QUANTAM COMPUTING

B.TECH PROJECT/SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University in Lonere

in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the SECOND YEAR OF Computer Engineering.

Presented By
RUSHIKESH SUBHASH MISAL

Guided By
PROF. P.S.DESHMUKH SIR

DEPARTMENT OF SECOND YEAR ENGINEERING

1
 J.T.MAHAJAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FAIZPUR
Department of Second Year Engineering 2023-24

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled, “QUANTAM COMPUTING”, which is being submitted herewith for
the award of B.TECH is the result of the work completed by RUSHIKESH SUBHASH MISAL under my supervision
and guidance within the four walls of the institute and the same has not been submitted elsewhere for the
award of any degree.

Prof. P.S.DESHMUKH SIR Prof. K.S. BHAGAT SIR

Guide HOD

DR. K.G.PATIL SIR

PRINCIPAL

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled, “Quantum Computing” was carried out and written
by me/ us under the guidance of Prof. P. S. DESHMUKH SIR , Department of First year Engineering.
This work has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree nor has been
submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree.

PLACE: FAIZPUR NAME:- RUSHIKESH SUBHASH MISAL

PRN:- 23051681245002

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  ABSTRACT
Quantum computing is a modern way of computing that is based on
the scienæ of quantum mechanics and its unbelievable phenomena.
It is a beautiful combinafion of physic, mathematics, computer
science and information theory. It provides high computational
power, less energy consumption and exponential speed over classical
computers by controlling the behavior of small physical objects i.e.
microscopic panicles like atoms, electrons, photons, etc. Here, we
present an introduction to the fundamental concepts and some ideas
of quantum computing. This seminar starts with the origin of
traditional computing and discusses all the improvements and
transformations that have been done due to their limitations until
now. Then it moves on to the basic working of quantum computing
and the quantum properties it follows like superposition,
entanglement and interference. This pacnr covers the architecture,
hardware, software, design, types and algorithms that arc specifically
required by the quantum computers. It uncovers the capability of
quantum computers that can impact our lives in various viewll)ints
like cyber security, traffic optimization, medicinB, artificial
intelligence and many more. At last, we concluded all the
importance, advantages and disadvantages of quantum computers.
Smallscale quantum computers are being dcvcloped recently. This
development is heading towards a great future due to their high
potential capabilities and advancements in ongoing research. Before
focusing on the significances of a general-purpose quantum
computer and exploring the power of the new arising technology, it
is better to review the origin, potentials, and limitations of the
existing traditional computing. This information helps us in
understanding the possible challenges in developing exotic and
competitive technology. It '"ill also give us an insight into the ongoing
progress in this field.

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  Acknowledgement

I would like to thank respected Prof. Dr. K.G. Patil (Principal) and
Prof. P.S. DESHMUKH SIR for giving me such a wonderful opportunity to expand my
knowledge for my own computer branch
and giving me guidelines to present a seminar report. It helped me a lot to realize of
what
we study for.
Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as I went through
my
work and helped to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs.
Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more
organized and well stacked till the end.
Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS Word. It
helped my work a lot to remain error-free.
Last but clearly not the least, I would thank The Almighty for giving me strength to
complete my report on time.

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 Contents

1. Introduction to the Tepic (6-8 pages)

1.1. What is Quantum Computing?

1.2. Why Quantum Computing?

1.2.1- Limitations of classical computers

1.2.2- Moore's Law

1.23. Study of matter at atomic level

1.3. Superposition

1.4. Entanglement

1.5. Bits n Qbits

1.5. L. Bits

Qbits

1.5.1- Bits vs Obits

2. History, Evolution & Technical Details (4-5 Pages) 4
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 2. L History and Evolution
2.2. Future of Quantum Computing

3. Similar Technologies (4•5 Pages) 5

3.1. The Mcmcomputer

4. Applications, Pros & Cons (3-4 Pages) 7

4.1. Application of Quantum Computer

4.2. Limitations of Quantum Computing

5. Summary of Study (1-2 Pages) 9

References.... 10

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INTRODUCTION

1.2. What is Quantum Computing ?

Quantum computing is a type of computation that harnesses

the collective properties of quantum states, such as
superposition, interference, and entanglement, to perform
calculations. The devices that perform quantum computations
are known as quantum computers.

