●​ 300°F – asphalt becomes liquid

ASPHALT
– refining of asphalt binders :
– natural asphalt ●​ Paving grade asphalt binders –
●​ Formed when crude petroleum oils produced from petroleum oil
rose to earth’s surface
– superpave binder tests :
– bituminous materials : ●​ Penetration test – empirical
●​ Bitumens – mixtures of measure of the relative hardness of
hydrocarbons of natural or asphalt cement ; “stiffness”
pyrogenous origin or combinations ●​ Empirical tests – yield information
of both about the relative behavior of
●​ Asphalt – dark brown to black materials based on experience
cementitious material, solid or ●​ Cleveland Open Cup (COC) –
semisolid in consistency ; determine flash point
predominating constituents :
bitumens – asphalt emulsions :
●​ Tar – brown or black bituminous ●​ Helps preserve natural resources
material, liquid or semisolid in and limit emissions
consistency ●​ Emulsified asphalts – asphalts
suspended in water
– natural asphalt : ●​ Asphalt – discontinuous phase
●​ Tar – by product of coke or of ●​ Water – continuous phase
heating coal
– saybolt furol viscosity test :
– asphalt binder : ●​ Measures consistency properties of
●​ 80% asphalt produced – used in anionic and cationic emulsions
paving
●​ 20% asphalt produced – used in – distillation test :
roofing materials and systems ●​ Used to determine the relative
●​ Classification of petroleum crude oil : proportions of asphalt cement and
1.​ Asphaltic base crude – water in asphalt emulsions
entirely asphalt
2.​ Paraffin base crude –
contains paraffin but no
asphalt – settlement test :
3.​ Mixed base crude – ●​ Detects tendency of asphalt globules
contains both paraffin and to “settle out” during storage of
asphalt emulsified asphalt

●​ API – American Petroleum Institute – sieve test :

●​ Asphalt “binders” / “cements” – ●​ Complements settlement test
bituminous glue that’s been used for ●​ Used to determine quantitatively the
many years percentage of asphalt cement
 ●​ Full-depth asphalt pavement /
– demulsibility test : perpetual pavement – entire
●​ Used only for rapid and medium pavement above the subgrade
setting grades of anionic asphalt consists of asphalt mixtures
emulsions
– determining required pavement
– cement mixing test : thickness:
●​ Performed by adding 100 mL of ●​ There’s no standard thickness for a
emulsion diluted to 55% residue with pavement
water ●​ Asphalt institute guidelines / factors
●​ Used for slow setting grades of to be considered :
emulsified asphalt 1.​ Traffic to be served initially
and over the design service
– coating ability and water resistance life of the pavement
test : 2.​ Strength and other pertinent
●​ Determines ability of an emulsified properties of the prepared
asphalt to do the following : subgrade
1.​ Coat aggregate thoroughly 3.​ Strength and other
2.​ Withstand mixing action influencing characteristics of
while remaining as a film on the materials available for the
the aggregate courses
3.​ Resist washing action of 4.​ Any special factors peculiar
water after mixing is to the road being designed
completed
– traffic analysis :
●​ Aid in identifying asphalt emulsions ●​ Weight and volume of traffic that a
that are suitable for mixing with road is expected to carry throughout
coarse aggregate its design life influence its thickness

– asphalt pavements : – asphalt paving mix design :

●​ General term applied to any ●​ 3 methods :
pavement that has a surface 1.​ Marshall method – by Bruce
constructed with asphalt Marshall ; utilizes “hammer”
●​ Supporting courses : and analysis of “stability and
1.​ Asphalt base ( consist flow”
asphalt-aggregate mixtures ) 2.​ Hveem – used mostly in the
2.​ Crushed stone, slag, or West ; evaluates asphalt
gravel mixtures in term of air voids
3.​ Portland cement concrete 3.​ Superpave
4.​ Old brick or stone block
pavements

●​ Asphalt wearing surface – upper TYPES OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT

top layer of the courses CONSTRUCTION
 ●​ Asphalt surface treatment –
– plant mix : sprayed-on application of asphalt to
●​ Hot mix asphalt – prepared in hot wearing surface
mix plant ●​ Seal coats – surface treatments that
●​ HMA – highest quality type have waterproofing or texture
●​ Cold mixes – ​aggregates may be improvement
partially dried and heated or mixed
as it is withdrawn from the stockpile – tack coats and prime coats :
●​ Cold-laid asphalt plant mixes – ●​ Tack coat – thin spread of asphalt to
made with emulsified asphalt and bind layers together
some cutback asphalts spread and ●​ Priming – spraying on a liquid
compacted on the roadway while asphalt that will penetrate the base
quite cool ●​ Prime coat – treatment of priming

