross multiply
e=5 x -4
e=-20
Assignment
Find the unknown
1. m/9 – 1 = -2
2. x/2 + 3 = 5
WORD PROBLEM INVOLOVING SIMPLE
EQUATION
Verbal Statement Algebraic Expressions

1. 52 increase by x 1. 52+x

2. 71 decrease by x 2. 71-x

3. 29 decrease by twice x 3. 29-2x

4. Product of 9and sum of y and 4. 9(y+13)

13

1
5. of a number added to 1/5 of
/3 5. 1
x +1/5x
/3
the number
6. Sum of y and 10 is divided by 6. y+10
the difference of y and 15 y-15
7. Difference of a number and 12
is 70 7. x – 12 = 70
8. Twice a number added to
triple the number is 25 8. 2x + 3x = 25

9. The average of a number and 9. x+28 = 40

28 is 40 2

10. Twice x decrease by 29 10. 2x - 29

WORD PROBLEM INVOLVING SIMPLE

EQUATION
 EXAMPLES
1. If 7 is subtracted from twice a certain
number,the result is the same as adding 8
to the number.Find the number
Soln
Let certain number be x
Twice x =2x
2x – 7 = x + 8
Collect like term
2x – x = 8 +7
X = 15

2 . When 8 is added to a certain number and

the sum is multiplied by 3, the result is 57.Find
the number.
Soln
 Let the number be x
3( x + 8) = 57
3x + 24 = 57
3x = 57 – 24
3x = 33
3x
/3 = 33/3
X = 11

3. A boy is x years old. How old was he six

year ago.
Soln
Present age : x years
Age six years ago: (x-6)
4.My father is 30 years older than I am, if I am y
years old, how old is my father?
Soln
Father’s age=my age +30 years
Let my age =y years old
Thus, father’s age = y + 30 years
= y +30 years
5. When 11 is added to a certain number, the
result is the same as subtracting 15 from thrice
the number?
Soln
Let the certain number be x,
11 added to a certain;x+11
Subtracting 15 from thrice the number:3x-15
‘’Same as’’means
X+11=3x-15
Collect like terms together
11+15=3x-x
26=2x
26
/2=2x/2
So,x=13

CORRECTION OF TUTORIAL QUESTION

1. 6d+5 = 4d+11
Soln
6d-4d = 11-5
2d = 6
d= 3
2. 10+5x = -35
Soln
5x = -35-10
5x = -45
x = -9
3. 8+2x = 6+3x
Soln
2x-3x = 6-8
-x = -2
x=2
4. 0.9z-0.7z = 0.3z-o.1
Soln
0.9z-0.7z-0.3z = -0.1
0.2z-0.3z = -0.1
-0.1z = -0.1
 -0.1z
/-0.1 = -0.1/-0.1
Z=1
5. 9x-8 = -16
Soln
9x = -16-18
9x = -24
x = -24/4
x = -8/3
6. 15+b = 23
Soln
b = 23-15
b=8
7. -15+n = -9
Soln
n = -9+15
n=6
8. m-9 = -13
Soln
m = -13+9
m = -4
9. 3+p = 8
Soln
P = 8-3
P=5
10. 4x-7 = -7
Soln
4x = -7+7
x=0
. 11. 7f = 4f – 36
Soln
7f-4f = -36
 3f = -36
3f
/3 = -36/3
f = -3
12. 2x+1=9
Soln
2x = 9-8
2x = 1
2x
/2 = 1/2
x=½
GEOMETRY(Plane Shapes)
They are two dimensional figures or sghaps
boarded by lines.Two dimensional means that
they have length and breadth or width.
TYPES OF PLANE SHAPES
1.Rectangle
2.Square
3.Triangle
4.Trapezium
5.Circle
6.Polygon
7.Parallelogram
8.Kite
RECTANGLE
This is a quadrilateral that has opposite sides
are equal.A rectangle angle is 900,the word
quadrilateral means four sides with four
angles.
Properties
i.Sum of angles is 3600
ii.The diagonal are the same length
iii.The opposite sides are parallel to each
other
iv.It has two lines of symetry
SQUARE
It is a quadrilateral that all its sides are equal
and each 900
Properties
i.The diagonal are the same size
ii.It has four right angle
iii.It has four line of symmetry
iv.It has four equal sides
v.Opposite sides are parallel
TRIANGLE
It has a three side plane shape and it has
three angle.There are different kinds of
triangle.Sum of angles in a triangle is 1800
 Equilateral Triangle
Properties
i.All its sides are equal
ii.All its 3 angles are equal
iii.Each of the angles are equal
Isosceles Triangle
Properties
i.Two of its three sides are equal in length
ii.The base angles are equal
Right angle Triangle
Properties
i.One of the three angle is equal to 900
ii.The base angles are equal
Scalene Triangle
Properties
 i.All three sides are not equal
CIRCLE
It is a plane shape that has a set of point
equal distant from a fixed point.The fixed
point is in the centre of the circle.
Part of a circle
-A diameter is a straight line drawn through
the centre,meeting the circumference at both
ends
-A chord is any straight line drawn across the
circle meeting the circumference at both ends
-A radius is a straight line drawn from the
centre to the circumference
-A circumference is a distance round a circle
-A segement is a part of a circle bounded by an
arc and a chord
-A sector is a part of a circle bounded by a
radius and an arc
-A quadrant is one quarter of a circle
-An arc is part of a circle
POLYGON
A polygon is any closed shape that has three
or more straight sides e.g square,triangle e.t.c
Polygon derived their name from the number
of sides and types of angles includes:
Number of size Name of polygon
3 Triangle
4 Quadrilateral
5 Pentagon
6 Hexagon
7 Hoptagon
 8 Octagon
9 Nonagon
10 Decagon
Triangle
It is a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite
side parallel
Parallelogram
Properties
i.It’s opposite sides are equal and parallel
ii.The opposite angles are equal
iii.Its four angles add up to 360
PERIMETER OF PLANE SHAPES
This is the distance round a given shape
Plane Shapes Perimeter
1. Rectangle 2(L+B)
 2. Square 4L or 4S
3. Triangle a+b+c
4. Circle 2πr
5. Parallelogram 2(a+b)
6. Trapezium a+b+c+d
Example1:Calculate the perimeter of a
rectangle measuring 30cm by 20cm
Soln
Perimeterof rectangle=2(L+B)
=2(30cm+20cm)
=2x50
=100cm
Example2:The perimeter of a rectangle is
20cm.If the length is 6cm.What is the breadth
Soln
P = 2(L+B)
20 = 2(6+B)
20 = 12+2B
2B+12 = 20
2B =20-12
2B
/2= 8/2
B = 4m
Example3:Find the perimeter of a square whose
length is 8cm
Soln
Perimeter=4L or 4S
=4x8
=32cm
Example4:What is the length of a square whose
length is 32cm
Soln
Perimeter=4L
32=4L
4L=32
4L
/4 = 32/4
L=8cm
Example5:Find the perimeter of a triangle
whose: a=5,b=7 and c=8
Soln
Perimeter=a+b+c
=5+7+8
Perimeter=20cm
Example6:The perimeter of a parallelogram is
54cm and one of the sides 16cm long.Find the
length of the other side
Soln
P=2(L+B)
54=2(32+2B)
54-32 = 2B
22 = 2B
2B
/2=22/2
B = 11cm
Example7:Calculate the circumference of a
circle of radius 31/2cm
Soln
R = 31/2cm(9/2)
C = 2πr
C = 2x22/7x7/2
C = 22cm
Example8:Find the breadth of a rectangle which
has a perimeter of 40cm and length 9cm
 Soln
P = 20(L+B)
40 = 2(9+B)
40 = 18+2B
2B = 40-18
2B
/2 = 22/2
B = 11
Example9:The perimeter of a rectangle is
24cm,if the sum of 3 sides is 7cm.Find its fourth
side
Soln
P = 2(L+B)
24 = L+B+L+B
24 = 17+B
B = 24-17
B = 7cm
Example10:Find the perimeter of a square
whose side is 12cm
Soln
P = 4L OR 4S
P = 4x12cm
P = 48cm

WEEK 1
TOPIC: GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS
CONTENT:
 i. Bisection of a segment
Ii. Bisection of an angle
iii. Construction of special angles
(90°, 45°)
iv. Construction of special angles
( 60°, 30°)
v. Construction of shapes
vi. Copying given angles.
vii. Quantitative reasoning
SUB – TOPIC 1: BISECTION OF A SEGMENT
To bisect a straight line segment

A B
The line segment AB is the part of the line
between A and B, including the points A and B.
To bisect the line segment AB means to divide
it into two equal parts.
Open a pair of compasses so that the radius is
about ¾ of the length of AB.
Lace the sharp point of the compasses on A.
Draw two arcs, one above, the other below the
middle of AB, as shown below.

A
B

Keep the same radius and place the sharp point

of the compasses on B. Draw two arcs so that
they cut the first arcs at P and Q as shown
below.
 P

A B
Q

Q
Draw a straight line through P and Q so that it
cuts AB at M.
P
 A M B

Q
M is the mid – point of AB. PQ meets AB
perpendicularly. PQ is the perpendicular
bisector of AB. Use a ruler and protractor to
check that AM = MB and AP = BP = 90°.

EVALUATION
Draw any line segment AB. Use the above
method to find the mid – point of AB. Check by
measurement that your answer is correct.
Draw the following line segments and construct
their perpendicular bisectors:
A 6 cm B

H 4.5 cm G

SUB – TOPIC 2 : BISECTION OF ANGLES

Given any angle ABC.
Required to construct a line BY which bisects
angle ABC such that angle ABY = angle CBY.
CONSTRUCTION
Draw an angle ABC, A

BC
With B at the centre and using any convenient
radius, construct an arc that cuts AB at P and
BC at Q as shown below.
A
P

B Q C
3. Place the needle point of the compass at P,
with a convenient radius. Construct an arc in –
between and , then place the point at Q. with
the same radius, cut the last arc at Y. Draw line
BY. The line BY bisects AC. Use a protractor to
check if angle ABY = angle CBY.
A
P
Y
 B Q C
EVALUATION
Draw any angle PQR, then bisect it and use a
protractor to check if both angles are equal.
Use a protractor to draw angle PQR such that
PQR = 150°, then:
bisect angle PR.
bisect each of the angles in (a)
measure the angles.
SUB – TOPIC 3: CONSTRUCTION OF SPECIAL
ANGLES( 90° AND 45°)
Construction of angle 90°
Given a point on a straight line AB. Required to
construct a line PT through P such that <TPA =
<TPB = 90°.
Construction
Draw line AB with a point P on it. With P as the
centre and using any convenient radius,
inscribe an arc cutting AP at M and PB at N.

A M P N B

Now, place the needle point of the compass at

M. Using any convenient radius ( bigger than
the former radius ) inscribe an arc at T, then,
place the needle point at N and using the same
radius, inscribe an arc, cutting the previous arc
at T. See the figure below.

T
 A M P N B
Finally, join PT.

A M P N B

PT is perpendicular to AB. Thus, < TPA = <TPB =

90°. Use a protractor to check the result.
Construction of angle 45°
Since 45° =
Then, to construct 45°, we may first construct
an angle 90° and then bisect it.
Given: a point P on a straight line AB.
Required: to construct a line PD such that <DPB
= 45°.
Construction
Draw a line AB with a point on it. With P as the
centre and using any convenient radius,
construct a semicircle cutting AP at M and PB at
N as shown below.

A M P N
B
Expand the former radius to a convenient size,
then place the needle at M and inscribe an arc
at T. Using the same radius, place the needle
point at N and inscribe an arc cutting the
previous arc at T. Join TP using dotted lines as
shown below.

A M P N
B
Place the needle point at N and inscribe an arc
at D using a convenient radius. Place the needle
point on the point of intersection of the
semicircle and the
dotted line TP, then inscribe an arc cutting the
previous arc at D. Join DP with a thick line.

A M P N
B
Thus, <DPB = 45°.
Use a protractor to check the result in the
diagram above.
EVALUATION
Construct angle 22 ½ °.
Note : 22 ½° =
Educators should guide students in this
exercise.
Sub – Topic 4 : Construction of special angles
(60°,30°)
Construction of angle 60°
Given a line BC with B as the centre.Required to
construct an angle ABC = 60°.
Construction
Draw a line BC with B as the centre. Using any
convenient radius, inscribe an arc that cuts BC
at X, then place the needle point of the
compass at X. Using the same radius, inscribe
an arc that cuts the previous arc at Y.
Join YB and produce to A, <ABC = 60°. With a
protractor, measure angle ACB to check if it is
really 60°.
Construction of angle 30°
Since 30°= , then to construct angle 30°, we
may first construct an angle 60° and then bisect
it.
Given a line BC with B at the centre. Required
to construct an angle ABC = 30°.
Construction
Draw a line BC with B at the centre. Inscribe an
arc using any convenient radius that cuts BC at
X.
Place the needle point of the compass at X.
Using the same radius, inscribe an arc that cuts
the previous arc at Y. Using dotted lines, join
YB.
Now, place the needle point at X. Using any
convenient radius , inscribe an arc A in the
space between line BC and line BY.
Place the needle point at Y. Using the same
radius, inscribe an arc that cuts the previous
arc A . Join AB with a thick line.
Thus, <ABC = 30°. Use a protractor to check the
result in the figure below.

Note : Educators should teach students how to

construct angle 120°
Hint: 120° = 60° + 60°.
EVALUATION
Construct angle 15°.
Hint: 15° =
Sub – Topic v : Construction of shapes
Worked examples
Use a ruler and a pair of compasses only to
construct a triangle ABC such that BC = 6 cm,
<ABC = 60°, <ACB = 30° and an altitude from A
that will be perpendicular to line BC. Measure
the altitude.
Solution

Construct a line BC = 6 cm.