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1.2. Why Quantum Computing ?

Before learning the quantum computing there is a question will

arrised in mind that "why we need the Quantum Computers ?"
There are some points below which help us to understand the
need of quantum computing.
1.2.1, Limitations of Classical Computers
The classical computers though have become compact and
fast, cannot solve problems such as factoring of a large integer.
The large digit prime numbers are used to send messages in
coded form. And some NP hard problems are also not solved
by our classical computers. Currently the single transistor on a
chip is turned on or off by using around hundreds of electrons.

1.2.2. Moore's Law

Since 1949, the power of digital computers has grown

exponenfially. The trajectory of this growth is known as
"Moore's Law".
First proposed by Intel Co-Founder & CEO Gordon Moore
in 1965, Moore noticed that the number of transistors on
an integrated circuited seemed to double at regular
intervals.
In 1975, Moore predicted that computational power would
double every 2 years for the foreseeable future.Moore's
prediction has held accurate to present day. It is now is
colloquially called 'Law'.

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1.1.3. Study of matter at atomic level
Within a few short years scientists developed a
consistent theory of the atom that explained its
fundamental structure and its interactions. Crucial to the
development of the theory was new evidence indicating
that light and matter have both wave and particle
characteristics at the atomic and subatomic levels.
Theoreticians had objected to the fact that Bohr had
used an ad hoc hybrid of classical Newtonian dynamic for
the orbits and some quantum postulates to arrive at the
energy levels of atomic electrons. The new theory
ignored the fact that electrons are particles and treated
them as waves. By 1926 physicists had developed the
laws of quantum mechanics, also called wave mechanics,
to explain atomic and subatomic phenomena.

1.3. Superposition

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 Quantum computers are based on quantum
superposition. Superposition allows quantum objects to
simultaneously exist in more than one state or location.
This means that an object can be in two states at one
time while remaining a single object.
This allows us to explore much richer sets of states.

1.4. Entanglement
Quantum entanglement is a quantum mechanical
phenomenon in which the quantum states of two or
more objects have to be described with reference to
each other, even though the individual objects may be
spatially separated. This leads to cormlations between
observable physical properties of the systems.

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1.5. Bits n Qbits:1.5.1.

Bits

A bit is a binary digit, the smallest increment of data on

a computer. A bit can hold only one of two values: 0 or
1, corresponding to the electrical values of off or on,
respectively. Because bits are so small, you rarely work
with information one bit at a time.

1.5.2. Qbits

A qubit (or quantum bit) is the quantum mechanical

analogue of a classical bit. In classical computing the

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 information is encoded in bits, where each bit can have
the value zero or one. In quantum computing the
infomation is encoded in qubits. A qubit is a two-level
quantum system where the two basis qubit states are
usually written as 10) and Il). A qubit can be in state
10), Il) or (unlike a classical bit) in a linear combination
of both states. The name of this phenomenon is
superposition.

1.5.3. Bits vs Qbits

• When we consider bit in traditional computing

technology, bits refer only to the binary values such as
Os and Is, and they cannot be considered for other
values. Whereas in qubits, it represents Os, Is, and a
superposition of both the values. That means it can be
used to represent the combination of Os and Is in
quantum computing, where it is much important to
notify all the values in the system.

• When bit storing the information of binary digits,

qubits store the combination of binary digits, which
helps the qubits in quantum computing work three
times as fast as a conventional computer system. The
information stored and the data transfer is huge,
which helps to transfer the information faster.

