INTRODUCTION TO

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Presented By:
Eng. G.A.R.M. Gurusinghe
B.Sc (Eng.) Hon’s, PG.Dip in ,
 Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution
Network in Sri Lanka Hydro Power Plants
Thermal Power Plants • Victoria
• Coal – Norechcholei • Randenigla
• Combined Cycle – • Upper Kothmale
Kerawalapitya, Kelanithissa • Kotmale etc.
• Gas Turbines – Kelanithissa
• Diesel Engines - Ambilipitya
Step up Transformer
• Generation voltage →
Transmission Network Transmission Voltage
• 220kV and 132kV
New Renewable Energy Power
Grid Sub Station Plants (NRE)
• 220kV & 132kV → 33kV • Dendro, Wind farm, Grid
Connected Solar farm
Primary Substation (LECO Region only)
• 33kV → 11kV Distribution Substation
• 33kV → 400V
• 11kV → 400V
End User
 Typical Sri Lankan Load Curve
Base Load Power Plants Intermediate Power Plants
• Coal • Combined Cycle
• Nuclear • Conventional Hydro
2500MW • Conventional Hydro • NRE
• NRE
Demand (MW)

Peaking Power Plants

1600MW • Gas Turbines
• LNG Power Plants
• Diesel Engines
900 MW • NRE
• Conventional Hydro

Note:
Currently, Typical load curve is not reflected due to the
scheduled Power cut.

New Renewable Energy and Conventional Hydro is

the best solution to mitigate power crisis in Sri
Lanka. Isn’t it ?
New Renewable Energy
Why we cannot go for 100% Renewable
Energy Power Generations ? (Based on
Current facts and figures)
• Seasonal Effect
• Intermittency → Power Quality Reduction
• Higher Capacity Cost
• Very Low in plant Efficiency (15% - 20%)
Roof Top Solar
Types of Roof Top Solar Utility (CEB/LECO )Payment Schemes for Roof Top Solar
• Grid Connected Roof Top Solar
• Off Grid Roof Top Solar • Net Accounting – If the generation of solar roof top system is greater than
• Hybrid Roof Top Solar the consumption, the consumer will be paid for the excess. However, the
generation of solar roof top system is less than the consumption, consumer
shall pay for excess consumption according to the existing electricity tariff
Life time of the Typical Roof Top Solar structure.
Installation is 20 Years.
• Net Plus – The total electricity generation of the roof top solar system
would be purchased by the utility. The bill for the electricity consumption
would be paid to the utility as usual.

• Net Metering – consumer has to pay only for the net amount of electricity
that was consumed. If the solar electricity production exceeds the electricity
consumption of the premises, the balance amount will carried forward to
future up to the contract period
Requirements to be Satisfied for Roof Top Solar
Installation
• Availability of Roof, face to the South
Direction (East and Western is also
acceptable)
• Recommended angle of the roof to be 𝟕𝟎
- 𝟏𝟓𝟎 (Not a mandatory requirement)
• Proper mounting of Solar Panel shall be
taken place to avoid water leak through
the roof.
• Space availability to build steel structure
to accommodate solar panels for the roof
slabs
Electrical Under Building Services
The Regulation
• BS 7671 – 18th Edition
The IET Wiring Regulation
• Why IET Wiring Regulation / BS 7671 to SL?
Legal Status: Sri Lanka Electricity (Amendment) ACT, No 31 of 2013
Electricity Regulations of 2016: The Electricity (Safety, Quality and Continuity) standards

“Sri Lanka Standard Requirements” means the Sri Lanka Standard requirement for electrical
installations specified by the Sri Lanka Standard Institute or 17th Edition of “British Standard
Requirements for Electrical installations” (BS 7671:2008) or Latest;
 Power Supply Parameters of LV Network in Sri
Lanka

Supply Voltage: 230V (+10% or – 6%) ((1ph), 400V (+10% or – 6%)(3ph)

Frequency : 50Hz (± 1%)
Supply Amp : 30A (1ph), 30A (3ph), 60A (3ph) for Residential Users
: 30A (1ph), 30A (3ph), 60A (3ph) for Commercial Customers (< 42kVA)
: LV Bulk Commercial Customers (Up to 1000kVA) - Dedicated Transformer with
LV metering
: MV Bulk Commercial Customers (above 1000kVA) - Dedicated Transformer with
MV metering

“Power Quality depend upon the Voltage and the frequency of the supply”
Design of Electrical Installation
Protection Against Electric Shock
Basic Protection Fault Protection
Insulation of Live Parts Automatic Disconnection
 Air insulation in Bus Riser  MCBs / MCCBs
 Bus Bar Isolation in DBs  RCCBs
Barriers or Enclosures Separation
 Enclosures of DBs  Bus Bar Separation from
Switchgears (MCBs, MCCBs and
RCCBs) in DBs
Double Insulation
 PVC/PVC or XLPE/PVC insulation in
power cables
Protective Devices
Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) / Modeled Case Circuit
Breakers (MCCBs)
• Switch off electric circuit under abnormal scenario
• Overload Protection and Short Circuit Protection
• Isolation switch under a maintenance
MCB Selection for Domestic Application
• Trip Setting (Allowable current to draw infinite time, 6A,
10A, 16A, 20A, 32A, etc.)
• Type (Depend upon the application. For domestic
applications, Type C will be used)
Protective Devices
Residual Current Circuit Breakers
(RCCBs)
• In general, known as “Trip
Switch”
• Protection against Earth faults
• No Protection against Surges
• Trip Settings: 30mA, 0.2s for 1ph
supply (Residential)
Protective Devices
Surge Arrestors (SAs)
• Protection against Surges