Construct an angle ABC = 60°.
Construct an angle ACB = 30°.
Construct the altitude from A which is
perpendicular to line BC as follows:
Place the needle point of the compass at A and
cut line BC at two points using a convenient
radius.
Using a convenient radius, place the needle at
the cuts on BC one after the other to cut and
recut below line BC.
Draw a straight line from A to the point of
intersection of the two cuts below line BC.
Measure altitude (2.5 cm ± 0.1)

EVALUATION
Construct an isosceles triangle PQR such that
QR = 8 cm and < PQR = <PRQ = 45°.
SUB – TOPIC VI: COPYING GIVEN ANGLE
Given any angle ABC:
A
 B C
To make a copy of A
Draw any line XY. Mark a point on XY. With
centre B and any radius, draw an arc to cut BA,
BC at P, Q. Then with centre and the same
radius, draw an arc to cut XY at .
A
P

B Q C

X Y
With centres Q, open the compasses until the
radius = QP. Make an arc at P as a check. Then
with centreand the same radius, draw an arc to
cut trough at .

A
P

B Q C
 X Y
Draw a line through and .
A

X Y

EVALUATION
Use the method given above to copy the
following angle. Use a protractor to check your
accuracy.
SUB – TOPIC VII: QUANTITATIVE REASONING
Sample A
100°→ 50°→ 25°
10°← 20°← 40°
5°↔ 20°↔ 80°
Answer the following
90°→ 45°→?
15°← 30°← ?
15°↔ 60°↔ ?
100°→ 50°↔ ?
50°↔ 200°→ ?

Sample B
15°, 45°, 30°, 20°
15° (b) 45° (c) 30° (d) 20°
Answer = D (odd)
20°, 70°, 80°, 90°
20°, (b) 70° (c) 80° (d) 90°
Answer = D (odd)
Answer the following
15°, 45°, 120°,30°
120°, 150°, 135°, 30°
130°, 30°, 150°,120°
135°, 120°, 180°, 50°
15°, 30°, 60°, 105°
WEEKEND ASSINGMENT
Nelson Functional Mathematics for Junior
Secondary Schools Book 3 by T. M. Asiru et al.
Chapter 11, pg 28- 51.

READING ASSIGNMENT
New General Mathematics for Junior Secondary
Schools book 3. Chapter 4 page 36- 44.

WEEK TWO
TOPIC: DATA STATISTICS REPRESENTATION
CONTENT: 1. Definition
2. Method of collecting data
 3. Classification of data

DEFINITION
Statistics: is the branch of study of data. It
involves (a) Gathering (i.e. collecting) data (b)
sorting and tabulating data (c) presenting
data visually by means of diagrams.
Data: (SINGULAR DATUM) means information
which are usually given in the form of
meaningful. Data may be categorized into
quantitative and qualitative
Quantitative data: a numerical data, which is
usually given in the form of a number or
measurement is called quantitative data e.g.
number of cars, height, number of towns etc.
quantitative dateis either discrete or
continuous.
Discrete data: are data which can be obtained
by counting (not by measurement). Discrete
data can only exact values such as whole
numbers. E.g. 2 boys, 3 houses etc. hence
discrete data have definite or exact values
Continuous Data: are data that can be obtained
by measurement (not by counting). Continuous
data can take any values within a given range.
E.g. height 1.6cm, height 40.56cm etc.
Qualitative Date: this is a non-numerical value
which is concerned with qualities such as
names, places, color, taste, opinions, brightness
etc.

Evaluation
Explain briefly with an example (i) Discrete data
(ii) Continuous data
METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA
There are two discrete ways of collecting data.
These are (a) by carrying out experiment (b) by
survey

By Carrying out Experiments: Data can be

obtained from experimental work carried out in
the laboratories by students or scientist for
example, various measurements, such as
temperature, pressure, weight and height of an
object can be obtained by setting up an
experiments.
By Survey: This collection of information or
data on a subject. A survey may be carried out
by using the existing published data, making
observation and asking questions.
Using existing published data: Existing data may
be obtained from libraries, schools, newspaper,
and government’s publications such as annual
abstract of statistics, stake statistics,
employment gazettes, books journals and other
publications.
Making Observation: This method involves
collecting data by observation e.g. you can do a
round traffic survey by counting and recording
the various types of vehicles that ply a
particular road.
Asking questions: You can ask other people
questions to obtain their views or vital
information in two ways: i. by interviewing
them ii. By giving those questionnaires to fill in
their response.
By Interviewing: This involves asking other
people questions in order to obtain vital
information or strict pattern or information, in
which the questions asked only general formal
but the order or the way the questions are
presented can vary. It must be noted that the
interviewers must avoid bias, misleading
ambiguous and offensive questions.
Questionnaires: This is the most popular
method of collecting data. Questionnaires are
list of questions designed to obtain or discover
particular information in a survey. In
questionnaires, everyone is asked the same
questions. The questionnaires may be given
directly to an individual or sent to them by post
to fill in their response. The main advantage of
postal questionnaires is that it can be sent to
many people in another towns or cities.

Evaluation
Mention two major ways that data can be
collected.

Reading Assignment
Essential mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS
Oluwasanmi pages 253 – 255

CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
Data can be obtained either by direct collection
from respondents or form a data bank of a data
collection agency. Data collected directly from
information’s are called
Primary Data: are those from data banks are
called secondary data.
Secondary Data: these are obtained from data
collection agencies, engaged in routine data
collection for research and planning some of
these agencies include:
Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) Principal
agency
Central Bank of Nigeria
Statistics units of Ministries/Parastatals
Commercial Companies/ Industries.

GENERAL EVALUATION
Name two broad ways of classification of data
Mention two agencies we can collect secondary
data

REVISION QUESTION
Michael obtained the following scores in a Basic
Technology examination:
65, 72, 58, 82, 74, 64, 78, 70, 80, 75, 68
Arrange these scores:
In ascending order
In descending order

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS
Oluwasanmi chapter 23 pages 255 – 260.
Exercise 23.2 No 1&2 page 258

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Which one of the following is a discrete data
A. 1.25 B. C. D. 5
Data that is written in random order is called
A. qualitative data B. raw data C.
quantitative data D. discrete data E.
continuous data
Which of the following must a questionnaires
be? A. simple B. misleading C. ambiguous
D. irrelevant E. offensive
We can represent data by _____________ A.
line B. dist C. number D. picture E.
double lines
Statistics deals majorly on ___________ A.
building B. dancing C. data D. fish E.
animals

THEORY
Mention 3 things you must avoid when
designing a questionnaires
In carrying out a survey, mention two ways, you
can obtain information from people.
WEEK 10
TOPIC: GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
USING PICTOGRAM, PIE CHARTS AND BAR
CHARTS
CONTENT: i) The Pictogram
ii) The bar charts
iii) The pie charts
INTRODUCTION
A frequency table is a numerical presentation
of data in an organized summary from.
Diagrams, symbols and pictures sometimes
catch the eye more quickly than the number.
They also tell stories more easily than numbers.
It is also observed that it is easier to understand
frequency table than the raw data, another
method of presenting data, which most
graphical find easier than table, is observe
method. Graphs help us to observe any
patterns easily. Examples of these graphs are
pictogram, bar chart, line graph and pie chart.

THE PICTOGRAM
This uses pictures to represent statistics
information or data. The pictogram is also
called an ideograph. A pictogram uses pictures
or drawings to give a quick and easy meaning to
statistical data. A pictogram is a simple way of
representing data in which a number of
indentical drawings or pictures and used to
show the data. It is useful to use pictures which
can easily be divided into halves, quarters and
do on. A pictogram must have a key to show
that each picture stands for. Also you need to
give the diagram a title
Example: The following table shows the favorite
sports of 75 students
Represent the data in the form of a pictogram.

Favourite sports Frequency

Football 25
Wrestling 10
Boxing 5
Table Tennis 15
Swimming 20

Evaluation Question
The following table shows the number of
students in JSS 1 in different houses at a certain
school.
Represent the data in the form of a pictogram

House
Blue
Yellow
Green
Purple

Students
16
14
11
21

Reading Assignment
Essential mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS
Oluwasanmi page 262-273
New general mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS
Channon other. Page 145-151
MAN mathematics for JSS 1 page 211

THE BAR CHARTS

Bar chart is very like a pictogram. The bars have
the same width and usually have equal spaces
between them. Instead of using pictures as in
case of the pictogram, we must use a bar to
represent the frequency of each of the item. In
drawing a bar chart, we must take the following
features into consideration.
The charts consists of bars
The bars must be of equal width
The lengths of the bars are in proportion of the
frequencies being represented. The bars may
be vertical or horizontal

Example
The following figures show the number of
children per family in a sample of 40
households
1, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3, 8, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 5, 6,
5, 4, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 3, 8, 7, 6, 5,
4, 5, 7, 6, 3, 8, 6, 3, 5, 7, 5, 4, 3
Prepare a frequency table for this data
Draw a bar chart to illustrate the above data

Solution
Frequency table
No of children per family
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

frequency
2
5
9
7
7
4
3
3

(b)
Evaluation Question
The table below shows different colours of cars
found in a company’s car park. Draw a bar chart
for this data.
Colour of cars
White
Blue
Red
Grey
black

Frequency
20
17
10
8
15
Reading Assignment
Essential Mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS
Oluwasanmi page 262

THE PIE CHART

A pie chart is a circle, which is divided into
slices (i.e sectors) whose angles are used to
display data.
The size of an angle of each sector gives the
frequency of each value. The major advantage
of a pie chart is that it enables us to see clearly
how the size of parts are compared in relation
to one another and to the overall total. It is
important to label each sector according to the
given items and also give pie chart a little.
Example: A student was given N600.00 in June
as a pocket money. He spent the money as
follows:
Food = N200.00
Transport = N100.00
Books = N120.00
Rent = N150.00
Miscellaneous = N30.00

Draw a pie chart to illustrate the data.

Solution
There are 360o in a full circle and the total
amount spent was N600.00 this means N600.00
is represented by 360o; N1 is represented by =
0.6
= 200 x 0.6
= 120o

Items
Amount Spent in Naira (N)
Angle

Food
200
200 x 0.6 = 120o

Transport
100
100 x 0.6 = 60o

Books
120
120 x 0.6 = 72o

Rent
150
150 x 0.6 = 90o

Miscellaneous
30
30 x 0.6 = 18o

TOTAL
600
360o

120o + 60o + 72o + 90o + 18o = 360o

GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTION
400 students were asked whether they liked
yam, cornflakes, bread, rice or some other type
of food for breakfast, the following data was
recorded.
Type of Food
Yam
Cornflakes
Bread
Rice
Other
Total

Frequency
65
110
80
120
25
400

Draw a bar and a pie chart to represent this

information

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics Bk. 1 pages 261 – 273.
Exercise 25.4 No 1-5

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Which of the following is not a pictorial form of
presenting data?A. Bar chart B. Pie chart C.
Frequency distribution D. Line graph

The pie chart below shows the course which a

group of students are doing. Use the pie chart
to answer questions 2 to 5

What is the value of angle xo? A. 20o B.

30o C. 40o D. 35o
Which course most students doing? A.
Engineering B. Accounting C. Law D.
Medicine
Which course has the least number of
students? A. Engineering B. Accounting C.
Law D. Medicine
What fraction of the students are doing
Engineering? A. B. C. D.

THEORY
40 youths who were admitted into a mental
hospital due to drug abuse were asked to name
the types of drugs they often take. The table
shows how they replied.
Indian hemp 35%
Morphine 20%
Heroine 15%
Cocaine 30%
Represent this information in a pie chart
Find the number of youths in each category

WEEK ELEVEN
TOPIC: STATISTICS II
CONTENT: i) The Mean
ii) The Median
iii) The Mode
INTRODUCTION
Average is the most used word to describe
measure of a set of numbers. It is a single value
used to represent a set of numbers ( i.e. all
values in a set of data).
For example, the average age of students in
JSS1 in Good Shepherd Schools is 10yrs. This
does not mean that every student in JSS1 is
10yrs, but 10 yrs is used to represent the age of
all students in JSS1.
The most commonly used statistical averages
are arithmetic mean, median and mode.

The Mean
The mean, sometimes called the arithmetic
mean, is the most common average. The mean
of a set of numbers or values is found by simply
adding all the values together and then divide
by the number of the values.
i.e. Mean =
Example 1
Find the mean of the following numbers 4, 5, 6,
7, 8.
Solution
Sum of all the numbers = 4 + 5+ 6+ 7+ 8 =30
There are 5 numbers, so divide by 5
Mean =
Example 2
In five tests, a student’s marks were 13, 17, 18,
8 and 10. What is the average mark?
Solution
Average (mean) mark =
= = 13.2
Example 3
A hockey team has played eight games and has
a mean score of 3.5 goals per game. How many
goals has the team scored?
Solution
Mean score =
=
Multiply both sides by 8
Total number of goals = 3.5 x 8
Total number of goals scored = 28

Evaluation
The ages of 10 pupils in a certain class are: 9, 9,
8, 12, 11, 11, 12, 10,9,9
Calculate the mean age of the pupils.
How many pupils are less than the mean age?
How many pupils are above the mean age?