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 • When the problem is to be solved on the computer,
bits approach the problem as if in a hit and trial run.
This is due to the fact that one value is considered at a
time, and parallel

processing is not happening when the problem has to be

solved. When the same problem has to be solved using
quantum computing, it is approached with parallel
processing by supporting all four values at a time and
solving it at a faster pace.
When more qubits are added to the quantum computer,
the power to do the processing increases at an
exponential rate. In contrast, when bits are added to the
normal computer, the power will not increase, and the
operations will be done at the same pace as one at a
time. In quantum computing, this happens due to
superposition.
• It is extremely difficult to build quantum
computers because they need ext-eme isolation
and quantum objects' proper temperature. This
is not the case with traditional computers,
which anyone with hardware knowledge can
build and make it work for all the needed
conditions for the user. Hence, the number of
quantum computers is very less, and their use is
recently being increased.
• The storage space required by traditional
computers for bits is huge, and it takes up lots
of room. This can be avoided for qubits as huge
information can be stored in the system with a
small area. As the systems and devices are

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 getting smaller, qubits help reimagine the
technological world with really small size
devices being handy to carry everywhere.
• The scientific world can be viewed with
different light with the help of qubits as it helps
to modify and recalculate the physical
phenomena, even though it is really huge,
within a short span of time than the normal
computers and make the process really easy for
all who is beneficial with the same.

2.1. History and Evolution

Einstein's quantum theory of light, developed in 1905, laid
the conceptual framework for the field of quantum
mechanics. Subsequent advances by Bohr, Heisenberg, dc
Broglle, and Schrodinger further developed quantum theory
over the next several decades. It was only in 1981, however,
that quantum mechanics departed from the realm of the
theoretical. Richard Feynman declared in a 1981 MIT
lecture: "Nature isn't classical, dammit, and if you want to

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make a simulation of nature, you'd better make it quantum
mechanical, and by golly, it's a wonderful problem because
it doesn't look so easy." IBM set to work tackling this
"wonderful problem", releasing the first quantum
cryptography protocol in 1984. BB84 was a provably secure
quantum key distribution scheme—an exciting theoretical
advancement, but not yet possible to implement. The next
year, David Deutsch at Oxford University proposed an idea
for a universal quantum computer, and his Oxford
colleagueArtur Ekert developed entanglement- based
secure communication in 1991.

In 1994, Peter Shor at AT&T developed the algorithm

that bears his name, capable of large integer
factorization on a quantum computer. Shor's algorithm, if
implemented, could
crack most of today's public key encryption schemes; it
inspired global interest in quantum computers. Lov
Grover's 1996 quantum database search algorithm
(though less powerful than Shor's algorithm) also
threatened classical cryptography by accelerating brute-
force computation via a quadratic speedup. The United
States Department of Defense began investing in
quantum research.

In 2000, the Los Alamos National Laboratory developed

the first working 7-qubit quantum computer. The next
year, IBM and Stanford University succeeded in
executing Shor's algorithm to factor the number 15
16
using 7 qubits and identical molecules. In 2004,
China's1018 University of Science and Technology
demonstrated five-photon entanglement and Oxford
developed the first working pure state NMR quantum
computer.

In 2011, D-Wave Systems claimed to have developed

the first commercially available quantum computer, but
this claim remains under dispute. Many argue that
while the D-Wave One can perform quantum
calculations, these calculations can be executed on a
classical computer at the same speed. Meanwhile, the
established tech companies were making progress.

In 2016, IBM released the Quantum Experience, and

public online interface for quantum simulation. Google
simulated a hydrogen molecule using 9 qubits. Last
year, Google released a 72 qubit chip called
"Bristlecone" and Intel released a 49 qubit chip called
"Tangle Lake." This year, IBM released its first
commercial quantum computer, the Q System One.

2.2 Future of Quantum Computing

The practical uses of quantum computers are såll being

researched and tested. In the future, it is possible that
quantum computeß will be able to solve problems that

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have been impossible to solve before. For example, they
have the potential to be used for modelling molecules
or predicting how a molecule will behave under
different conditions.
We should also remember that a quantum computer is not
faster than a regular computer - it's just more powerful.
That means that "running" a program on a quantum
computer will take just as long as on a regular computer -
but with much better results because of their increased
power. Quantum computers will allow for the storage and
processing of data in ways that we cannot even
comprehend today. They also offer more complex
calculations than traditional computers and therefore can
easily solve problems that would take years to solve on a
traditional computer.
Some experts believe that they could be used to
calculate complex formulas with no time limit, which
will make them an invaluable tool in medical science, Al
technologies, aeronautical engineering and so on. So far,
quantum computing has been used to solve
optimization problems, which are too complex for
traditional computer models. It's also been used to
study protein folding and drug interactions within the
body.
Quantum computers are powerful computers that work
on the principles of quantum mechanics. They use
qubits, not bits to represent data and they can access
potentially more than two values at the same time.
Quantum computers will be able to break all of the
encoding and encryption we have today. Quantum
computing is changing the world of cybersecurity.