– mixed-in-place (road mix) : ASPHALT PLANTS

●​ Mixed-in-place construction –
done on the area to be paved – components of asphalt plants :
●​ Mix-in-place – general term ●​ Cold aggregate storage
●​ Road mix – often used when ●​ Drying
construction is on a roadway ●​ Screening
●​ Hot storage
– slurry seal : ●​ Measuring and mixing
●​ Thin asphalt overlay applied by a
continuous process machine to worn – types of asphalt plants :
pavements to seal them and provide ●​ Stationary plant – permanently
a new wearing surface situated and not normally dismantled
●​ Portable plant – easily
RECYCLED ASPHALT CONCRETE disassembled, moved by rail or
highway, and reassembled
– asphalt pavement recycling : ●​ Pugmill – mixing chamber
●​ Combined reclaimed pavement
materials with new materials to – storage of hot-mix asphalt :
produce asphalt mixtures ●​ Surge bin – installed and used for
– Mill and fill temporarily storing hot mix ; round,
●​ milling technique used on high-traffic silo-type structure
roads ●​ Storage silos – long-term storage ;
●​ RAP or reclaimed asphalt may be remotely relocated
pavement – materials produces by
these methods PREPARATION OF UNPAVED SURFACES

ASPHALT SPRAY APPLICATIONS – unpaved roadway surfaces :

●​ Compacted subgrade
– surface treatments and seal coats : ●​ Improved subgrade
●​ Untreated base
 ●​ Nonsurfaced aggregate roadway ●​ Lean, granular appearance
●​ Dull, brown appearance
– prepared subgrade :
●​ Has been worked and compacted – nonuniform mixing
●​ Spots of lean, brown, dull-appearing
– untreated base : material within areas having rich,
●​ Untreated aggregate base – should shiny appearance
be properly shaped and proof-rolled
– excess coarse aggregate
– nonsurfaced aggregate roadways : ●​ Poor workability of mix
●​ Similar to untreated bases
●​ Have been used as a roadway by – excess fine aggregate
traffic ●​ Has different texture
●​ Have been in use for a considerable ●​ Resembles lean mix
time
– excess moisture
PAVED SURFACES ●​ Steam rising from mix
●​ Bubbling or popping
– flexible-type pavements : ●​ Mix foam
●​ Heater-planer – used to burn off or
remove excess asphalt – miscellaneous
●​ Fog seal – light application of ●​ Segregation of aggregates
emulsified asphalt diluted with water
; for small cracks THE PAVING OPERATION
●​ Slurry seal – larger cracks ;
emulsified asphalt, fine aggregate, – asphalt paver
and mineral filler, with water added ●​ Spreads the mixture in a uniform
layer of desired thickness and shape
– rigid-type pavements :
●​ Pumping – caused by rocking of – hand spreading operations
slabs under traffic ●​ Placing will be by hand

INSPECTION OF MIX – the roller operation

●​ 3 phases:
– too hot -​ Breakdown / initial rolling
●​ Blue smoke rising from mix -​ Intermediate rolling
-​ Finish
– too cold ●​ Steel-wheeled rollers – used for all
●​ Stiff appearance 3 phases
●​ Pneumatic-tired roller – sometimes
– too much asphalt for breakdown but preferred for
●​ Load appears lying flat intermediate
●​ Vibrating rollers – intermediate
– too little asphalt
 ●​ Transverse joints – perpendicular
to centerline – coating asphalt
●​ Longitudinal joints – parallel to ●​ Harder, more viscous
centerline
– sheet material
●​ Can be organic felt or inorganic
glass fiber mat
– pavement density
●​ Density tests – determine degree or – flashing cements
amount of compaction obtained by ●​ Used as part of a flashing system
rolling
– lap cements
AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT ●​ Thinner than flashing cements
●​ Used to make a watertight bond
– asphalt distributor between laps of roll roofing
●​ Used to apply either prime coat or
tack coat – roof coatings
●​ Distributor – truck or trailer on ●​ Thin liquids applied with brush or by
which mounted an insulated tank spraying to resurface old roofs
with heating system, usually oil
burning – prepared roofing products
●​ Products manufactured and
– motor grader packaged ready to apply to the roof
●​ Used to spread asphalt plant mixes deck, usually by nailing

– windrowing equipment – built-up roof

●​ Used for controlling amount of ●​ Used on flat or almost flat roofs
material for leveling courses ●​ Alternate layers of roofing felt and
●​ Windrows – places in front of asphalt
asphalt paver
ASPHALT PIPE COATINGS
– incidental tools
●​ Rakes – asphalt wrapped systems
●​ Shovels ●​ Prime coat followed by either one or
●​ Lutes two applications of asphalt enamel
●​ Tool heating torch ●​ Wrapping material : asphalt
●​ Cleaning equipment saturated felt or asphalt saturated
●​ Hand tampers glass wrap