The Median
The median of a set of values or data is the
middle value when the data is arranged in
order of magnitude or size.
Example 4
Find the median of the following numbers 13,
10, 6, 8, 7, 9, 11
Solution
Arrange the numbers in order of increasing size
6,7,8, 9, 10, 11, 13
The middle value is the fourth number from
LHS, i.e. 9 is the median
Note: The result is the same if the numbers are
arranged in order of decreasing size
Example 5
Find the median of these numbers: 13, 15, 14,
12, 13, 15, 16, 10, 12, 14
Solution
Arrange the set of numbers in order of
increasing size
10, 12, 12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 15, 15, 16
We have even number of values, so there is no
middle number. Tp obtain the median, we add
the two middle numbers and then divide by 2.
Median =
= =
Evaluation
A dice was thrown 14 times, and the scores
were : 1,6,6,4,3,5,5,2,4,6,3,2,1,4. Find the
median score

The Mode
The mode is the value that occurs most
frequently in a set of data. A set of data may
have more than one mode. When all values
occur only once then there is no mode.
Example 6
Find the mode of these numbers 3, 4, 3, 2, 4, 3,
2, 3, 5, 3, 2
Solution
3 occurs 5 times, 4 occurs 2 times, 2 occurs 3
times, 5 occurs 1 time
3 occurs most frequently, so the mode is 3

Note: if there are two modes in a data, the data

is said to be bimodal and when there are more
than two modes, the data is said to be
multimodal.
Evaluation
Find the mode of these numbers
14, 18, 12, 10, 18, 20,19,14,18,10
1,5,6,3,5,7,10,8,4,9

General Evaluation
The table below shows the marks obtained in a
Mathematics test by JSS1 students.
Mark
5
6
7
8
9
10
Frequency
2
3
5
7
4
2

Find the
Modal mark
Median mark
Mean mark of the distribution to 1 d.p

Reading Assignment
Essential Mathematics for JSS1 by A.J.S
Oluwasanmipg 270-275
NGM for JSS1 by MF Macrae, et. al pg179-184

Weekend Assignment
A student obtained 50, 80, 60 and 70 marks in 4
different tests in Mathematics. Find the mean
score. A. 60 B. 65 C. 70 D. 75
Find the median of these numbers: 6, 3, 5, 7, 8.
A. 3 B. 5 C. 6 D. 5.5
What is the mode of these numbers:
4,6,8,7,3,1,3,7,1,8,1. A. 7 B. 2 C. 8 D. 1
The length of 20 metal rods is 1860cm when
added together. Find the average length of the
rods. A. 91cm B. 90.5 cm C. 93cm D.92cm
If there are two modes in a data, the data is
said to be ........... A. single modal B.
multimodal C. bimodal D. none of the above
Theory
Zainab did 10 tests in English dictation and her
marks were as follows: 70, 50, 60, 75, 30, 65,
60, 40, 78, 80 (a) Find her mean mark (b) Find
her median mark (c) Find her modal mark
Tolu obtained an average of 70 marks in 8 tests.
He then scored 65 and 80 marks in another two
tests. Find his new average mark.
WEEK TWO
Topic: Approximation
Content
Degree of Accuracy
Rounding Up of Numbers
I. Degree of Accuracy
Many calculations involve measurements. The
degree of accuracy of the results of the
calculations depends therefore on the degree
of accuracy of the measurements. It therefore
means that the degree of accuracy of
measurement in a calculation must be taken
into consideration when determining the
answer to the calculation.

Rounded –of values are sometimes used in

calculations for example, pi(π) is often taken as
3.14 or 3.14 2.

II. Rounding –up of Numbers

It is not cost effective to give exact number of
certain things due to the difficulty that may be
encountered in the course of carrying out such
task. E.g. Number of vehicles plying a
particular road, spectators in a stadium,
population of a town etc. What is usually done
is to round the number or approximate it to the
nearest 10, 100,1000 and so on.
Example 1
Round the following numbers to the nearest
ten
(a) 34 (b) 127 (c) 43678
Solution
34
:. To the nearest 10 = 30
(b) 127
:. To the nearest 10 =130.
(c) 43678
:. To the nearest 10 = 43680.

Evaluation:
1. Round these numbers to the nearest
hundred
(a) 231 (b) 87345 (c) 567
2. The number of people at the cinema
yesterday was 2576. Give this number to the
nearest
(a) 10 (b) 100 (c) 1000

Decimal Places
See the illustration below
3. 5 7 8 6
From the illustration above, 3.5786 is divided
into two parts by a decimal points to the right
decimal to the left (whole number ).

Example 1
Give each of the following correct to 1d.p and 2
d.p
(a) 3.4567 (b) 35. 4782 (c) 4.2071
Solution

(a) 3.4567
i. 3.5 ( 1 d.p)
ii. 3.46 (2d.p)
(b) 35. 4782
 i. 35.5 ( 1d.p)
ii. 35.48 ( 2d.p)
(c) 4.2071
i. 4.2 ( 1 d.p)
ii. 4.21 ( 2d.p)

Evaluation
Give each number correct to 2.d.p and 3d.p
(a) 5.7804 (b) 0.007992 (c ) 16.869
(d) 28.0099.

Significant Figures
The word significant means important. In
mathematics, we need to study it in two
aspects
i. whole numbers
3 8 0 6 9
ii. decimal numbers
0. 0 0 5 0 8 6
From the two illustrations above, we can
conclude that zeros in the middle of a whole
number are significant whilezeros at the end
are not significant (insignificant)

Example 2
Give 45775 correct to (a) 1 s.f (b) 2s.f
(c) 3 s.f
Solution
(a) 50000 ( 1s.f)
(b)46000 ( 2 s.f)
(c) 45 800 (3.s.f)
Example 3
Give each of the following numbers correct to 2
s.f
(a) 5.781 (b) 0.00244 (c) 0.0507

Solution
(a) 5.781 = 5.8 ( 2 s.f)
(b) 0.00244 = 0.0024 ( 2 s.f)
(c ) 0.0507 = 0.051 ( 2 s.f)

Evaluation:
Give each number correct to 3 significant
figures
(a) 57045 (b) 4540 (c ) 456.56(d) 0.5002
(e)34.0061 (f) 0.001011

Nearest Whole Number

To round a decimal number to the nearest
whole number, check the number in the 1std.p,
if it is 5 or more than round the number up but
if it is less than 5 do not change the number.

Example 1
Give the following correct to

i. the nearest hundredth

ii. the nearest thousandth
(a) 7.3425 (b) 0.00692 (c ) 7.0149 (d)
42.4739.
Solution
(a) 7.3425
i. 7.34 (nearest hundredth)
ii. 7.343 (nearest thousandth)

(b) 0.0069
i. 0.01 (nearest hundredth)
ii. 0.007 (nearest thousandth)
(c ) 7.0149
i. 7.01 (nearest hundredth)
ii. 7.015 (nearest thousandth)

(d) 42.4739
i. 4.47 (nearest hundredth)
ii. 42.474 (nearest thousandth)

Example 2
Give each number correct to the nearest whole
number
(a) 8.22 (b) 134.674
Solution
8.22 = 8 (nearest whole number )
134.674 = 135 (nearest whole number )

Evaluation:
Round off each of the following:
a. 34.8cm to the nearest cm
b. 67.1cm to the nearest cm
c. 24.6kg to the nearest kg.
Reference material:
Essential mathematics for Jss I (UBE Edition )
by AJS Oluwasanmipg 85 – 91
New General Mathematics for JSS I (UBE
edition) by MF Macrae et al pg 178-179.

Reading Assignment
Read about quantitative reasoning and
application of approximation to our
everydayactivities .

Weekend Assignment
1. Give 3.9998 to 2 s.f. (a) 3.9 (b) 3.0 (c ) 4.0 (d)
4. 99
2. Give 0.00057891 to2 s.f(a) 0.00 (b) 0.00058
(c) 0.58 (d) 0.0
3. Give 37.0567 to 2 d.p (a) 37 (b) 37.06 (c )
37.05 (d) 37.1
4. Round 26 to the nearest ten (a) 5 (b) 20 (c)
30 (d) 40.
5. Round 7.586 to the nearest whole number
(a) 8 (b) 7 (c) 6 (d) 7.6.

Theory
1. The number of road accident in Lagos –
Ibadan Expressway of Nigeria in a decade was
1294594.
Give this number to the nearest (a) 100 (b)
1000
2. Express each number correct to 1 d.p and 1
s.f (a) 23.0036 (b) 6.7887.
WEEK THREE Date:
………………
Topic:APPROXIMATION
Content
Quantitative Reasoning (QR)
Approximation in our everyday activities

A. Quantitative Reasoning (QR)

Example
Calculate the value of the following and give
your answer correct to the number of
significant figures stated:
(a) 46 x 34 correct to 2.f.
(b) 346 x 24 correct to 3 s.f
(c )5.766 + 81.34 correct to 1 s.f
(d) 72.63 – 8.35 correct to 3 s.f

Solution
(a) 46 x 34 (c ) 5.766 + 81.
34

4 6 5. 7 66
x 3 6 + 81. 35
1 84 87.106
+1 3 8 :. 87. 106 = 90 to 1 s.f
1564
1564 = 1600 ( to 2 s.f)
(b) 3 4 6 x 24 (d ) 72.63 – 8.23

3 4 6 7 2.6 3
x 2 4- 8. 3 5
1 3 8 4 6 4. 2 8
+6 9 2
8 3 0 4 :.
64.28 = 64.3( to 3 s.f)
8304 = 8300 ( 3.s.f)

Evaluation:
Evaluate the following and give your answers
correct to two significant figures.
(a) 0. 46 x 0. 35
20
(b) 12.3 x 32.0
16

(c) 0.052 + 0.045

4

(d ) 3. 07 + 0. 97
5

II. Approximation in Our Everyday Activities

Approximation is a way of using rounded
numbers to estimate answers to a calculation.
Approximation can help us decide whether an
answer to a calculation is of right size or not.
To find an approximate answer to a calculation,
round the numbers to easy numbers, usually 1
s.f., or 2.s.f. or to the nearest whole number.
Then work out the approximated answer using
these easy numbers.
Example 1
A boy was asked to calculate the cost of 82
oranges at N 5.80 each
Solution
Rough calculation
= 80 and 5. 80 = 6
:. Approximated cost = 80 x 6
= N 480.
Actual calculation
82 x 5. 80
= N 475. 60
comparing the rough calculation with the actual
calculation, you will discover that the two
answers
N 480 and N 475.60 are very close.

Example 2
A box full of exercise books weighs 12kg. if one
exercise book weighs 10.2g.find the
approximate number of exercise books in the
box.

Solution
By approximate answer, we mean the rough
calculation.
Weight ( total ) = 12kg
12kg = 10kg
one exercise book = 10.2g
10.2g = 10g
approximate number of exercise books.
= 10kg
10g
but, 1000g = 1kg

= 10 x 1000g
10 g
= 1000 books
Example 3
In 2008 the value of a plot of land was N
238000. Its value rises by about 110% each
year. Estimate its value in2009 to the nearest N
1000.
Solution
In 2008,
Cost = N238000
Rise = 10%
= 10 x 238000
100
N23800
Value in 2009,
= N 238000
N 23800
N 261800

. N 261800 = N262000
Example 4
The population of five towns are 15600,
17300,62800, 74000 and 34400, each to the
nearest hundred. Find the total population of
the 5 towns to the nearest thousand.

Solution
Total population of the 5 towns

1 5 6 0 0
1 7 3 0 0
6 2 8 0 0
7 4 0 0 0
3 4 4 0 0
20 4 1 0 0
= 204100 = 204000 ( to the nearest thousand)
Example 5
An aeroplane flies 2783km in 5 ¾ hours. First
approximate, then calculate the average
distance it flies in 1 hour.

Solution
Distance = 2783km
2783km = 3000km
time = 5 ¾ hours
5 ¾ = 6 hours

Approximate distance = 3000km

Approximate time = 6 hours
Average speed = 3000
= 500km/hr
Average distance in 1hr = 500km

Evaluation:
A farmer has N 200,000 to spend on cattle. He
wants to buy 9 calves. Each calf costs N18500.
Check, by approximation, that the farmer has
enough money. Find, accurately how much
change he will get after buying the calves.

2. A bucket holds 10.5 litres. A cup holds about

320ml. Estimated the number of cups of water
that the bucket holds.
Reading Assignment
Read about Base Numbers.

i. Essential mathematics
ii. New General Mathematics pg 183 – 186.

Weekend Assignment
1. Find the approximate answer to 0. 41 x 0.
92 (a) 0.6(b) 0.36 (c ) 0.3 (d) 0.04.
2. Find the rough value of 4 ½ x 1 7/8 (a) 8
(b) 7 (c ) 10 (d) 9
3. x = 0. 876 – 0.326. By doing a rough
calculation, decide which of the following is the
value of x
(a) 0.18 (b) 0.21 (c )0.3 (d) 0.55.
4. A cup has a capacity of 290ml. It takes 63
cups to fill a bucket. Find the approximate
capacity of the bucket in litres. (a) 9 litres (b) 10
litres (c ) 1800 litres (d) 18 litres,
5. A sum of N 236000 is divided equally among
54 members of a club.Approximately how
much does each member get? (a) N 4000
(b)N2000 (c) N 20000 (d) N40000.

Theory
1. The table below shows the number of
different sizes of shirts sold by a company in a
certain month.
Size Number sold

Small 1243
Medium 4132
 Large 3967
Extra large 1985

How many shirts were sold altogether?

How many more large shirts than small shirts
were sold?
Check each answer by rounding the numbers to
the nearest hundred.

2. Use approximation to find the following

35. 8 – 8.99
7.784 x 97 .5
WEEK FOUR
Date :……….
Topic:BASE NUMBERS
Content
Number Bases ( Expansion of Base Numbers )
Counting in Base Two
Addition in Base Two
Subtraction in Base Two

Number Bases (Expansion of Base Numbers )

When counting days in a week, we count in 7’s,
but when counting seconds in a minute, we
count in 60’s. However, for most purposes,
people count in 10’s.
The digits 0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9 are used to
represent numbers. The placing of the digits
shows their value . For example,
7 8 0 9 means

7 thousands
8 hundred
0 tens
9 units
7809 = 7 x 1000 + 8 x 100 + 0 x 10 + 9 x 1
= 7 x 103 + 8 x 102 + 0 x 101 + 9 x 100
(Note : Any number raised to the power zero =
1) since the illustration above is based on the
power of 10, It is called base 10. We can write it
as 7809 ten
Other number systems are sometimes used.
For instance 145 eight , means
1 eight squared
4 eights
5 units
145eight= 1 x 82 + 4 x 81 + 5 x 80
= 1 x 82 + 4 x 81 + 5 x 1

Example 1
Expand the following in the powers of their
bases
2389ten
1001 two
647eight
Solution
Using the model provided above
a) 2 3 8 9ten
= 2 x 103 + 3 x 102 + 8 x 101 + 9 x 100
= 2 x 103 + 3 x 102 + 8 x 101 + 9 x 1

b) = 1 0 0 1two
= 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20
= 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 1

c) 6 4 7 eight
= 6 x 82 + 4 x 81 + 7 x 80
= 6 x 82 + 4 x 81 + 7 x 1

Evaluation :
Expand the following base numbers in the
powers of their bases.
8 1 0 6 2 nine
1 0 1 1 0 1 two

II. Counting in Base Two

From the example above, (b) was 1001 two,
this means 1001 in base two. The first thing to
notice is their base two number or BINARY
NUMBER, is made up of only two digits 0 and
1(just as in base ten there are ten digits: ), 1, 2,
3, 4, 5,6,7,8,9,)
In summary
Base two ________ 0, 1
Base three ________ 0, 1,2,
Base four _________ 0, 1,2, 3. etc
The place value of the digits in the binary
number 1111two is as shown below:
Eight (23)