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 Quantum computers are capable of running
sophisticated
simulations in parallel, making them much faster than
classical computers. The ability to run simulations in
parallel means that quantum computers can quickly find
solutions to difficult problems. Quantum computers will
disrupt many industries like finance, healthcare, and
education.
While it's still unclear how big of an impact quantum
computing will have on marketing in the future, there are
already some significant uses happening now. One
example is in ad targeting where companies can analyze

customer behaviour with astounding precision by

processing large amounts.

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Similar Technologies
3.1. The Memcomputer

For some computer scientists, the solution lies in Quantum

Cmputer devices which take advantage of the inexplicable
weirdness of atomic-level physics. The only downside?
Quantum computers require cool, carefully tended
environments that are beyond our current technological
capabilities. But Massimiliano Di Ventra, a physicist and
computer scientist at the University of California, San Diego,
has an entirely different solution. He and a team of his
colleagues have just designed and built the first brain-like
computer prototype that bypasses certain structural limits of
our modern electronics. Called the memcomputer, its the
first computer to store and processes info simultaneously.

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According to Di Ventra, despite his new technology's
futuristic promise, "mcmcomputers can be built with
standard technology and operate at room temperature.
This puts them on a completely different level of
simplicity and cost in manufacturing compared to
quantum computers."

The fault in our computers

In short, a big problem with modern computers is that
they store data and solve problems with it in two entirely
different areas: the memory, and the central processing
unit (CPU). And all that shuffling back and fourth takes its
toll, says Di Ventra. "To
make a quick comparison: our own brain expends about
20 watts to perform IOA16 operations per second," he
says, while a supercomputer would require 10 million
times more power to do the same number of
operations. "A big chunk of that power is wasted in the
back and forth transfer of information between the CPU
and the memory," says Di Ventra.

Di Ventra's memcomputer sprung out of an easy-to-

understand thought experiment from the 1970's. What
if, like our brains, a computer stored data in the exact
same place it crunched the numbers? And better yet,
what if the actual process of crunching data was used as
memory?
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This type of memory-crunching computer (hence:
memcomputer) would sidestep the costly data shuffle.
Furthermore, mathematicians have Giüü= that that
2for-I process would also allow memcomputers to solve
certain fantastically complex problems in a single step.
To build his memcomputer, Di Ventra and his
colleagues had to physically rebuild and reprogram a
computer from its most basic components. Rather than
classical silicon transistors (the building blocks that
combine to build all electronics), at the core of Di
Ventra's machine arc what he calls memprocessors. Di
Ventra's simple computer uses 6 of them.

Here's how they work. A classical transistor's job basically

boils down to one thing, either letting energy through, or
not, depending one what it's been told to do. A
memprocessor does this exact same job, but it also
physically changes some of its properties ("such as its
[electrical] resistance," says Di Ventra) depending on how
much energy is trying to move through. Even when the
memprocessor loses power, it stores that change. In this
way, while totally functioning as a classical, data-crunching
CPU, memprocessors can also be coded to store
resistanceladen information at the same time. No more
back and fourth.

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4.1. Application of Quantum
Computer
* Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning
Artificial intelligence and machine learning are some of
the prominent areas right now, as the emerging
technologies have penetrated almost every aspect of
humans' lives. Some of the widespread applications we
see every day are in voice, image and handwriting
recognition. However, as the number of applications
increased, it becomes a challenging task for traditional
computers, to match up the accuracy and speed. And,
that's where quantum computing can help in processing
through complex problems in very less time, which
WOLlld have taken traditional computers thousand of
years.