– mastic systems
ASPHALT ROOFING PRODUCTS ●​ Prime coat followed by dense,
impervious, essentially voidless
– saturant mixture of asphalt, mineral
●​ Oil rich aggregate, and mineral filler
 – cambium layer
– interior coating systems ●​ Thin, growing layer
●​ Prime coat followed by a
centrifugally cast layer of asphalt – sapwood
enamel ●​ Within the cambium
●​ Fibers are active in life process but
ASPHALT MULCH TREATMENTS don’t grow

– asphalt spray mulch – heartwood

●​ Emulsified asphalt sprayed on the ●​ Center of the tree
newly seeded area ●​ Consist of dead fibers

– asphalt mulch tie-down – pith

●​ Using either : ●​ Vein of soft tissue
1.​ Spread straw hay on graded
slope – bark
2.​ Spreading seed and fertilizer ●​ Outside cambium layer
on prepared soil
– cellulose
ASPHALT JOINT MATERIALS ●​ Structurally sound material

– asphalt – lignin
●​ Used as joint and crack filler ●​ Cements the trees

– paper
●​ Made of cellulose from wood
WOOD
– age of tree
GROWTH OF TREES ●​ Determined by number of rings

– deciduous
●​ Have broad leaves and usually – free water
sheds in the fall ●​ In the hollow space
●​ hardwoods ●​ Evaporates first with no change in
the volume of wood
– coniferous
●​ Have needles and cones containing – absorbed water
seeds ●​ Evaporates from cell walls, causing
●​ softwoods shrinkage

– fibers – checks
●​ Long, narrow, hollow cells ●​ Cracks in the wood
●​ Caused by shrinkage
– grain ●​ Measure of stiffness or resistance to
●​ Light and dark annual rings deflection
●​ Appear as stripes
– extreme fiber stress in bending
– slope of grain ●​ stress that must be resisted in
●​ Deviation in direction of grain abeam undergoing bending

LUMBER PRODUCTION – tension parallel to grain

●​ Stress induced by pulling apart
– edgers
●​ Saw that trim rough-edged slabs – compression parallel to grain
●​ Stress induced by pressing together
– trimmers longitudinally
●​ Saw lumber transversely
– compression perpendicular to grain
– plain sawed / flat grain (soft wood) ●​ Stress induced by pressing together
●​ Slash-cut lumber transversely

– quarter sawed / edge grain (hardwoods) – horizontal shear

●​ Rift-cut ●​ Stress induced by tendency for
upper fibers to slide over lower fibers
– rough lumber
●​ No finishing – machine stress rated (MSR)
– dressed lumber / surfaced lumber ●​ Graded lumber
●​ Planed or surfaced on atleast on
face
LUMBER CLASSIFICATIONS
– worked lumber
●​ Dressed and worked to provide – grading
tongue-and-groove ●​ Lumber – includes all finished or
semifinished shaped with parallel
longitudinal surfaces
SEASONING
– boards
– moisture content ●​ Thickness : 1 ½ in or less
●​ Moisture in wood ●​ Width : 2 in or more

– drying – dimension lumber

●​ Either in kiln or in air ●​ Thickness : 2 in thick and less than 5
in
●​ Width : 2 in or more
STRENGTH

– modulus of elasticity
– timbers – dimension lumber
●​ Thickness : 5 in or more ●​ Graded for use as joist and planks,
●​ Width : 5 in or more light framing, or decking

– factory and shop lumber / yard lumber – timbers

●​ Includes pieces to be sued in ●​ Grades as beam and stringer or as
making sash, doors, jambs, sills, and post and timbers
other millwork ●​ Beams and stringers – more than 2
– repetitive members in greater thickness
●​ Not required to support design load ●​ Post and timbers – width not more
independently than 2 in greater than thickness