Fours(22)

Two(21)
Units(20)

Class Activity
Work in pairs. Get a collection of about 25
counters ( e.g. matchsticks, bottle tops, smooth
pebbles)
Make a paper abacus and use it to answer the
following questions.
count out nine counters
group them in twos.
Now group the pairs in eights, fours, twos and
units as far as possible .
You will discover that nine is made up of
1 eight
0 fours
twos, and
1 unit.
(d) Represent the binary number for 9 n your
paper abacus.
IMPORTANCE OF BINARY SYSTEM
The binary system is second in importance to
our usual base ten system. It is important
because it is used in computer programs.
Binary numbers are made up of only two digits,
1 and 0. A computer contains a large number of
stitches.
Each switch in either ‘on’ or ‘off’. An ‘on’ switch
represents 1; and ‘off’ switch represents 0.
See the table below for the first ten binary
numbers
Base ten number
Binary number
1 1
2 10
3 11
 4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
8 1000
9 1001
10 1010
III. Addition in Base Two
Remember the following :
0 +0 =0
0 +1=1
1 + 0 =1
1 + 1 = 10

Example 1.
Calculate in base two
1 01 +1 0 1
Solution
1 0 1
+1 0 1
1 0 1 0

Note: 1st column : 1 + 1 = 0, write down 0

carry 1
2nd column : 0 + 0 + 1 carried
= 1, write down 1 carry 0
3rd column: 1 + 1 + 0 carried = 10

Example 2
Simplify the following in base two
a) 1 0 1 0 1
+ 1 1 1

______________

b) 1 1 1
+ 1

__________

c) 1 0 1
+1 1 0

_________
Solution
a) 1 0 1 0 1
+ 1 1 1

11 1 0 0
Note:
1st column :1 + 1 = 10, write 0 carry 1
2nd column: 0 + 1 + 1 carried = 10, write 0
carry 1
3rd column: 1 + 1 + 1 carried = 11, write 1 carry
1
4th column: 0 + 1 carried = 1, write 1 carry 0
5th column: 1 + 0 carried = 1
= 11100 two
Using the above explanation try out the
examples worked by your teacher below:
b) 1 1 1
+ 1

10 0 0

( c) 1 0 1
+ 1 1 0
1 0 1 1

Evaluation:
Simplify the following in base two
a) 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1
+ 1 0 1

___________
b) 1 0 1
1 0 1
+ 1 1 1

___________
Note: You may also need to listen to teacher’s
other approach in the class to see the one you
will prefer.
For instance:
4 8 9
+ 3 8 2
8 7 1
This is because it is in base ten. Once, it is 10 or
more than your teacher told you in addition of
whole numbers that we carry. When it is less
than 10 you write down the number.

The same thing is happening in base two. Once

it is or more you must carry when it is 2 you
write down 0 carry 1. i.e
2
2 = 1 remainder 0

Usually, we write the remainder and carry the

quotient.
See illustration
1 1 1
+ 1 1

1 0 1 1

1 + 1 = 2 ( 2/2 = 1 r0 )
1 + 1 + 1 carried = 3 ( 3/2 = 1 r 1 )
1 + 1 carried = 2 ( 2/2 = 1 r 0 )
the answer = 1 0 1 0 two

Subtraction in Base two

Example 1
Simplify in base two
Solution
1 1 1
- 1 1 0
 _______ 1
Ans = 1 two
Example 2
Simplify in base two
1 1 1 1 0
- 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1
______________
Ans = 10001 two

Example 3
Simplify in base two
1 0 0 1 1
- 1 1 0
____________
Solution
1 0 0 1 1
- 1 1 0

1 1 0 1
Ans = 1101 two
Note, the same method we used when we were
subtracting whole numbers is still the method
we have used. The only difference is their
bases. The whole number was in base 10.

e.g 4 8 3 -2 9 6
 4 8 3
- 2 9 6
1 8 7
In the above example, when the number we
are to subtract is larger, we borrow from the
next digit. For instance, we borrowed 1 from 8
reducing it to 7 and increasing 3 to 13. Each 1
borrowed is equal to 10 which represents the
base.

In our own case, any 1 borrowed is equal to

two representing the base.
Try your self in base eight and 1 borrowed is
equal to_____
Evaluation
Simplify the following in base two
a) 1 0 1 1 1
- 1 0 111

________
b) 1 1 1 0 0
- 1 1 1 1

_____________

c) 1 1 1
- 1 1

_________

Reading Assignment
i.Multiplication in base two
ii. Conversion

Weekend Assignment
1. Binary numbers means ________
numbers(a) base two (b) base ten (c ) base four
(d) base eight
2. Base two numbers are made up of two digits
_____ and ______
(a) 0 and 1 (b) ) and 2 (c ) 1 and 3 (d) 0,
1 and 2
3. simplify in base two ( 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 ) (a)1 1 0 1
(b) 1 1 1 0 ( c ) 1 0 0 1 ( d) 1 0 0 0
4. Simplify in base two ( 110 - 11 ) (a) 11 (b)
101 (c ) 100 (d) 1
5. Expand 586 nine
 (a) 5 x 92 + 9 x 81 + 6 x 90
(b) 5 x 93 + 8 x 91 + 6 x 1
(c ) 5 x 93 + 8 x 92 + 6 x 91
(d) 5 x 92 + 8 x 91 + 6 x90

Theory
Simplify the following in base two
1a 1 1 1 0
+1 0 0 1

__________

b) 1 0 1 0 1
+ 1 1 1
___________

c). 1 1 0 1 two + 1 1 0 0 1 two + 1 0 1 1

two
2a) 1 1 0 1 1
- 1 0 1 1 1

______________

b) 1 0 1 1 1
- 1 0 1 1 1

_______________

Content
Multiplication in Base Two
Conversion from (i) other bases to base ten (ii)
ten to other bases

Multiplication in Base Two

Some method used in carrying out the long
multiplication is still the same method used
here.Where the conventional method is in base
ten the one we want to work out now is strictly
to base two. See the examples below:

Example 1
Findthe product of 1101 two X 111two
Solution
1 1 0 1
x 1 1 1
 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1______
1 01 1 0 1 1

Ans : 1011011 two

Examples 2
Calculate the following binary numbers.
a) ( 110 two)2
b) ( 1011 two) 3

Solution
a) ( 110two)2
( 110 two)2 = 110 two X 110 two
1 1 0
x 1 1 0
0 0 0
11 0
+ 1 1 0_______
10 010 0
_______________

:. ( 110 two) 2 = 100100 two

b ( 1011two)3
( 10 1 1 two) = 1011two x 1011two X 1011two
1 0 11
x1011
1 0 1 1
10 1 1
 0000
10 11
The result above will finally be multiplied by
1011 two
1 1 1 1 0 0 1
x 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 1
111 1 0 0 1
0000 0 0 0
11110 0 1
1 0 10 01 1 0 0 1 1

Ans : 10100110011two

Evaluation:
1. multiply 1110 two by 111 two
2. Calculate the following binary numbers
a) ( 10 1 two)2 (b) ( 111two)2

II. Conversion
A From other Bases to Base Ten
Here, expansion method is applied. Refer to the
previous work of last weeks
Example 1
Convert 11011two to base ten.
Solution

11011 two ------ ten

= ( 1 x 24) + ( 1 x 23) + ( 0 x 22) + ( 1 x 21) + ( 1
x 20)
= 1 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 1 x 1
= 1 x 16 + 1 x 8 + 0 x 4 + 1 x 2 + 1 x 1
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1
= 16 + 11
= 27ten
:.11011two = 27 ten

Example 2
convert 451 eight to ten
Solution
451 eight ------ ten
( 4x 82) + ( 5 x 81) + ( 1 x 80)
4 x 82 + 5 x 81 + 1 x 1
4 x 64 + 5 x 8 + 1
256 + 40 + 1
= 297ten

Evaluation:
Convert the following to base ten
(a) 3032 four (b) 30021five

From Base Ten To Other Bases

Here, we apply the division rule

Example 1
Convert 27 ten to a number in base two

Solution
27
13 r 1
2 6r1
2 3r0
2 1r1
0r1

27 ten = 11011 two

Example 2
Convert 403 ten to a number in base two

Solution
403
201 r 1
100 r 1
50 r 0
25 r 0
12 r 1
6r0
3xr0
1 r1
0r1

403 ten = 110010011two

Note: We have been converting from other
bases to base ten and vice versa. Let us try to
convert from other bases to other bases other
than ten.
The rule is simple. First convert to base ten and
then to the required base.
Example
Convert 134 eight to base five

Solution
1 3 4 eight ________ ten

( 1 x 82 ) + ( 3 x 81) + ( 4 x 8 0)
x 82 + 3 x 81 + 4 x 1
1x 64 + 3 x 8 + 4 x 1
+ 24 + 4 = 92ten
Then convert 92 ten ____ five using division
92ten _____ five
5 92
5 18 r 2
 5 3r3
0r3
:. 92 ten = 332 five

Evaluation
1. Calculate the following :
a) ( 111) 2 (b) ( 100)2
2. Convert:
a) 4035 to ten
b)145 ten to binary number
c) 256 eight to base two

Reading Assignment
Basic operations, Addition and Subtraction of
numbers based on their place value and the use
of number line.

Weekend Assignment
1.Change 321four to base eight (a) 71 (b) 81
(c) 62 (d) 75.
2.Change 101110two to octal number (a) 67
(b) 57 (c) 56 (d) 54
3. Change 35471 eight to base ten(a) 15097(b)
16081 (c ) 17097 (d) 16097
4. Simplify in base two (1101)2 (a) 1011011 (b)
10101001 (c ) 1101101 (d ) 1110111
5. The missing number in the expansion below
is:
4983 ten = 4 x 103+ 9 x --- + 8 x 101 + 3 x 1(a)
104 (b) 103 (c) 102 (d) 101
Theory
1. Convert the following to binary number (a)
234five (b) 403five
2. Calculate the following binary numbers
(a) 10001 x 11
(b) 110111 x 111

WEEK five Date:

……………….
Topic: numbers (rules and properties).
CONTENT:
Addition of Numbers ( Place Values)
Subtraction of Numbers ( Place Values)

Addition of Numbers
The easiest method of adding or subtracting
numbers is by having the knowledge of place
value system. By this system of arrangement,
all units ( U), Tens (T), Hundreds (H), Thousands
( T), and so, are vertically arranged in line. Note
that numbers are written from right to left by
their place values.
Example 1
Add the following numbers: 1092, 84, 8, 183.
Solution
Th H T U
1 9 9 2
8 4
 + 8
1 8 3
2 2 6 7

Method
U = 2 + 4+ 8+ 3 = 17 ( write 7 under U and carry
1 to the T column)
T = 9 + 8 + 8 + (1) = 26 ( write 4 and carry 2 to
the H column)
H = 0 + 1 + (1) = 2 ( write 2 under H and carry 1
to Th)
Th = 1 + (1) = 2 ( write 2 under the Th)

Example 2
Ukachi has 1578 apples, jide has 682 apples and
victor has 88 apples. How many apples do they
have all together?
Solution
TH H T U
1 5 7 8
+ 6 8 2
8 8
2 3 4 8

Example 3
A man spent #2500 on housing, #1245 on
savings, #3480 on feeding and #248 on the
children’s education. How much did he spend
altogether?
Solution

TH H T U
2 5 0 0
1 2 4 5
3 4 8 0
2 4 8
7 4 7 3

Evaluation:
1. Find the sum of 76,721, 2393, 184 and 96.
2. A man earned N73485.00 three years ago N
98472.00 a year ago and N124390.00 this year.
How much altogether did he earn for the three
years?

Subtraction of Numbers
Example 1
The sum of two numbers is equal to 67512. If
one of the numbers is 24351, what is the
second number?
Solution

TTH TH H T U
6 7 5 1 2
-2 4 3 5 1
4 3 1 6 1
Evaluation:
1. There are 24 students in a class which
comprises of 14 girls and 10 boys. If 5 girls and
3 boys were absent, how many students are
present in the class?
2. Find the difference between 10342 and 2015
General Evaluation
1. A man borrowed N120 from a friend and
borrowed N350 from his brother. How much is
his total debt?
2. The temperature inside a room was
recorded at 20oC and the temperature outside
was measured as -8oC. How many degrees
warmer was the room temperature more than
the outside temperature?
Reading Assignment:
Essential Mathematics for JSS1, pages 8 and 9

Weekend Assignment
1.By how many is 29 greater than 17? (a)12
(b)18 (c)19 (d)17
2. Simplify 79001- 73776 (a)105225 (b)5335
(c)5225 (d)5221
3. When you increase the sum of 345 and 1276
by 1453, the result will give (a)2074 (b)5023
(c)1453 (d)3074
4.There are 816 boys and 658 girls in a school.
How many students are there altogether in the
school? (a)1356 (b)1474 (c)1744 (d)1074
5.Find the difference between 8074 and
5729(a)2345 (b)5432 (c)5745 (d)4365
Theory
(1)The difference between two numbers is
603904.If the first number is 21432, what is the
second number?
(2)Find the sum of the following numbers: 95,3,
2134, 93627, 18, and 543.

Content
Addition and subtraction of positive(+ve)and
negative(-ve)integers on the number line
Solving problems on quantitative reasoning in
basic operations

Addition and subtraction of Positive and

Negative integers on the number line
Integers are positive and negative numbers
including zero. Directed numbers are positive
numbers greater than zero and negative
numbers less than zero.
Number line: This is a picture that shows the
arrangement of numbers according to their
values, zero being the starting point.Numbers
arranged to the left of zero are negatives (-
ve)and decrease in value while numbers to the
right of zero are positive(+ve)and increase in
value.

