2/17/2021

Lecture 06

Water Demand

Subject: Environmental Engineering I

Section: Water Supply Engineering

 Water Demands

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citation the author acknowledges the actual authors.

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After completion of this class discussion

the students will be able to:
Enlist various types of water demands
Estimate population through various methods

Content
o Water demand
o Determining quantity of water
o Types of water demand
o Factors affecting water demand
o Population forecasting method
o Types of population forecasting method

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Water Demand
 The rate of water required for a particular town or a
city to successfully carry out its day to day activities is
known as water demand.
 While designing the water supply scheme for a town
or city, it is necessary to determine the total quantity
of water required. As a matter it is a first duty of an
engineer to determine water demand and then to find
a probable source from where the demand can be met.

The water demanded by a people of

community for their daily uses, is
known a water demand for a water
supply scheme.

Engineer’s first duty of planning a water

supply scheme is to evaluate the amount
of water available and the amount of water
demanded by the public.

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• Total annual volume of water demanded by

the public (in litres or million litres)
• Annual average rate of draft per day
While planning a water • Annual average rate of draft per day per
supply scheme, the person
assessment of the
• Average rate of draft in litres per day per
following are necessary
service
• Fluctuations in flows

Determining quantity of water

The quantity of water required for a city can be tackled
by two factors:
1. Rate of demand: The requirements of water for
various uses are properly analyzed and ultimately,
the rate of consumption per capita per day is worked
out.
2. Population: The population to be served by the
water supply scheme is estimated and estimate of
future population is worked out with help of
population forecast method.

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Types of water demand

The types of water demand of a city or a town:
 Domestic water demand
 Industrial water demand
 Institutional and commercial water demand
 Demand for publicuses
 Fire demand
 Compensate losses demand

Factors affecting water demand

Following are the main factors that affect water demand
1. Size of the city
2. Living standard of the people
3. Climatic conditions
4. Quality of water
5. Industrial and commercial activities
6. Pressure in the distribution system
7. System of sanitation
8. Cost of water
9. System of supply
10. Metering and method of charging

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This includes the water requirement of people for drinking, cooking,

bathing, lawn sprinkling, gardening, sanitary purposes, etc.

The domestic consumption completely depends upon the economic

status of the people:

200 lit/head/day for rich living

135 lit/head/day for middle class living

• The total domestic demand is equal to 50-60% of the total water consumption.

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Use Consumption in litres per

head per day
Drinking 5
Cooking 5
Bathing 75
Washing clothes 25
Washing of utensils 15

Washing and cleaning of houses 15

and residences

Lawn watering and gardening 15

Flushing of water closets, etc. 45

TOTAL 200

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Use Consumption in litres per

head per day
Drinking 5
Cooking 5
Bathing 55
Washing clothes 20
Washing of utensils 10

Washing and cleaning of houses 10

and residences

Flushing of water closets, etc. 30

TOTAL 135

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The quantity of industrial water

demand will vary with the type and
number of industries.
In industrial cities the per capita water demand
computed as 450 l/h /da y for high scale industrial
zones and as 50 l/h /d ay for small scale industrial
zones.

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S. No. Name of industry Unit of production or Appropriate quantity of

and product raw material used water required per unit of
production or raw material
in kilo litres
1 Auto mobiles vehicle 40
2 Distillery (Alcohol) Kilo litre 12 2- 17 0
3 Fertilizer Tonne 80 -2 00
4 Leather (tanned) Tonne 40
5 Paper Tonne 20 0- 40 0
6 Special quality paper Tonne 40 0- 10 00
7 Petroleum refinery Tonne 1-2
8 Steel Tonne 20 0- 25 0
9 Sugar Tonne 1-2
10 Textile Tonne 80 -1 40

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The water requirements of institutions, hospitals, hotels,

restaurants, schools, offices, etc. come under this category.

The quantity will vary with the nature of the city and with the
number and type of commercial establishments.

On an average, a per capita demand of 2 0 - 5 0 l /h / d ay is

usually considered for such demand.

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This includes the quantity

of water required for A figure of 10 l / h /d ay is
public utility purposes, usually considered for this
such as demand.

Use in
Watering of Washing and
public
Gardening sprinkling
public parks fountains,
on roads
etc.

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Fire demand

In thickly populated and There fore, a provision The quantity of water for
industrial areas, fires extinguishing fires,
should be made in
generally break out and should be easily
modern water supply
may lead to serious available and kept
schemes for fighting
damages, if not always in storage
controlled effectively.
fires. reservoirs.

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Fire Water Demand:

◉ It is very important for the municipal body to give adequate protection against fire.
◉ During fire the demand of water is very high because large quantity of water is
required on urgent basis to control on the fire
◉ for this purpose fire hydrant are provided on all street at some extant from where
water can be pumped at the rate of 950 to 1150 Liters / minute.