– characteristics – post and beam construction

●​ Natural marks from tree’s growth ●​ Timber framing

– board are graded based on : – structural insulated panels

●​ Stains – discolorations ●​ Panelized walls
●​ Checks – lengthwise separations /
cracks ; normally occurring – special-use wood
●​ Shakes – caused by slippage ; ●​ Shingles and shakes – used for
lengthwise separations roofing and siding
●​ Cup and crook – distortions
●​ Wane – bark or missing woof on an
edge of corner DETERIORATION OF WOOD
●​ Splits – separation due to tearing
apart of wood cells – 4 major enemies
●​ Pitch – accumulation of resinous ●​ Insects – termites (antlike)
material ●​ Marine borers – several kinds of
●​ Pockets – well-defined openings mollusks and crustaceans
●​ Pith – small, soft core at the center ●​ Fungi – microscopic, plantlike
●​ Holes – occur and extend party or organisms
completely thru wood ●​ Fire
●​ Knots – portion where the tree has
grown
●​ Unsound wood – result of
disintegration – fire
●​ Torn grain – irregularity in the ●​ Heavy timber construction – use of
surface large limber
●​ Raised grain – unevenness between ●​ Protected construction – ordinary
springwood and summerwood wood frame construction with a
●​ Skips – areas that did not surface protective coating
cleanly ●​ Fire-retardant paints – have an
appearance satisfactory for a finish
coat ‘ reduction in flame spread
PRESERVATION OF WOOD
– involves treating it with a poison so that – enamel
fungi and insects do not consume it ●​ Similar to paint
●​ More brittle surface
– typical treated wood products ●​ Not for exterior use
1.​ Dimension lumber
●​ Sawn on all four sides – varnish
●​ Commonly used as sill ●​ Resins dissolved in liquid vehicle
plates, joists, beams, rafters,
trusses, and decking – sealer
●​ Water-repellent substance dissolved
2.​ Heavy timbers in a solvent
●​ Sawn on all four sides ●​ Seal and moisture-proof wood
●​ Commonly used in heavy
timber-frame construction, – semitransparent stain
landscaping, and marine ●​ Alters color of wood
construction ●​ Allows texture and grain to show

3.​ Round stock – opaque stain

●​ Round posts and poles ●​ Exterior stain
●​ Hides color and grain
4.​ Plywood ●​ Allows texture to show
●​ Sheets of wood laminated to
provide higher strength – polyurethane varnish
●​ Durable modified alkyd resin coating
5.​ Specialty items ●​ To clear-coat wood
●​ Many wood items to enhance
backyard deck and gazebo
construction GLUE LAMINATED WOOD
– creosote
●​ Liquid by-product of the refining of – glu-lam member
tar ●​ Short for glued and laminated
●​ Most effective preservative against ●​ Glued end to end
fungi
●​ black/ dark brown ; foul-smelling
– paint – plywood
●​ Finely divided solids suspended in ●​ Laminations are thin and arranged
liquids with the grain of each one running
●​ Dries to a solid, protective film perpendicular to the grain of the
●​ Applied in 2 coats : laminations adjacent to it (veneers)
-​ First coat (prime coat ; bond ●​ Core – center of veneers
wood) ●​ Face and back – outside veneers
-​ Second coat (cover coat ; ●​ Cross bands – inner veneers
protection)
– softwood plywood – oriented strand board (OSB)
●​ 2 general types : ●​ Strong, stiff panel manufactured in a
1.​ Interior type plywood cross-ply pattern similar to plywood
-​ Made with glue
adequate for service
indoors GLUE

2.​ Exterior type plywood – animal glues

-​ Made with hot, ●​ Used for gluing wood
phenolic resin glue ●​ Made from hides, hoofs, and other
-​ Unaffected by water animal parts
and resists
weathering – casein glues
●​ Made from milk
– nail gluing ●​ Used cold, set quickly, stain some
●​ Pressure applied by nailing tightly wood excessively
immediately after gluing
– melamine resin, phenol resin, resorcinol
– box beams resin, and resorcinol resin-phenol resin
●​ Serves as the web with sawn or ●​ Waterproof glues
glu-lam lumber
– vegetable glues
– stressed-skin panels ●​ Made from starch
●​ Made of plywood with webs of sawn
lumber
MECHANICAL FASTENERS
– sandwich panels
●​ Plywood panel covers separated by – withdrawal loading
a comparatively weak material ●​ Axial force tending to pull nail out of
the wood
– overlaid plywood
●​ Resin-treated surface, intended for – allowable load
paint finish ●​ Determined using the Hankinson
formula or Scholten nomographs
– coated plywood
●​ Surfaced with metal or plastic – lag screws
●​ Designed to produce special effect ●​ Threaded at pointed end
●​ Have good withdrawal resistance
– hardwood plywood
●​ Usually selected for its appearance – 2 types of connector
to used as face for cabinets, ●​ One split ring
furniture, doors, flooring, and wall ●​ One shear plate
paneling
PRE-ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS

– manufactured under controlled conditions

and delivered to job site ready for
installation

– structural composite lumber (SCL)

●​ Manufactured utilizing wood strands,
flakes, or veneers and, with bonding
adhesives, are pressed into large
billets

– I-joists
●​ Manufactured by combining OSB
web members with LVL flanges to
produce an I-shaped structural
composite

– shear walls
●​ Designed to resist lateral forces
applied to buildings
●​ Lateral forces – seismic
(earthquake) & wind

– wood composites
●​ Materials made by mixing wood
fibers with other substances, like
plastics