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Threading

Multithreading in Java allows concurrent execution of multiple threads, enhancing application performance and responsiveness. It involves creating threads through extending the Thread class or implementing the Runnable interface, with key concepts including lifecycle states, thread safety, and synchronization. Java provides utilities like Executors and concurrent collections to facilitate effective multithreading, while also presenting challenges such as race conditions and deadlocks.

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2 views4 pages

Threading

Multithreading in Java allows concurrent execution of multiple threads, enhancing application performance and responsiveness. It involves creating threads through extending the Thread class or implementing the Runnable interface, with key concepts including lifecycle states, thread safety, and synchronization. Java provides utilities like Executors and concurrent collections to facilitate effective multithreading, while also presenting challenges such as race conditions and deadlocks.

Uploaded by

dogan.jonat
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Multithreading in Java – In-Depth Summary

Multithreading is the ability of a program to execute multiple threads (independent paths of


execution) concurrently. Java has built-in support for multithreading via the
java.lang.Thread class and the java.util.concurrent package, making it a powerful
tool for building responsive, high-performance applications.

🔍 Why Use Multithreading?


Multithreading enables:

●​ Parallel execution of tasks to improve performance on multi-core processors.​

●​ Responsiveness in applications (e.g., UI apps that remain interactive while performing


background tasks).​

●​ Efficient resource use, such as using idle CPU time while waiting on I/O.​

🧵 What Is a Thread?
A thread is a lightweight unit of a process. All threads of a process share the same memory but
execute independently. In Java, threads can be created in two main ways:

1.​ Extending Thread:​

java
CopyEdit
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
System.out.println("Running in a thread");
}
}

2.​ Implementing Runnable:​


java
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class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
public void run() {
System.out.println("Running via Runnable");
}
}

Use:

java
CopyEdit
new Thread(new MyRunnable()).start();

⚙️ Key Thread Concepts


●​ Lifecycle States: NEW, RUNNABLE, BLOCKED, WAITING, TIMED_WAITING,
TERMINATED.​

●​ Thread Scheduling: Managed by JVM and OS; thread priorities can be set but not
guaranteed.​

●​ Thread Safety: Ensuring shared resources are accessed safely (avoid race conditions).​

🔒 Synchronization
When multiple threads access shared data, synchronization ensures that only one thread at a
time can execute a critical section.

java
CopyEdit
synchronized void increment() {
count++;
}

Other tools:
●​ ReentrantLock​

●​ AtomicInteger​

●​ volatile keyword for visibility​

🛠️ java.util.concurrent Utilities
Java provides high-level concurrency tools:

●​ Executors: Manage thread pools (Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4))​

●​ Callable & Future: Support returning values from threads​

●​ CountDownLatch, Semaphore, CyclicBarrier: Coordination between threads​

●​ Concurrent Collections: ConcurrentHashMap, CopyOnWriteArrayList​

🧠 Benefits of Multithreading
●​ Better CPU utilization​

●​ Faster execution for parallelizable tasks​

●​ Responsive applications (especially with I/O or UI)​

❌ Common Pitfalls
●​ Race conditions: Two threads updating shared data simultaneously.​

●​ Deadlocks: Two threads waiting forever for each other’s locks.​

●​ Starvation: A thread never gets CPU time due to unfair scheduling.​


●​ Livelock: Threads keep changing state in response to each other but make no progress.​

✅ Summary
●​ Java supports multithreading at the language and library level.​

●​ Threads can improve performance but require careful handling of shared data.​

●​ Synchronization, locks, and concurrent utilities help manage thread safety and
coordination.

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