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Calculating Fire demand

◉ Following formulas are used to calculate fire demand.

I) Kichling’s formula:
Q = 3182 √P
Where as
Q = Total water quantity (Liters/minute)
P = Population of the town in thousands

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Calculating Fire demand

◉ Free man’s Formula:

Q = 1136 [(P/5)+10]

◉ National Board of Fire Formula:

Q = 4637 √P (1-0.01 √P )

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Calculating Fire demand

Note:
About 1 to 5 L/C/d may be taken as fire demand. It depends on factors like
 possibility of fire
 nature of town
 habits of peoples

4. Losses & Wastages:

About 10 to 15% of Total water requirement goes for losses & wastages due to
unauthorized connection & leakages.

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Variation in Water Demands

◉ The total per capita average demand in Pakistan about 30 to 350 L/C/d, where as
in USA it is about 302 to 378 L/C/d.

◉ In any community water demands varies, depending upon factors like climate,
duration of water supply, standard of living, drainage system.

◉ For example water consumption is more in morning time and evening time it varies
hourly, daily.

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Variation in Water Demands

◉ Water demand more on Sunday due to leave.

◉ while planning any water supply scheme we have to calculate the average per
capita demand & depending on that the Total quantity of water is determined for
the Town, city, village.

◉ It is important to note that mostly water supply schemes are designed for the period
of 15 to 30 years.

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Water requirement of any Town or City is determined by following two factors,

1. Consumption per head per day or per capita demand.
2. Population
1. Per Capita Demand:
If “P” is population of the city or Town or Village and “Q” is the Total water requirement
in a year, then per capita demand is calculated by following formula,

Per capita demand = Q/ (P*365) Liters or Gallons per day

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Population forecasting method

Two types of population estimates are needed for the
operation and the design of the water supply
i. Short term estimates in the range 1-10 years
ii. Long term estimates in the range 10-50 years or
more.
 The population is increased by births, decreased by
deaths, increased by migration and increased by
annexation.

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Types of population forecasting methods

1. Arithmetical increase method
2. Geometrical increase method
3. Incremental increase method
4. Decreasing rate of growth method
5. Simple graphical method
6. Comparative graphical method
7. Zoning method or master plan method

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Arithmetical increase Geometrical increase

method method
 This is the most simple method of  In this method it is assumed that the
population forecast and is based on the percentage increase in population from
assumption that the population is decade to decade is constant. From the
increasing from decade to decade at a population data of previous three to four
constant rate. decades, the percentage increase on
dp/dt =C population is found and its average is
Where, found.
 The population at the end on ‘n’ decades
dp/dt is the rate of change of population.
is given by:
 The population at the end on ‘n’ decades
is given by: Pn= P [1+(r/100)]n
Pn= P + ni
Where,
Where, P n = populationafter ‘n’ decades.
P n = population after ‘n’ decades. P = Present population
P = Present population r = average incremental increase
i = average increase per decade n = number of decades
n = number of decades

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Incremental Decreasing rate of

Increase method growth method
 The average increase in  In this method, the average
population is determined by decrease in the percentage
the arithmetical increase increase is worked out , and is
method and to this as added then subtracted from the least
the average of the net percentage increase for each
incremental increase once for successive decades.
each future decade.
 The population at the end on ‘n’
decades is given by: Simple graphical method
 In this method, a curve is
Pn = P + ni + [{n(n+1)r}/2] plotted between the population
Where, p and time T, with the help of of
P n = population after ‘n’decades. census data of previous few
P = Present population decades. The curve is smoothly
i = average increase per decade extended to forecast the future
r = average incremental increase population.
n = number of decades

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Graphical comparison method

 In this method, the cities having conditions and
characteristics similar to the city whose future population
is to be determined are first of all selected. It is then
assumed that the city under consideration will develop as
the selected similar cities have developed in the past.
Zoning method or master plan method
 The city and town are divided into various zones such as
commercial, industrial, residential etc. The future
expansion of cities is strictly regulated by various bye-laws
of corporation and other local bodies.
 The population of a particular zone is fixed and according
to that the water supply schemes are designed.

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 Kuichling’s formula:
Q = 3182 √
where, P= Populatio
Q = Quantity o f water demand

 Freeman’s formula:

𝑃
Q = 1136 10 + 10
where, P= Population
Q = Quantity of water demand

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National Board of Fire Under Writer’s formula

Population < 2,00,000
Q = 4637 sq.rt.(P)[1-0.01sq.rt.(p)]
Population > 2,00,000
Q = 54,600 l/ m i n and more 9600 to
36400 l / m in

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