* Computational Chemistry
IBM, once said, one of the most promising quantum
computing applications will be in the field of
computational chemistry. It is believed that the number of
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quantum states, even in a tiniest of a molecule, is
extremely vast, and therefOre difficult for conventional
computing memory to process that. The ability for
quantum computers to focus on the existence of both 1
and 0 simultaneously could provide immense power to the
machine to successfully map the molecules which, in turn,
potentially opens opportunities for pharmaceutical
research. Some of the critical problems that could be
solved via quantum computing are improving the nitrogen-
fixation process for creating
ammonia-based fertilizer, creating a room-temperature
superconductor; removing carbon dioxide for a better
climate; and creating solid-state batteries.

* Drug Design & Development

Designing and developing a drug is the most challenging
problem in quantum computing. Usually, drugs are being
developed via the trial and error method, which is not only
very expensive but also a risky and challenging task to
complete. Researchers believe quantum computing can be
an effective way of understanding the drugs and its
reactions on humans which, in turn, can save a ton of
money and time for drug companies. These advancements
in computing could enhance efficiency dramatically, by
allowing companies to cany out more drug discoveries to
uncover new medical treatments for the better
pharmaceutical industry.

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* Cybersecurity & Cryptography
The online security space currently has been quite
vulnerable due to the increasing number of cyber-attacks
occurring across the globe, on a daily basis. Although
companies are establishing necessary security framework
in their organisations, the process becomes daunting and
impractical for classical digital computers. And, therefore,
cybersecurity has continued to be an essential concem
around the world. With our increasing dependency on
digitisation, we are becoming even more vulnerable to
these threats. Quantum computing with the help of
machine learning can help in developing various
techniques to combat these cybersecurity threats.
Additionally, quantum computing can help in creating
encryption methods, also known as, quantum
cryptography.
* Financial Modelling
For a finance industry to find the right mix for fntitful
investments based on expected returns, the risk
associated, and other factors arc important to survive in
the market. To achieve that, the technique of 'Monte
Carlo' simulations are continually being run on
conventional computers, which, in turn, consume an
enormous amount of computer time. However, by
applying quantum technology to perform these massive
and complex calculations, companies can not only
improve the quality of the solutions but also reduce the
time to develop them. Because financial leaders are in a
business of handling billions of dollars, even a tiny
improvement in the expected return can be worth a lot
for them. Algorithmic trading is another potential
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 application where the machine uses complex algorithms
to automatically trigger share dealings analysing the
market variables, which is an advantage, especially for
high-volume transactions.

* Logistics Optimisation
Improved data analysis and robust modelling will indeed
enable a wide range of industries to optimise their logistics
and scheduling workflows associated with their supply-
chain management. The operating models need to
continuously calculate and recalculate optimal routes of
traffic management, fleet operations, air traffic control,
freight and distribution, and that could have a severe
impact on applications. Usually, to do these tasks,
conventional computing is used; however, some of them
could turn into more complex for an ideal computing
solution, whereas a quantum approach may be able to do it.
Two common quantum approaches that can be used to
solve such problems are quantum annealing and universal
quantum computers. Quantum annealing is an advanced
optimisation technique that is expected to surpass
traditional computers. In

contrast, universal quantum computers are capable of

solving all types of computational problems, not yet
commemially available.

* Weather Forecasting
Currently, the process of analysing weather conditions by
traditional computers can sometimes take longer than the
weather itself does to change. But a quantum computer's

26
ability to crunch vast amounts of data, in a short period,
could indeed lead to enhancing weather system modelling
allowing scientists to predict the changing weather
patterns in no time and with excellent accuracy something
which can be essential for the current time when the world
is going under a climate change.