Negative numbers decrease in value

Positive numbers increase in value

-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

The values of numbers increase from left to

right.
Considering the number line, -12 is to the left of
0 while +12 is to right of 0. Therefore,-12 is less
than +2
Inother words, +2 is greater than -12.
Mathematically, symbol (<)and (>)are
respectively used to denote “less than”and
“greater than” respectively. It should be noted
that the ADDITIVE INVERSE of a number add up
with the number to zero. For instance, +1 is the
additive inverse of -1,+2 is the additive inverse
of -2, etc.
Example 1
Replace the sign between the following pairs of
numbers with any of the signs(<)and(>).
(a)-18… +8 (b)-20… -50 (c)23… 15
Solution
(a)-18<8 (-18 is to the left of zero and 8 is to the
right of zero)
(b)-20>-50
(c)23>15
Example 2
Arrange the following in ascending order
(a)0,1,-2,-1,-9,-18,-5,2.

Solution
Arranging these numbers on a number line will
make the number easier.

-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Since the numbers increase from left to right on
the number line,we have the answer thus:
-18,-9,-5,-2,-1.0.+1,+2
Example 3
Use the number line to find the values of the
following. (a)5+3 (b)-5+3(c)5-3(d)3-5 (e)-3-5 (f)-
4-5+12
Solution
5+3
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Method: Start from + 5, move three times in
the positive ( +ve) direction. This gives 8.
– 5 + 3 = -2
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Method: Start from -5 , move 3 times in the

positive direction and this gives 2
5- 3 = 2

-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Method: Start from 5 and move 3 times in the
negative direction, this gives 2
3 – 5 = -2
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Method: Start from 3 and move 5 times in the

negative direction, this gives -2
-3–5=-8
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Method: Start from -3 and move 5 times in the
negative direction, this gives – 8
– 4 -5 + 12 = 3
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Method: Start from – 4 and move 5 times in the

negative direction, then move 12 times in the
positive direction, this gives 3.

Rules for addition and subtraction of positive

and negative integers
If the same sign appear together, then replace
them by a positive sign.
Also, (+8) – (-6) = + 8 +6 = +14
If different signs appear together, replace them
by a negative (-ve) sign.
For instance, (+4) +(-7) = -3.
(Note, 7 cannot be subtracted from 4. So,
subtract 4 from 7 and place the –ve sign of 7)
3. When there is a combination of positive and
negative integers, the easiest way to simplify
them is to add all positive together and also
add all negative number together. For instance,
8-7+5-3+2 = 8+5+2-7-3 =5.

Evaluation
Simplify the following the number line: (a) ( +6)
(-4) (b) (+6) + (-13) (c) -3 +7-10
A man can withdraw N 2500.00 more than
what he has in his account as overdraft. If he
takes this amount from his account instead of N
350.00 which he has in his account, what is the
balance in his account?
What number must be subtracted from -7 to
obtain 12.
Work out 15-7-5-6+6-10
Solving problems on quantitative reasoning in
basic operation
What sign is attached to numbers which are to
the left of zero on the number line?
In solving -3-7, which of the numbers will I start
counting from and how many times will I move
and to which direction?
When two numbers have different signs, what
would you do to simplify them?
When two similar signs are together, they
should be replaced by what sign?
When there is a combination of both positive
and negative numbers, what method could be
used to simplify them?

Reading Assignment
Essential Mathematics for JSS1 pages 112 – 120
NGM for West Africa JSS1 pages 72-79

General Evaluation
Work out the following:
(a) +3 + (-3) (b) +10 + (-10)
Draw a suitable horizontal number line to help
answer these questions
-4 -5+4
– 3 + 8- 5
Put the following numbers in order with the
smallest first:
-12, 4, 0, -15, 0.5, -5, 10.
14, -20, 42, -12, -8, 1, 5.

Weekend Assignment
Simplify ( +7) –(-3) (a) 7 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 10
Simplify -8- (-3) + (+5) + (-8) (a) 8 (b) 16 (c) -
8 (d) -24
What is the additive inverse of -8? (a) +4 (b) + 2
(c) +8 (d) +7
Two students were seen entering an empty
classroom by an observer. A few minutes later,
three students were seen coming out. If one
more student should enter the classroom again,
how many students would be left in the class?
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
Simplify ( +5) + (-7)-4. (a) 2 (b) -2 (c) -6 (d) 8

Theory
Use the number line to add the following: (a) -
3+7 (b) -4 -3 (c) – 5 + 8 – 2
Work out – ( +7) – (6) – (-8) + 6- (+5)
WEEK 1
TOPIC: GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS
CONTENT:
i. Bisection of a segment
Ii. Bisection of an angle
iii. Construction of special angles
(90°, 45°)
iv. Construction of special angles
( 60°, 30°)
 v. Construction of shapes
vi. Copying given angles.
vii. Quantitative reasoning
SUB – TOPIC 1: BISECTION OF A SEGMENT
To bisect a straight line segment

A B
The line segment AB is the part of the line
between A and B, including the points A and B.
To bisect the line segment AB means to divide
it into two equal parts.
Open a pair of compasses so that the radius is
about ¾ of the length of AB.
Lace the sharp point of the compasses on A.
Draw two arcs, one above, the other below the
middle of AB, as shown below.
 A
B

Keep the same radius and place the sharp point

of the compasses on B. Draw two arcs so that
they cut the first arcs at P and Q as shown
below.
P

A B
Q
 Q
Draw a straight line through P and Q so that it
cuts AB at M.
P

A M B

Q
M is the mid – point of AB. PQ meets AB
perpendicularly. PQ is the perpendicular
bisector of AB. Use a ruler and protractor to
check that AM = MB and AP = BP = 90°.
EVALUATION
Draw any line segment AB. Use the above
method to find the mid – point of AB. Check by
measurement that your answer is correct.
Draw the following line segments and construct
their perpendicular bisectors:
A 6 cm B

H 4.5 cm G

SUB – TOPIC 2 : BISECTION OF ANGLES

Given any angle ABC.
Required to construct a line BY which bisects
angle ABC such that angle ABY = angle CBY.
CONSTRUCTION
Draw an angle ABC, A

BC
With B at the centre and using any convenient
radius, construct an arc that cuts AB at P and
BC at Q as shown below.
A
P

B Q C
3. Place the needle point of the compass at P,
with a convenient radius. Construct an arc in –
between and , then place the point at Q. with
the same radius, cut the last arc at Y. Draw line
BY. The line BY bisects AC. Use a protractor to
check if angle ABY = angle CBY.
A
P
Y
B Q C
EVALUATION
Draw any angle PQR, then bisect it and use a
protractor to check if both angles are equal.
Use a protractor to draw angle PQR such that
PQR = 150°, then:
bisect angle PR.
bisect each of the angles in (a)
measure the angles.
SUB – TOPIC 3: CONSTRUCTION OF SPECIAL
ANGLES( 90° AND 45°)
Construction of angle 90°
Given a point on a straight line AB. Required to
construct a line PT through P such that <TPA =
<TPB = 90°.
Construction
Draw line AB with a point P on it. With P as the
centre and using any convenient radius,
inscribe an arc cutting AP at M and PB at N.

A M P N B
Now, place the needle point of the compass at
M. Using any convenient radius ( bigger than
the former radius ) inscribe an arc at T, then,
place the needle point at N and using the same
radius, inscribe an arc, cutting the previous arc
at T. See the figure below.

A M P N B
Finally, join PT.
 T

A M P N B

PT is perpendicular to AB. Thus, < TPA = <TPB =

90°. Use a protractor to check the result.
Construction of angle 45°
Since 45° =
Then, to construct 45°, we may first construct
an angle 90° and then bisect it.
Given: a point P on a straight line AB.
Required: to construct a line PD such that <DPB
= 45°.
Construction
Draw a line AB with a point on it. With P as the
centre and using any convenient radius,
construct a semicircle cutting AP at M and PB at
N as shown below.

A M P N
B
Expand the former radius to a convenient size,
then place the needle at M and inscribe an arc
at T. Using the same radius, place the needle
point at N and inscribe an arc cutting the
previous arc at T. Join TP using dotted lines as
shown below.

T
 A M P N
B
Place the needle point at N and inscribe an arc
at D using a convenient radius. Place the needle
point on the point of intersection of the
semicircle and the
dotted line TP, then inscribe an arc cutting the
previous arc at D. Join DP with a thick line.
 A M P N
B
Thus, <DPB = 45°.
Use a protractor to check the result in the
diagram above.
EVALUATION
Construct angle 22 ½ °.
Note : 22 ½° =
Educators should guide students in this
exercise.
Sub – Topic 4 : Construction of special angles
(60°,30°)
Construction of angle 60°
Given a line BC with B as the centre.Required to
construct an angle ABC = 60°.
Construction
Draw a line BC with B as the centre. Using any
convenient radius, inscribe an arc that cuts BC
at X, then place the needle point of the
compass at X. Using the same radius, inscribe
an arc that cuts the previous arc at Y.
Join YB and produce to A, <ABC = 60°. With a
protractor, measure angle ACB to check if it is
really 60°.

Construction of angle 30°

Since 30°= , then to construct angle 30°, we
may first construct an angle 60° and then bisect
it.
Given a line BC with B at the centre. Required
to construct an angle ABC = 30°.
Construction
Draw a line BC with B at the centre. Inscribe an
arc using any convenient radius that cuts BC at
X.
Place the needle point of the compass at X.
Using the same radius, inscribe an arc that cuts
the previous arc at Y. Using dotted lines, join
YB.

Now, place the needle point at X. Using any

convenient radius , inscribe an arc A in the
space between line BC and line BY.
Place the needle point at Y. Using the same
radius, inscribe an arc that cuts the previous
arc A . Join AB with a thick line.
Thus, <ABC = 30°. Use a protractor to check the
result in the figure below.
Note : Educators should teach students how to
construct angle 120°
Hint: 120° = 60° + 60°.
EVALUATION
Construct angle 15°.
Hint: 15° =
Sub – Topic v : Construction of shapes
Worked examples
Use a ruler and a pair of compasses only to
construct a triangle ABC such that BC = 6 cm,
<ABC = 60°, <ACB = 30° and an altitude from A
that will be perpendicular to line BC. Measure
the altitude.
Solution

Construct a line BC = 6 cm.

Construct an angle ABC = 60°.
Construct an angle ACB = 30°.
Construct the altitude from A which is
perpendicular to line BC as follows:
Place the needle point of the compass at A and
cut line BC at two points using a convenient
radius.
Using a convenient radius, place the needle at
the cuts on BC one after the other to cut and
recut below line BC.
Draw a straight line from A to the point of
intersection of the two cuts below line BC.
Measure altitude (2.5 cm ± 0.1)

EVALUATION
Construct an isosceles triangle PQR such that
QR = 8 cm and < PQR = <PRQ = 45°.
SUB – TOPIC VI: COPYING GIVEN ANGLE
Given any angle ABC:
A

B C
To make a copy of A
Draw any line XY. Mark a point on XY. With
centre B and any radius, draw an arc to cut BA,
BC at P, Q. Then with centre and the same
radius, draw an arc to cut XY at .
A
P
 B Q C

X Y
With centres Q, open the compasses until the
radius = QP. Make an arc at P as a check. Then
with centreand the same radius, draw an arc to
cut trough at .

A
 P

B Q C

X Y
Draw a line through and .
A

X Y
EVALUATION
Use the method given above to copy the
following angle. Use a protractor to check your
accuracy.

SUB – TOPIC VII: QUANTITATIVE REASONING

Sample A
100°→ 50°→ 25°
10°← 20°← 40°
5°↔ 20°↔ 80°
Answer the following
90°→ 45°→?
15°← 30°← ?
15°↔ 60°↔ ?
100°→ 50°↔ ?
50°↔ 200°→ ?

Sample B
15°, 45°, 30°, 20°
15° (b) 45° (c) 30° (d) 20°
Answer = D (odd)
20°, 70°, 80°, 90°
20°, (b) 70° (c) 80° (d) 90°
Answer = D (odd)
Answer the following
15°, 45°, 120°,30°
120°, 150°, 135°, 30°
130°, 30°, 150°,120°
135°, 120°, 180°, 50°
15°, 30°, 60°, 105°
WEEKEND ASSINGMENT
Nelson Functional Mathematics for Junior
Secondary Schools Book 3 by T. M. Asiru et al.
Chapter 11, pg 28- 51.

READING ASSIGNMENT
New General Mathematics for Junior Secondary
Schools book 3. Chapter 4 page 36- 44.

WEEK TWO
TOPIC: DATA STATISTICS REPRESENTATION
CONTENT: 1. Definition
2. Method of collecting data
3. Classification of data

DEFINITION
Statistics: is the branch of study of data. It
involves (a) Gathering (i.e. collecting) data (b)
sorting and tabulating data (c) presenting
data visually by means of diagrams.
Data: (SINGULAR DATUM) means information
which are usually given in the form of
meaningful. Data may be categorized into
quantitative and qualitative
Quantitative data: a numerical data, which is
usually given in the form of a number or
measurement is called quantitative data e.g.
number of cars, height, number of towns etc.
quantitative dateis either discrete or
continuous.
Discrete data: are data which can be obtained
by counting (not by measurement). Discrete
data can only exact values such as whole
numbers. E.g. 2 boys, 3 houses etc. hence
discrete data have definite or exact values
Continuous Data: are data that can be obtained
by measurement (not by counting). Continuous
data can take any values within a given range.
E.g. height 1.6cm, height 40.56cm etc.
Qualitative Date: this is a non-numerical value
which is concerned with qualities such as
names, places, color, taste, opinions, brightness
etc.

Evaluation
Explain briefly with an example (i) Discrete data
(ii) Continuous data

METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA

There are two discrete ways of collecting data.
These are (a) by carrying out experiment (b) by
survey
By Carrying out Experiments: Data can be
obtained from experimental work carried out in
the laboratories by students or scientist for
example, various measurements, such as
temperature, pressure, weight and height of an
object can be obtained by setting up an
experiments.
By Survey: This collection of information or
data on a subject. A survey may be carried out
by using the existing published data, making
observation and asking questions.
Using existing published data: Existing data may
be obtained from libraries, schools, newspaper,
and government’s publications such as annual
abstract of statistics, stake statistics,
employment gazettes, books journals and other
publications.
Making Observation: This method involves
collecting data by observation e.g. you can do a
round traffic survey by counting and recording
the various types of vehicles that ply a
particular road.
Asking questions: You can ask other people
questions to obtain their views or vital
information in two ways: i. by interviewing
them ii. By giving those questionnaires to fill in
their response.
By Interviewing: This involves asking other
people questions in order to obtain vital
information or strict pattern or information, in
which the questions asked only general formal
but the order or the way the questions are
presented can vary. It must be noted that the
interviewers must avoid bias, misleading
ambiguous and offensive questions.
Questionnaires: This is the most popular
method of collecting data. Questionnaires are
list of questions designed to obtain or discover
particular information in a survey. In
questionnaires, everyone is asked the same
questions. The questionnaires may be given
directly to an individual or sent to them by post
to fill in their response. The main advantage of
postal questionnaires is that it can be sent to
many people in another towns or cities.

