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Ch7-Memory Programmable Logic

The document discusses types of memory used in digital systems, focusing on Random-Access Memory (RAM) and Read-Only Memory (ROM), along with programmable logic devices like PLA, PAL, and FPGA. It explains the characteristics of static and dynamic RAM, as well as various types of ROM, including mask ROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. The document also includes examples of ROM circuit implementations and the internal structure of ROMs.

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Lena Alqahtani
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3 views17 pages

Ch7-Memory Programmable Logic

The document discusses types of memory used in digital systems, focusing on Random-Access Memory (RAM) and Read-Only Memory (ROM), along with programmable logic devices like PLA, PAL, and FPGA. It explains the characteristics of static and dynamic RAM, as well as various types of ROM, including mask ROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. The document also includes examples of ROM circuit implementations and the internal structure of ROMs.

Uploaded by

Lena Alqahtani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University

College of Computer Science & IT


Department of Computer Engineering

CSE 210: Digital Logic Design

Chapter#7: Memory and Programmable Logic

1
Introduction
There are two types of memories that are used in digital
systems:
• Random-access memory(RAM): perform both the write
and read operations.
• Read-only memory(ROM): perform only the read
operation.
The read-only memory is a programmable logic device.
Other such units are Programmable Logic Array(PLA),
Programmable Array Logic(PAL), and Field-
programmable Gate Array(FPGA).

2
Array logic
• A typical programmable logic device may have hundreds to
millions of gates interconnected through hundreds to
thousands of internal paths.
• In order to show the internal logic diagram in a concise
form, it is necessary to employ a special gate symbology
applicable to array logic.

3
4

Random-Access Memory
• A memory unit stores binary information in groups of bits called words.
• The communication between a memory and its environment is achieved
through data input and output lines, address selection lines, and control
lines that specify the direction of transfer.

Example: 1K words of 16 bit each.


So 1K and 16 bits means 2 bytes.
Thus, memory can accommodate 2K
bytes.

4
5

Content of a memory
• Each word in memory is
assigned an identification
number, called an address,
starting from 0 up to 2k-1,
where k is the number of
address lines.
• The number of words in a
memory with one of the
letters K=210, M=220, or
G=230.
64K = 216 2M = 221
4G = 232 5
Types of memories

• Memory units that lose stored information when


power is turned off are said to be volatile.
• Both static and dynamic, are of this category
since the binary cells need external power to
maintain the stored information.
• Nonvolatile memory, such as magnetic disk,
ROM, retains its stored information after removal
of power.
6
Static RAM

• SRAM consists essentially of internal latches that store


the binary information.
• The stored information remains valid as long as power is
applied to the unit.
• SRAM is easier to use and has shorter read and write
cycles.
• Low density, low capacity, high cost, high speed, high
power consumption.

7
Dynamic RAM

• DRAM stores the binary information in the form of electric


charges on capacitors.
• The capacitors are provided inside the chip by MOS
transistors.
• The capacitors tends to discharge with time and must be
periodically recharged by refreshing the dynamic memory.

8
Dynamic RAM

• DRAM offers reduced power consumption and larger


storage capacity in a single memory chip.
• High density, high capacity, low cost, low speed, low power
consumption.

9
Memories

• Volatile:
– Random Access Memory (RAM):
• SRAM "static"
• DRAM "dynamic"

• Non-Volatile:
– Read Only Memory (ROM):
• Mask ROM "mask programmable"
• EPROM "electrically programmable"
• EEPROM “electrically erasable electrically programmable"
• FLASH memory - similar to EEPROM with programmer
integrated on chip

10
Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Conventional Array Logic


Symbol Symbol
11
Read-Only Memory (ROM)

 A block diagram of a ROM is shown below. It consists of


k address inputs and n data outputs.
 The number of words in a ROM is determined from the
fact that k address input lines are needed to specify 2k
words.

12
Read-Only Memory (ROM)

 Each output of the decoder represents a memory address.


 Each OR gate must be considered as having 32 inputs.
 A 2k X n ROM will have an internal k X 2k decoder and n OR gates.

• Design 8 x 4 ROM

13
Read-Only Memory (ROM)

3x8
• 8 x 4 ROM Decoder
Address Data 0
0 0 0 0000 1
0 0 1 1101 2
A2 I2
0 1 0 0011 3
A1 I1
0 1 1 1000 4
A0 I0
1 0 0 1111 5
1 0 1 1001 6
1 E 7
1 1 0 0111
1 1 1 0000
D3 D2 D1 D0
0  no connection
1  connection
14
Example

• Find a ROM-based circuit implementation for:


– f(a,b,c) = a’b’ + abc
– g(a,b,c) = a’b’c’ + ab + bc
– h(a,b,c) = a’b’ + c
• Solution:
– Express f(), g(), and h() in m() format (use
truth tables)
– Program the ROM based on the 3 m()’s

15
Example
– There are 3 inputs and 3 outputs, thus we
need a 8x3 ROM block.
• f = m(0, 1, 7)
• g = m(0, 3, 6, 7)
• h = m(0, 1, 3, 5, 7)

16
Types of ROMs

• Mask Programmed ROM


– Programmed during manufacturing
• Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM)
– Blow out fuses to produce ‘0’
• Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM)
– Erase all data by Ultra Violet exposure
• Electrically Erasable PROM (E2PROM)
– Erase the required data using an electrical
signal

17

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