Weather forecasting includes several variables to consider,

such as air pressure, temperature and air density, which
makes it difficult for it to be predicted accurately.
Application of quantum machine learning can help in
improving pattem recognition, which, in turn, will make it
easier for scientists to predict extreme weather events and
potentially save thousands of lives a year. With quantum
computers, meteorologists will also be able to generate
and analyse more detailed climate models, which will
provide greater insight into climate change and ways to
mitigate it.
4.2 Limitations of Quantum Computing

Hardware limitations
The frequent challenge that troubles researchers is
isolation. Quantum decoherence can be caused by
heat and light, when subjected to such conditions
qubits can lose their quantum properties like
entanglement that further leads to a loss in data
stored in these qubits. Secondly, rotations in quantum
computers' logic gates are prone to error and these
are also crucial to change the state of the qubit. Any

27
 wrong rotation can cause an error in the output. The
requirement of computeß with a greater circuit
length and error correction( with redundancy for
every qubit) is also crucial for the field of quantum
machine learning.

Software limitations
The developer of algorithms for Quantum computers
has to be concemed about their physics. While a
classical algorithm can be developed along the lines of
the Turing machine, to develop an algorithm for
Quantum computers, the developer has to base it
along the lines of raw physics with no simple formulas
that would link it to logic.

The critical issue in such a design is always scalability.

Designing a program to operate on larger data with
more processing power. Very little information is
available to develop such algorithms for quantum
computing. Most of the development is theæfoæ
intuitive. Most known Quantum algorithms suffer from
a proviso of specific simulations that limit their
practical applicability and it becomes difficult to
develop models that can have a
significant impact on machine learning. The third limitation in
quantum computing is that the number of qubits one can
have on a quantum circle is limited. Though these limitations
are applicable to quantum computing in general, the
augmentation of fields such as machine learning can grab
more eyeballs and push the field in the right direction.
28
Summary of Study

Quantum computing is a technology that uses the laws of

quantum mechanics to solve the problems which is too
complex for classical computers.
In our classical computers we uses bits to store the
information which can take a value 0 or 1. Whereas in
qubits, it represents Os, Is, and a superposition of both
the values. That means it can be used to represent the
combination of Os and Is in quantum computing.
When bit storing the information of binary digits, qubits
store the combination of binary digits, which helps the
qubits in quantum computing work three times as fast as
a conventional computer system. The information stored
and the data transfer is huge, which helps to transfer the
information faster.
When the problem is to be solved on the computer, bits
approach the problem as if in a hit and trial run. This is
due to the fact that one value is considered at a time,
and parallel processing is not happening when the
problem has to be solved. When the same problem has
to be solved using quantum computing, it is aproached
with parallel processing by supporting all four values at a
time and solving it at a faster pace.

29
For example if we want to make a drug by mixing
some elements by some context with some hit and
trial
method (Brute force algo) then in such case our
classical computers will take too much time to go
through each and every case but it will be very
easier for our quantum computers.

Quantum computers can used in many areas

like:• Artificial Intelligence & Machine
Learning

• Computational Chemistry

• Logistics Optimisation

• Financial Modelling

• Cybersecurity & Cryptography

• Drug Design & Development

• Weather Forecasting and many mores

Quantum computers have the potential to

revolutionize computation by making certain types
of classically intractable problems solvable. While
no quantum computer is yet sophisticated enough

30
 to carry out calculations that a classical computer
cant, great progress is under way.
Because right now we have some limitation of the
quantum computer due to which we are now able
to build a complete quantum computer. For
example the quantum computer can be effected
by tempurature, etc so we have to operate the
quantum computers in a temp of 0K (-273* C)
which is not possible to obtain so due

to these hardware limits and some software

limits quantum computers are still in the research
phase. But in the future this will make a
revolution in the worlds of technologies.

31
References
Practical QLnntum Computing for Developers By Vladimir Silva, 2018
Edition
[2] Learn Quantum Computation using Qiskit httpq•/(qi<kit org!
tovthnnk/nrpfaro html visited on 15 April 2022.
[31 Introduction to Quantum Computing WRITTEN BY Surya Teja Marella and
Hemanth Sai Kumar Parisa. Submitted On: August 23rd, 2020, Reviewed On:
September 18th, 2020, Published on : October 29th, 2020 DOI:
10.5772/intechopenS4103 xux.i.atechogca..cana&hauusuuvisited on 15 April
2022.

[4] Qubits vs Bits By Priya Peda mkar visited

on 15 April 2022.

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