Evaluation
Mention two major ways that data can be
collected.

Reading Assignment
Essential mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS
Oluwasanmi pages 253 – 255

CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
Data can be obtained either by direct collection
from respondents or form a data bank of a data
collection agency. Data collected directly from
information’s are called
Primary Data: are those from data banks are
called secondary data.
Secondary Data: these are obtained from data
collection agencies, engaged in routine data
collection for research and planning some of
these agencies include:
Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) Principal
agency
Central Bank of Nigeria
Statistics units of Ministries/Parastatals
Commercial Companies/ Industries.

GENERAL EVALUATION
Name two broad ways of classification of data
Mention two agencies we can collect secondary
data

REVISION QUESTION
Michael obtained the following scores in a Basic
Technology examination:
65, 72, 58, 82, 74, 64, 78, 70, 80, 75, 68
Arrange these scores:
In ascending order
In descending order
READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS
Oluwasanmi chapter 23 pages 255 – 260.
Exercise 23.2 No 1&2 page 258

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Which one of the following is a discrete data
A. 1.25 B. C. D. 5
Data that is written in random order is called
A. qualitative data B. raw data C.
quantitative data D. discrete data E.
continuous data
Which of the following must a questionnaires
be? A. simple B. misleading C. ambiguous
D. irrelevant E. offensive
We can represent data by _____________ A.
line B. dist C. number D. picture E.
double lines
Statistics deals majorly on ___________ A.
building B. dancing C. data D. fish E.
animals

THEORY
Mention 3 things you must avoid when
designing a questionnaires
In carrying out a survey, mention two ways, you
can obtain information from people.

WEEK 10
TOPIC: GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
USING PICTOGRAM, PIE CHARTS AND BAR
CHARTS
CONTENT: i) The Pictogram
ii) The bar charts
iii) The pie charts
INTRODUCTION
A frequency table is a numerical presentation
of data in an organized summary from.
Diagrams, symbols and pictures sometimes
catch the eye more quickly than the number.
They also tell stories more easily than numbers.
It is also observed that it is easier to understand
frequency table than the raw data, another
method of presenting data, which most
graphical find easier than table, is observe
method. Graphs help us to observe any
patterns easily. Examples of these graphs are
pictogram, bar chart, line graph and pie chart.

THE PICTOGRAM
This uses pictures to represent statistics
information or data. The pictogram is also
called an ideograph. A pictogram uses pictures
or drawings to give a quick and easy meaning to
statistical data. A pictogram is a simple way of
representing data in which a number of
indentical drawings or pictures and used to
show the data. It is useful to use pictures which
can easily be divided into halves, quarters and
do on. A pictogram must have a key to show
that each picture stands for. Also you need to
give the diagram a title
Example: The following table shows the favorite
sports of 75 students
Represent the data in the form of a pictogram.

Favourite sports Frequency

Football 25
Wrestling 10
Boxing 5
Table Tennis 15
Swimming 20

Evaluation Question
The following table shows the number of
students in JSS 1 in different houses at a certain
school.
Represent the data in the form of a pictogram
House
Blue
Yellow
Green
Purple

Students
16
14
11
21

Reading Assignment
Essential mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS
Oluwasanmi page 262-273
New general mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS
Channon other. Page 145-151
MAN mathematics for JSS 1 page 211

THE BAR CHARTS

Bar chart is very like a pictogram. The bars have
the same width and usually have equal spaces
between them. Instead of using pictures as in
case of the pictogram, we must use a bar to
represent the frequency of each of the item. In
drawing a bar chart, we must take the following
features into consideration.
The charts consists of bars
The bars must be of equal width
The lengths of the bars are in proportion of the
frequencies being represented. The bars may
be vertical or horizontal

Example
The following figures show the number of
children per family in a sample of 40
households
1, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3, 8, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 5, 6,
5, 4, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 3, 8, 7, 6, 5,
4, 5, 7, 6, 3, 8, 6, 3, 5, 7, 5, 4, 3
Prepare a frequency table for this data
Draw a bar chart to illustrate the above data

Solution
Frequency table
No of children per family
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

frequency
2
5
9
7
7
4
3
3

(b)
Evaluation Question
The table below shows different colours of cars
found in a company’s car park. Draw a bar chart
for this data.
Colour of cars
White
Blue
Red
Grey
black

Frequency
20
17
10
8
15

Reading Assignment
Essential Mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS
Oluwasanmi page 262
THE PIE CHART
A pie chart is a circle, which is divided into
slices (i.e sectors) whose angles are used to
display data.
The size of an angle of each sector gives the
frequency of each value. The major advantage
of a pie chart is that it enables us to see clearly
how the size of parts are compared in relation
to one another and to the overall total. It is
important to label each sector according to the
given items and also give pie chart a little.
Example: A student was given N600.00 in June
as a pocket money. He spent the money as
follows:
Food = N200.00
Transport = N100.00
Books = N120.00
Rent = N150.00
Miscellaneous = N30.00

Draw a pie chart to illustrate the data.

Solution
There are 360o in a full circle and the total
amount spent was N600.00 this means N600.00
is represented by 360o; N1 is represented by =
0.6
= 200 x 0.6
= 120o

Items
Amount Spent in Naira (N)
Angle

Food
200
200 x 0.6 = 120o

Transport
100
100 x 0.6 = 60o

Books
120
120 x 0.6 = 72o
Rent
150
150 x 0.6 = 90o

Miscellaneous
30
30 x 0.6 = 18o

TOTAL
600
360o

120o + 60o + 72o + 90o + 18o = 360o

GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTION
400 students were asked whether they liked
yam, cornflakes, bread, rice or some other type
of food for breakfast, the following data was
recorded.
Type of Food
Yam
Cornflakes
Bread
Rice
Other
Total

Frequency
65
110
80
120
25
400

Draw a bar and a pie chart to represent this

information

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics Bk. 1 pages 261 – 273.
Exercise 25.4 No 1-5

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Which of the following is not a pictorial form of
presenting data?A. Bar chart B. Pie chart C.
Frequency distribution D. Line graph
The pie chart below shows the course which a
group of students are doing. Use the pie chart
to answer questions 2 to 5

What is the value of angle xo? A. 20o B.

30o C. 40o D. 35o
Which course most students doing? A.
Engineering B. Accounting C. Law D.
Medicine
Which course has the least number of
students? A. Engineering B. Accounting C.
Law D. Medicine
What fraction of the students are doing
Engineering? A. B. C. D.
THEORY
40 youths who were admitted into a mental
hospital due to drug abuse were asked to name
the types of drugs they often take. The table
shows how they replied.
Indian hemp 35%
Morphine 20%
Heroine 15%
Cocaine 30%
Represent this information in a pie chart
Find the number of youths in each category

WEEK ELEVEN
TOPIC: STATISTICS II
CONTENT: i) The Mean
ii) The Median
iii) The Mode
INTRODUCTION
Average is the most used word to describe
measure of a set of numbers. It is a single value
used to represent a set of numbers ( i.e. all
values in a set of data).
For example, the average age of students in
JSS1 in Good Shepherd Schools is 10yrs. This
does not mean that every student in JSS1 is
10yrs, but 10 yrs is used to represent the age of
all students in JSS1.
The most commonly used statistical averages
are arithmetic mean, median and mode.

The Mean
The mean, sometimes called the arithmetic
mean, is the most common average. The mean
of a set of numbers or values is found by simply
adding all the values together and then divide
by the number of the values.
i.e. Mean =
Example 1
Find the mean of the following numbers 4, 5, 6,
7, 8.
Solution
Sum of all the numbers = 4 + 5+ 6+ 7+ 8 =30
There are 5 numbers, so divide by 5
Mean =
Example 2
In five tests, a student’s marks were 13, 17, 18,
8 and 10. What is the average mark?
Solution
Average (mean) mark =
= = 13.2
Example 3
A hockey team has played eight games and has
a mean score of 3.5 goals per game. How many
goals has the team scored?
Solution
Mean score =
=
Multiply both sides by 8
Total number of goals = 3.5 x 8
Total number of goals scored = 28

Evaluation
The ages of 10 pupils in a certain class are: 9, 9,
8, 12, 11, 11, 12, 10,9,9
Calculate the mean age of the pupils.
How many pupils are less than the mean age?
How many pupils are above the mean age?

The Median
The median of a set of values or data is the
middle value when the data is arranged in
order of magnitude or size.
Example 4
Find the median of the following numbers 13,
10, 6, 8, 7, 9, 11
Solution
Arrange the numbers in order of increasing size
6,7,8, 9, 10, 11, 13
The middle value is the fourth number from
LHS, i.e. 9 is the median
Note: The result is the same if the numbers are
arranged in order of decreasing size
Example 5
Find the median of these numbers: 13, 15, 14,
12, 13, 15, 16, 10, 12, 14
Solution
Arrange the set of numbers in order of
increasing size
10, 12, 12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 15, 15, 16
We have even number of values, so there is no
middle number. Tp obtain the median, we add
the two middle numbers and then divide by 2.
Median =
= =
Evaluation
A dice was thrown 14 times, and the scores
were : 1,6,6,4,3,5,5,2,4,6,3,2,1,4. Find the
median score

The Mode
The mode is the value that occurs most
frequently in a set of data. A set of data may
have more than one mode. When all values
occur only once then there is no mode.
Example 6
Find the mode of these numbers 3, 4, 3, 2, 4, 3,
2, 3, 5, 3, 2
Solution
3 occurs 5 times, 4 occurs 2 times, 2 occurs 3
times, 5 occurs 1 time
3 occurs most frequently, so the mode is 3

Note: if there are two modes in a data, the data

is said to be bimodal and when there are more
than two modes, the data is said to be
multimodal.

Evaluation
Find the mode of these numbers
14, 18, 12, 10, 18, 20,19,14,18,10
1,5,6,3,5,7,10,8,4,9

General Evaluation
The table below shows the marks obtained in a
Mathematics test by JSS1 students.
Mark
5
6
7
8
9
10

Frequency
2
3
5
7
4
2
Find the
Modal mark
Median mark
Mean mark of the distribution to 1 d.p

Reading Assignment
Essential Mathematics for JSS1 by A.J.S
Oluwasanmipg 270-275
NGM for JSS1 by MF Macrae, et. al pg179-184

Weekend Assignment
A student obtained 50, 80, 60 and 70 marks in 4
different tests in Mathematics. Find the mean
score. A. 60 B. 65 C. 70 D. 75
Find the median of these numbers: 6, 3, 5, 7, 8.
A. 3 B. 5 C. 6 D. 5.5
What is the mode of these numbers:
4,6,8,7,3,1,3,7,1,8,1. A. 7 B. 2 C. 8 D. 1
The length of 20 metal rods is 1860cm when
added together. Find the average length of the
rods. A. 91cm B. 90.5 cm C. 93cm D.92cm
If there are two modes in a data, the data is
said to be ........... A. single modal B.
multimodal C. bimodal D. none of the above
Theory
Zainab did 10 tests in English dictation and her
marks were as follows: 70, 50, 60, 75, 30, 65,
60, 40, 78, 80 (a) Find her mean mark (b) Find
her median mark (c) Find her modal mark
Tolu obtained an average of 70 marks in 8 tests.
He then scored 65 and 80 marks in another two
tests. Find his new average mark.
WEEK TWO
Topic: Approximation
Content
Degree of Accuracy
Rounding Up of Numbers

I. Degree of Accuracy
Many calculations involve measurements. The
degree of accuracy of the results of the
calculations depends therefore on the degree
of accuracy of the measurements. It therefore
means that the degree of accuracy of
measurement in a calculation must be taken
into consideration when determining the
answer to the calculation.
Rounded –of values are sometimes used in
calculations for example, pi(π) is often taken as
3.14 or 3.14 2.

II. Rounding –up of Numbers

It is not cost effective to give exact number of
certain things due to the difficulty that may be
encountered in the course of carrying out such
task. E.g. Number of vehicles plying a
particular road, spectators in a stadium,
population of a town etc. What is usually done
is to round the number or approximate it to the
nearest 10, 100,1000 and so on.
Example 1
Round the following numbers to the nearest
ten
(a) 34 (b) 127 (c) 43678
Solution
34
:. To the nearest 10 = 30
(b) 127
:. To the nearest 10 =130.
(c) 43678
:. To the nearest 10 = 43680.

Evaluation:
1. Round these numbers to the nearest
hundred
(a) 231 (b) 87345 (c) 567
2. The number of people at the cinema
yesterday was 2576. Give this number to the
nearest
 (a) 10 (b) 100 (c) 1000

Decimal Places
See the illustration below
3. 5 7 8 6

From the illustration above, 3.5786 is divided

into two parts by a decimal points to the right
decimal to the left (whole number ).

Example 1
Give each of the following correct to 1d.p and 2
d.p
(a) 3.4567 (b) 35. 4782 (c) 4.2071
Solution
(a) 3.4567
i. 3.5 ( 1 d.p)
ii. 3.46 (2d.p)
(b) 35. 4782
i. 35.5 ( 1d.p)
ii. 35.48 ( 2d.p)
(c) 4.2071
i. 4.2 ( 1 d.p)
ii. 4.21 ( 2d.p)

Evaluation
Give each number correct to 2.d.p and 3d.p
(a) 5.7804 (b) 0.007992 (c ) 16.869
(d) 28.0099.
Significant Figures
The word significant means important. In
mathematics, we need to study it in two
aspects
i. whole numbers
3 8 0 6 9
ii. decimal numbers
0. 0 0 5 0 8 6
From the two illustrations above, we can
conclude that zeros in the middle of a whole
number are significant whilezeros at the end
are not significant (insignificant)

Example 2
Give 45775 correct to (a) 1 s.f (b) 2s.f
(c) 3 s.f
Solution
(a) 50000 ( 1s.f)
(b)46000 ( 2 s.f)
(c) 45 800 (3.s.f)

Example 3
Give each of the following numbers correct to 2
s.f
(a) 5.781 (b) 0.00244 (c) 0.0507

Solution
(a) 5.781 = 5.8 ( 2 s.f)
(b) 0.00244 = 0.0024 ( 2 s.f)
(c ) 0.0507 = 0.051 ( 2 s.f)

Evaluation:
Give each number correct to 3 significant
figures
(a) 57045 (b) 4540 (c ) 456.56(d) 0.5002
(e)34.0061 (f) 0.001011

Nearest Whole Number

To round a decimal number to the nearest
whole number, check the number in the 1std.p,
if it is 5 or more than round the number up but
if it is less than 5 do not change the number.