A Surge Arrestor is protective device that is

used to protect the electrical power system
from surges caused by lightning is known
as surge arrester. It includes two terminals
like high voltage and ground. Once an
electric surge travels through the surge
arrester from the power system, then a
huge voltage current can travel to the
insulation directly otherwise to the ground
terminal to protect the system from
damage
Protective Devices
Arc Fault Detection Devices
(AFDDs)
• To mitigate risk of fire in
AC final Circuits
• Not to prevent fire
occurrence
• Not a mandatory item for
all buildings
Residential Electric Wiring Diagram
Distribution Board
Introduction to Power Cables
Color Code for Single Phase Cables Insulation Materials
• Phase – Brown (P) • XLPE
• Neutral – Blue (N) • PVC
• Earth – Green with Yellow strip (E) • LSZH (for fire protective cables)

Color Code for Three Phase Cables

• Phase 01 – Brown (L1;R)
• Phase 02 – Black (L2;Y)
• Phase 03 – Gray (L3;B)
• Neutral – Blue (N)
• Earth – Green with Yellow strip (E)

Conductor Materials
• Copper (Cu)
• Aluminum (Al)
 Cable Management System

Perforated Cable Trays Cable Ladder Cable Trunking

• Horizontal & Vertical Main Cable • Mainly for Vertical Cable Main • Mainly for Horizontal End Circuit
Management Cable Management Cable Management
• Material – Galvanized Steel • Material - Galvanized Steel • Material - Galvanized Steel or
• Coating (Zn Coated or Powder • Coating (Zn Coated or Powder PVC
Coated – RAL 7032 or RAL 7035) Coated – RAL 7032 or RAL 7035) • Coating (Zn Coated or Powder
Coated – RAL 7032 or RAL 7035
for Steel Trunkings)
 Cable Management System

PVC Conduits GI Conduits Flexible Conduits

• For power end power and • Mandatory for surface wiring of • Maintain Smooth Bends in
lighting circuits Emergency Lamps and Exit Signs. power circuits
• Recommended minimum • Recommended minimum diameter
diameter – 25mm – 25mm
• Maximum utilization – 40% of • Maximum utilization – 40% of the
the space inside the conduit. space inside the conduit.
Introduction to Point Wiring
Light Point Wiring
• Single Way Wiring
• Two Way Wiring

Fan Point Wiring

13A Power Sockets Wiring

• Ring Circuit
• Radial Circuit

Power Socket Wiring with Accessories

Introduction to Point Wiring
Light Point Wiring & Fan Point Wiring
Introduction to Point Wiring
Residential Light Point Wiring Description

“Supply and Installation of a light point, from the respective consumer unit (DB) using
2x1mm2 Cu/PVC/PVC cable drawn through securely fixed concealed 25mm PVC conduit
and controlled by a 6A flush switch fixed on solid / soft partition wall. Feeding MCB be to
6A Type C.“

Residential Fan Point Wiring Description

“Supply and Installation of a fan point, from the respective consumer unit (DB) using
2x1mm2 Cu/PVC/PVC cable drawn through securely fixed concealed 25mm PVC conduit
and controlled by a 6A flush switch fixed on solid / soft partition wall including fan
regulator, Fan Hook and Accessories. Feeding MCB be to 6A Type C.
Introduction to Point Wiring

Wiring Diagram
Schematic Diagram

Two Way Light Point Wiring

Introduction to Point Wiring

13A Socket outlets

Wiring
• Ring Circuits
• Radial Circuits
Introduction to Point Wiring
13A Power Socket Wiring Description – Ring

“Supply and Installation of 13A Ring Circuit Single switched socket outlet fixed on
solid / soft partition wall, wired from the respective Consumer Unit using 2 x 2.5mm2
Cu/PVC/PVC cable with 2.5mm2 Cu/PVC earth wire in 25mm PVC casing with 13A
Socket outlet and accessories.

13A Power Socket Wiring Description – Radial

“Supply and Installation of 13A Radial Circuit Single switched socket outlet fixed on
solid / soft partition wall, wired from the respective Consumer Unit using 2 x
2.5mm2 Cu/PVC/PVC cable with 2.5mm2 Cu/PVC earth wire in 25mm PVC casing
with 13A Socket outlet and accessories.
Electrical Accessories
Socket Outlets
 Single Socket Outlets Light Fittings
 Twin Socket Outlets Pendent Lamps
Ceiling Recessed Lamps
Fans Surface Mounted Lamps
 Ceiling Fans High Bay Lamps
 Orbit Fans Street Light Fittings
 Wall Fans Flood Light Fittings
 Stand Fans Wall Mounted Lamps
 Why 13A Sockets Mandatory in SL?
• Maintain one type for Single Socket outlets in Sri
Lanka
• Compensate Demand for Different Power
Adapters and remove power quality brands from
the Market.
• 13A Socket Outlets can be used to feed power
almost all residential appliances (3kW max.) such
as Fans, Blender, Oven, Iron, Air fryer, Freezer,
Refrigerator, Washing Machine, Dish Washer, etc.
• Availability of Isolation cover for Phase
conductor connector, increases safety and avoid
electric shocks
• Since there are square holes with internal
covering, children unable to insert finger to
socket.
Different Types of Sockets

13A Single Socket Outlet 13A Twin Socket Outlet

Different Types of Fans

Ceiling Fan
Orbit Fan

Wall Mounted Fan

Stand Fan
 Different Types of Light Fittings

Pendent Lamp Ceiling Recessed Lamp Surface Mounted Lamp

High Bay Lamp Flood Lamp Street Lamp

Wall Bracket Lamp
Electrical Earthing