Example 1
Give the following correct to
i. the nearest hundredth
ii. the nearest thousandth
(a) 7.3425 (b) 0.00692 (c ) 7.0149 (d)
42.4739.

Solution
(a) 7.3425
i. 7.34 (nearest hundredth)
ii. 7.343 (nearest thousandth)

(b) 0.0069
i. 0.01 (nearest hundredth)
ii. 0.007 (nearest thousandth)
(c ) 7.0149
i. 7.01 (nearest hundredth)
ii. 7.015 (nearest thousandth)

(d) 42.4739
i. 4.47 (nearest hundredth)
ii. 42.474 (nearest thousandth)

Example 2
Give each number correct to the nearest whole
number
(a) 8.22 (b) 134.674
Solution
8.22 = 8 (nearest whole number )
134.674 = 135 (nearest whole number )
Evaluation:
Round off each of the following:
a. 34.8cm to the nearest cm
b. 67.1cm to the nearest cm
c. 24.6kg to the nearest kg.

Reference material:
Essential mathematics for Jss I (UBE Edition )
by AJS Oluwasanmipg 85 – 91
New General Mathematics for JSS I (UBE
edition) by MF Macrae et al pg 178-179.

Reading Assignment
Read about quantitative reasoning and
application of approximation to our
everydayactivities .
Weekend Assignment
1. Give 3.9998 to 2 s.f. (a) 3.9 (b) 3.0 (c ) 4.0 (d)
4. 99
2. Give 0.00057891 to2 s.f(a) 0.00 (b) 0.00058
(c) 0.58 (d) 0.0
3. Give 37.0567 to 2 d.p (a) 37 (b) 37.06 (c )
37.05 (d) 37.1
4. Round 26 to the nearest ten (a) 5 (b) 20 (c)
30 (d) 40.
5. Round 7.586 to the nearest whole number
(a) 8 (b) 7 (c) 6 (d) 7.6.

Theory
1. The number of road accident in Lagos –
Ibadan Expressway of Nigeria in a decade was
1294594.
Give this number to the nearest (a) 100 (b)
1000
2. Express each number correct to 1 d.p and 1
s.f (a) 23.0036 (b) 6.7887.

WEEK THREE Date:

………………
Topic:APPROXIMATION
Content
Quantitative Reasoning (QR)
Approximation in our everyday activities
A. Quantitative Reasoning (QR)
Example
Calculate the value of the following and give
your answer correct to the number of
significant figures stated:
(a) 46 x 34 correct to 2.f.
(b) 346 x 24 correct to 3 s.f
(c )5.766 + 81.34 correct to 1 s.f
(d) 72.63 – 8.35 correct to 3 s.f

Solution
(a) 46 x 34 (c ) 5.766 + 81.
34

4 6 5. 7 66
x 3 6 + 81. 35
1 84 87.106
+1 3 8 :. 87. 106 = 90 to 1 s.f
1564
1564 = 1600 ( to 2 s.f)

(b) 3 4 6 x 24 (d ) 72.63 – 8.23

3 4 6 7 2.6 3
x 2 4- 8. 3 5
1 3 8 4 6 4. 2 8
+6 9 2
8 3 0 4 :.
64.28 = 64.3( to 3 s.f)
8304 = 8300 ( 3.s.f)
Evaluation:
Evaluate the following and give your answers
correct to two significant figures.
(a) 0. 46 x 0. 35
20

(b) 12.3 x 32.0

16

(c) 0.052 + 0.045

4

(d ) 3. 07 + 0. 97
5
II. Approximation in Our Everyday Activities
Approximation is a way of using rounded
numbers to estimate answers to a calculation.
Approximation can help us decide whether an
answer to a calculation is of right size or not.
To find an approximate answer to a calculation,
round the numbers to easy numbers, usually 1
s.f., or 2.s.f. or to the nearest whole number.
Then work out the approximated answer using
these easy numbers.
Example 1
A boy was asked to calculate the cost of 82
oranges at N 5.80 each
Solution
Rough calculation
= 80 and 5. 80 = 6
:. Approximated cost = 80 x 6
= N 480.
Actual calculation
82 x 5. 80
= N 475. 60
comparing the rough calculation with the actual
calculation, you will discover that the two
answers
N 480 and N 475.60 are very close.

Example 2
A box full of exercise books weighs 12kg. if one
exercise book weighs 10.2g.find the
approximate number of exercise books in the
box.
Solution
By approximate answer, we mean the rough
calculation.
Weight ( total ) = 12kg
12kg = 10kg
one exercise book = 10.2g
10.2g = 10g
approximate number of exercise books.
= 10kg
10g
but, 1000g = 1kg

= 10 x 1000g
10 g
= 1000 books
Example 3
In 2008 the value of a plot of land was N
238000. Its value rises by about 110% each
year. Estimate its value in2009 to the nearest N
1000.

Solution
In 2008,
Cost = N238000
Rise = 10%
= 10 x 238000
100
N23800
Value in 2009,
= N 238000
 N 23800
N 261800

. N 261800 = N262000

Example 4
The population of five towns are 15600,
17300,62800, 74000 and 34400, each to the
nearest hundred. Find the total population of
the 5 towns to the nearest thousand.

Solution
Total population of the 5 towns

1 5 6 0 0
 1 7 3 0 0
6 2 8 0 0
7 4 0 0 0
3 4 4 0 0
20 4 1 0 0

= 204100 = 204000 ( to the nearest thousand)

Example 5
An aeroplane flies 2783km in 5 ¾ hours. First
approximate, then calculate the average
distance it flies in 1 hour.

Solution
Distance = 2783km
2783km = 3000km
time = 5 ¾ hours
5 ¾ = 6 hours

Approximate distance = 3000km

Approximate time = 6 hours

Average speed = 3000

= 500km/hr
Average distance in 1hr = 500km

Evaluation:
A farmer has N 200,000 to spend on cattle. He
wants to buy 9 calves. Each calf costs N18500.
Check, by approximation, that the farmer has
enough money. Find, accurately how much
change he will get after buying the calves.
2. A bucket holds 10.5 litres. A cup holds about
320ml. Estimated the number of cups of water
that the bucket holds.

Reading Assignment
Read about Base Numbers.

i. Essential mathematics
ii. New General Mathematics pg 183 – 186.

Weekend Assignment
1. Find the approximate answer to 0. 41 x 0.
92 (a) 0.6(b) 0.36 (c ) 0.3 (d) 0.04.
2. Find the rough value of 4 ½ x 1 7/8 (a) 8
(b) 7 (c ) 10 (d) 9
3. x = 0. 876 – 0.326. By doing a rough
calculation, decide which of the following is the
value of x
(a) 0.18 (b) 0.21 (c )0.3 (d) 0.55.
4. A cup has a capacity of 290ml. It takes 63
cups to fill a bucket. Find the approximate
capacity of the bucket in litres. (a) 9 litres (b) 10
litres (c ) 1800 litres (d) 18 litres,
5. A sum of N 236000 is divided equally among
54 members of a club.Approximately how
much does each member get? (a) N 4000
(b)N2000 (c) N 20000 (d) N40000.

Theory
1. The table below shows the number of
different sizes of shirts sold by a company in a
certain month.
Size Number sold

Small 1243
Medium 4132
Large 3967
Extra large 1985

How many shirts were sold altogether?

How many more large shirts than small shirts
were sold?
Check each answer by rounding the numbers to
the nearest hundred.
2. Use approximation to find the following
35. 8 – 8.99
7.784 x 97 .5

WEEK FOUR
Date :……….
Topic:BASE NUMBERS
Content
Number Bases ( Expansion of Base Numbers )
Counting in Base Two
Addition in Base Two
Subtraction in Base Two
Number Bases (Expansion of Base Numbers )
When counting days in a week, we count in 7’s,
but when counting seconds in a minute, we
count in 60’s. However, for most purposes,
people count in 10’s.
The digits 0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9 are used to
represent numbers. The placing of the digits
shows their value . For example,
7 8 0 9 means

7 thousands
8 hundred
0 tens
9 units
7809 = 7 x 1000 + 8 x 100 + 0 x 10 + 9 x 1
= 7 x 103 + 8 x 102 + 0 x 101 + 9 x 100
(Note : Any number raised to the power zero =
1) since the illustration above is based on the
power of 10, It is called base 10. We can write it
as 7809 ten
Other number systems are sometimes used.
For instance 145 eight , means
1 eight squared
4 eights
5 units
145eight= 1 x 82 + 4 x 81 + 5 x 80
= 1 x 82 + 4 x 81 + 5 x 1

Example 1
Expand the following in the powers of their
bases
2389ten
1001 two
647eight
Solution
Using the model provided above
a) 2 3 8 9ten
= 2 x 103 + 3 x 102 + 8 x 101 + 9 x 100
= 2 x 103 + 3 x 102 + 8 x 101 + 9 x 1

b) = 1 0 0 1two
= 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20
= 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 1

c) 6 4 7 eight
= 6 x 82 + 4 x 81 + 7 x 80
= 6 x 82 + 4 x 81 + 7 x 1
Evaluation :
Expand the following base numbers in the
powers of their bases.
8 1 0 6 2 nine
1 0 1 1 0 1 two

II. Counting in Base Two

From the example above, (b) was 1001 two,
this means 1001 in base two. The first thing to
notice is their base two number or BINARY
NUMBER, is made up of only two digits 0 and
1(just as in base ten there are ten digits: ), 1, 2,
3, 4, 5,6,7,8,9,)
In summary
Base two ________ 0, 1
 Base three ________ 0, 1,2,
Base four _________ 0, 1,2, 3. etc

The place value of the digits in the binary

number 1111two is as shown below:
Eight (23)

Fours(22)

Two(21)
Units(20)

Class Activity
Work in pairs. Get a collection of about 25
counters ( e.g. matchsticks, bottle tops, smooth
pebbles)
Make a paper abacus and use it to answer the
following questions.
count out nine counters
group them in twos.
Now group the pairs in eights, fours, twos and
units as far as possible .
You will discover that nine is made up of
1 eight
0 fours
twos, and
1 unit.
(d) Represent the binary number for 9 n your
paper abacus.
IMPORTANCE OF BINARY SYSTEM
The binary system is second in importance to
our usual base ten system. It is important
because it is used in computer programs.
Binary numbers are made up of only two digits,
1 and 0. A computer contains a large number of
stitches.
Each switch in either ‘on’ or ‘off’. An ‘on’ switch
represents 1; and ‘off’ switch represents 0.
See the table below for the first ten binary
numbers
Base ten number
Binary number
1 1
2 10
3 11
 4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
8 1000
9 1001
10 1010
III. Addition in Base Two
Remember the following :
0 +0 =0
0 +1=1
1 + 0 =1
1 + 1 = 10

Example 1.
Calculate in base two
1 01 +1 0 1
Solution
1 0 1
+1 0 1
1 0 1 0

Note: 1st column : 1 + 1 = 0, write down 0

carry 1
2nd column : 0 + 0 + 1 carried
= 1, write down 1 carry 0
3rd column: 1 + 1 + 0 carried = 10

Example 2
Simplify the following in base two
a) 1 0 1 0 1
+ 1 1 1

______________

b) 1 1 1
+ 1

__________

c) 1 0 1
+1 1 0

_________
Solution
a) 1 0 1 0 1
+ 1 1 1

11 1 0 0
Note:
1st column :1 + 1 = 10, write 0 carry 1
2nd column: 0 + 1 + 1 carried = 10, write 0
carry 1
3rd column: 1 + 1 + 1 carried = 11, write 1 carry
1
4th column: 0 + 1 carried = 1, write 1 carry 0
5th column: 1 + 0 carried = 1
= 11100 two
Using the above explanation try out the
examples worked by your teacher below:
b) 1 1 1
+ 1

10 0 0

( c) 1 0 1
+ 1 1 0
1 0 1 1

Evaluation:
Simplify the following in base two
a) 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1
+ 1 0 1

___________
b) 1 0 1
1 0 1
+ 1 1 1

___________
Note: You may also need to listen to teacher’s
other approach in the class to see the one you
will prefer.
For instance:
4 8 9
+ 3 8 2
8 7 1
This is because it is in base ten. Once, it is 10 or
more than your teacher told you in addition of
whole numbers that we carry. When it is less
than 10 you write down the number.

The same thing is happening in base two. Once

it is or more you must carry when it is 2 you
write down 0 carry 1. i.e
2
2 = 1 remainder 0

Usually, we write the remainder and carry the

quotient.
See illustration
1 1 1
+ 1 1

1 0 1 1

1 + 1 = 2 ( 2/2 = 1 r0 )
1 + 1 + 1 carried = 3 ( 3/2 = 1 r 1 )
1 + 1 carried = 2 ( 2/2 = 1 r 0 )
the answer = 1 0 1 0 two

Subtraction in Base two

Example 1
Simplify in base two
Solution
1 1 1
- 1 1 0
 _______ 1
Ans = 1 two
Example 2
Simplify in base two
1 1 1 1 0
- 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1
______________
Ans = 10001 two

Example 3
Simplify in base two
1 0 0 1 1
- 1 1 0
____________
Solution
1 0 0 1 1
- 1 1 0

1 1 0 1
Ans = 1101 two
Note, the same method we used when we were
subtracting whole numbers is still the method
we have used. The only difference is their
bases. The whole number was in base 10.

e.g 4 8 3 -2 9 6
 4 8 3
- 2 9 6
1 8 7
In the above example, when the number we
are to subtract is larger, we borrow from the
next digit. For instance, we borrowed 1 from 8
reducing it to 7 and increasing 3 to 13. Each 1
borrowed is equal to 10 which represents the
base.

In our own case, any 1 borrowed is equal to

two representing the base.
Try your self in base eight and 1 borrowed is
equal to_____
Evaluation
Simplify the following in base two
a) 1 0 1 1 1
- 1 0 111

________
b) 1 1 1 0 0
- 1 1 1 1

_____________

c) 1 1 1
- 1 1

_________

Reading Assignment
i.Multiplication in base two
ii. Conversion

Weekend Assignment
1. Binary numbers means ________
numbers(a) base two (b) base ten (c ) base four
(d) base eight
2. Base two numbers are made up of two digits
_____ and ______
(a) 0 and 1 (b) ) and 2 (c ) 1 and 3 (d) 0,
1 and 2
3. simplify in base two ( 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 ) (a)1 1 0 1
(b) 1 1 1 0 ( c ) 1 0 0 1 ( d) 1 0 0 0
4. Simplify in base two ( 110 - 11 ) (a) 11 (b)
101 (c ) 100 (d) 1
5. Expand 586 nine
 (a) 5 x 92 + 9 x 81 + 6 x 90
(b) 5 x 93 + 8 x 91 + 6 x 1
(c ) 5 x 93 + 8 x 92 + 6 x 91
(d) 5 x 92 + 8 x 91 + 6 x90

Theory
Simplify the following in base two
1a 1 1 1 0
+1 0 0 1

__________

b) 1 0 1 0 1
+ 1 1 1
___________

c). 1 1 0 1 two + 1 1 0 0 1 two + 1 0 1 1

two
2a) 1 1 0 1 1
- 1 0 1 1 1

______________

b) 1 0 1 1 1
- 1 0 1 1 1

_______________

Content
Multiplication in Base Two
Conversion from (i) other bases to base ten (ii)
ten to other bases

Multiplication in Base Two

Some method used in carrying out the long
multiplication is still the same method used
here.Where the conventional method is in base
ten the one we want to work out now is strictly
to base two. See the examples below:

Example 1
Findthe product of 1101 two X 111two
Solution
1 1 0 1
x 1 1 1
 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1______
1 01 1 0 1 1

Ans : 1011011 two

Examples 2
Calculate the following binary numbers.
a) ( 110 two)2
b) ( 1011 two) 3

Solution
a) ( 110two)2
( 110 two)2 = 110 two X 110 two
1 1 0
x 1 1 0
0 0 0
11 0
+ 1 1 0_______
10 010 0
_______________

:. ( 110 two) 2 = 100100 two

b ( 1011two)3
( 10 1 1 two) = 1011two x 1011two X 1011two
1 0 11
x1011
1 0 1 1
10 1 1
 0000
10 11
The result above will finally be multiplied by
1011 two
1 1 1 1 0 0 1
x 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 1
111 1 0 0 1
0000 0 0 0
11110 0 1
1 0 10 01 1 0 0 1 1

Ans : 10100110011two

Evaluation:
1. multiply 1110 two by 111 two
2. Calculate the following binary numbers
a) ( 10 1 two)2 (b) ( 111two)2

II. Conversion
A From other Bases to Base Ten
Here, expansion method is applied. Refer to the
previous work of last weeks
Example 1
Convert 11011two to base ten.
Solution

11011 two ------ ten

= ( 1 x 24) + ( 1 x 23) + ( 0 x 22) + ( 1 x 21) + ( 1
x 20)
= 1 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 1 x 1
= 1 x 16 + 1 x 8 + 0 x 4 + 1 x 2 + 1 x 1
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1
= 16 + 11
= 27ten
:.11011two = 27 ten

Example 2
convert 451 eight to ten
Solution
451 eight ------ ten
( 4x 82) + ( 5 x 81) + ( 1 x 80)
4 x 82 + 5 x 81 + 1 x 1
4 x 64 + 5 x 8 + 1
256 + 40 + 1
= 297ten

Evaluation:
Convert the following to base ten
(a) 3032 four (b) 30021five

From Base Ten To Other Bases

Here, we apply the division rule

Example 1
Convert 27 ten to a number in base two

Solution
27
13 r 1
2 6r1
2 3r0
2 1r1
0r1

27 ten = 11011 two

Example 2
Convert 403 ten to a number in base two

Solution
403
201 r 1
100 r 1
50 r 0
25 r 0
12 r 1
6r0
3xr0
1 r1
0r1

403 ten = 110010011two

Note: We have been converting from other
bases to base ten and vice versa. Let us try to
convert from other bases to other bases other
than ten.
The rule is simple. First convert to base ten and
then to the required base.
Example
Convert 134 eight to base five

Solution
1 3 4 eight ________ ten

( 1 x 82 ) + ( 3 x 81) + ( 4 x 8 0)
x 82 + 3 x 81 + 4 x 1
1x 64 + 3 x 8 + 4 x 1
+ 24 + 4 = 92ten
Then convert 92 ten ____ five using division
92ten _____ five
5 92
5 18 r 2
 5 3r3
0r3
:. 92 ten = 332 five

Evaluation
1. Calculate the following :
a) ( 111) 2 (b) ( 100)2
2. Convert:
a) 4035 to ten
b)145 ten to binary number
c) 256 eight to base two

Reading Assignment
Basic operations, Addition and Subtraction of
numbers based on their place value and the use
of number line.

Weekend Assignment
1.Change 321four to base eight (a) 71 (b) 81
(c) 62 (d) 75.
2.Change 101110two to octal number (a) 67
(b) 57 (c) 56 (d) 54
3. Change 35471 eight to base ten(a) 15097(b)
16081 (c ) 17097 (d) 16097
4. Simplify in base two (1101)2 (a) 1011011 (b)
10101001 (c ) 1101101 (d ) 1110111
5. The missing number in the expansion below
is:
4983 ten = 4 x 103+ 9 x --- + 8 x 101 + 3 x 1(a)
104 (b) 103 (c) 102 (d) 101
Theory
1. Convert the following to binary number (a)
234five (b) 403five
2. Calculate the following binary numbers
(a) 10001 x 11
(b) 110111 x 111

WEEK five Date:

……………….
Topic: numbers (rules and properties).
CONTENT:
Addition of Numbers ( Place Values)
Subtraction of Numbers ( Place Values)

Addition of Numbers
The easiest method of adding or subtracting
numbers is by having the knowledge of place
value system. By this system of arrangement,
all units ( U), Tens (T), Hundreds (H), Thousands
( T), and so, are vertically arranged in line. Note
that numbers are written from right to left by
their place values.
Example 1
Add the following numbers: 1092, 84, 8, 183.
Solution
Th H T U
1 9 9 2
8 4
 + 8
1 8 3
2 2 6 7

Method
U = 2 + 4+ 8+ 3 = 17 ( write 7 under U and carry
1 to the T column)
T = 9 + 8 + 8 + (1) = 26 ( write 4 and carry 2 to
the H column)
H = 0 + 1 + (1) = 2 ( write 2 under H and carry 1
to Th)
Th = 1 + (1) = 2 ( write 2 under the Th)

Example 2
Ukachi has 1578 apples, jide has 682 apples and
victor has 88 apples. How many apples do they
have all together?
Solution
TH H T U
1 5 7 8
+ 6 8 2
8 8
2 3 4 8

Example 3
A man spent #2500 on housing, #1245 on
savings, #3480 on feeding and #248 on the
children’s education. How much did he spend
altogether?
Solution

TH H T U
2 5 0 0
1 2 4 5
3 4 8 0
2 4 8
7 4 7 3

Evaluation:
1. Find the sum of 76,721, 2393, 184 and 96.
2. A man earned N73485.00 three years ago N
98472.00 a year ago and N124390.00 this year.
How much altogether did he earn for the three
years?

Subtraction of Numbers
Example 1
The sum of two numbers is equal to 67512. If
one of the numbers is 24351, what is the
second number?
Solution

TTH TH H T U
6 7 5 1 2
-2 4 3 5 1
4 3 1 6 1
Evaluation:
1. There are 24 students in a class which
comprises of 14 girls and 10 boys. If 5 girls and
3 boys were absent, how many students are
present in the class?
2. Find the difference between 10342 and 2015
General Evaluation
1. A man borrowed N120 from a friend and
borrowed N350 from his brother. How much is
his total debt?
2. The temperature inside a room was
recorded at 20oC and the temperature outside
was measured as -8oC. How many degrees
warmer was the room temperature more than
the outside temperature?
Reading Assignment:
Essential Mathematics for JSS1, pages 8 and 9

Weekend Assignment
1.By how many is 29 greater than 17? (a)12
(b)18 (c)19 (d)17
2. Simplify 79001- 73776 (a)105225 (b)5335
(c)5225 (d)5221
3. When you increase the sum of 345 and 1276
by 1453, the result will give (a)2074 (b)5023
(c)1453 (d)3074
4.There are 816 boys and 658 girls in a school.
How many students are there altogether in the
school? (a)1356 (b)1474 (c)1744 (d)1074
5.Find the difference between 8074 and
5729(a)2345 (b)5432 (c)5745 (d)4365
Theory
(1)The difference between two numbers is
603904.If the first number is 21432, what is the
second number?
(2)Find the sum of the following numbers: 95,3,
2134, 93627, 18, and 543.

Content
Addition and subtraction of positive(+ve)and
negative(-ve)integers on the number line
Solving problems on quantitative reasoning in
basic operations

Addition and subtraction of Positive and

Negative integers on the number line
Integers are positive and negative numbers
including zero. Directed numbers are positive
numbers greater than zero and negative
numbers less than zero.
Number line: This is a picture that shows the
arrangement of numbers according to their
values, zero being the starting point.Numbers
arranged to the left of zero are negatives (-
ve)and decrease in value while numbers to the
right of zero are positive(+ve)and increase in
value.

Negative numbers decrease in value

Positive numbers increase in value

-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

The values of numbers increase from left to

right.
Considering the number line, -12 is to the left of
0 while +12 is to right of 0. Therefore,-12 is less
than +2
Inother words, +2 is greater than -12.
Mathematically, symbol (<)and (>)are
respectively used to denote “less than”and
“greater than” respectively. It should be noted
that the ADDITIVE INVERSE of a number add up
with the number to zero. For instance, +1 is the
additive inverse of -1,+2 is the additive inverse
of -2, etc.
Example 1
Replace the sign between the following pairs of
numbers with any of the signs(<)and(>).
(a)-18… +8 (b)-20… -50 (c)23… 15
Solution
(a)-18<8 (-18 is to the left of zero and 8 is to the
right of zero)
(b)-20>-50
(c)23>15
Example 2
Arrange the following in ascending order
(a)0,1,-2,-1,-9,-18,-5,2.

Solution
Arranging these numbers on a number line will
make the number easier.

-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Since the numbers increase from left to right on
the number line,we have the answer thus:
-18,-9,-5,-2,-1.0.+1,+2
Example 3
Use the number line to find the values of the
following. (a)5+3 (b)-5+3(c)5-3(d)3-5 (e)-3-5 (f)-
4-5+12
Solution
5+3
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Method: Start from + 5, move three times in
the positive ( +ve) direction. This gives 8.
– 5 + 3 = -2
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Method: Start from -5 , move 3 times in the

positive direction and this gives 2
5- 3 = 2

-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Method: Start from 5 and move 3 times in the
negative direction, this gives 2
3 – 5 = -2
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Method: Start from 3 and move 5 times in the

negative direction, this gives -2
-3–5=-8
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Method: Start from -3 and move 5 times in the
negative direction, this gives – 8
– 4 -5 + 12 = 3
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Method: Start from – 4 and move 5 times in the

negative direction, then move 12 times in the
positive direction, this gives 3.

Rules for addition and subtraction of positive

and negative integers
If the same sign appear together, then replace
them by a positive sign.
Also, (+8) – (-6) = + 8 +6 = +14
If different signs appear together, replace them
by a negative (-ve) sign.
For instance, (+4) +(-7) = -3.
(Note, 7 cannot be subtracted from 4. So,
subtract 4 from 7 and place the –ve sign of 7)
3. When there is a combination of positive and
negative integers, the easiest way to simplify
them is to add all positive together and also
add all negative number together. For instance,
8-7+5-3+2 = 8+5+2-7-3 =5.

Evaluation
Simplify the following the number line: (a) ( +6)
(-4) (b) (+6) + (-13) (c) -3 +7-10
A man can withdraw N 2500.00 more than
what he has in his account as overdraft. If he
takes this amount from his account instead of N
350.00 which he has in his account, what is the
balance in his account?
What number must be subtracted from -7 to
obtain 12.
Work out 15-7-5-6+6-10
Solving problems on quantitative reasoning in
basic operation
What sign is attached to numbers which are to
the left of zero on the number line?
In solving -3-7, which of the numbers will I start
counting from and how many times will I move
and to which direction?
When two numbers have different signs, what
would you do to simplify them?
When two similar signs are together, they
should be replaced by what sign?
When there is a combination of both positive
and negative numbers, what method could be
used to simplify them?

Reading Assignment
Essential Mathematics for JSS1 pages 112 – 120
NGM for West Africa JSS1 pages 72-79

General Evaluation
Work out the following:
(a) +3 + (-3) (b) +10 + (-10)
Draw a suitable horizontal number line to help
answer these questions
-4 -5+4
– 3 + 8- 5
Put the following numbers in order with the
smallest first:
-12, 4, 0, -15, 0.5, -5, 10.
14, -20, 42, -12, -8, 1, 5.

Weekend Assignment
Simplify ( +7) –(-3) (a) 7 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 10
Simplify -8- (-3) + (+5) + (-8) (a) 8 (b) 16 (c) -
8 (d) -24
What is the additive inverse of -8? (a) +4 (b) + 2
(c) +8 (d) +7
Two students were seen entering an empty
classroom by an observer. A few minutes later,
three students were seen coming out. If one
more student should enter the classroom again,
how many students would be left in the class?
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
Simplify ( +5) + (-7)-4. (a) 2 (b) -2 (c) -6 (d) 8

Theory
Use the number line to add the following: (a) -
3+7 (b) -4 -3 (c) – 5 + 8 – 2
Work out – ( +7) – (6) – (-8) + 6- (+5)