1.

0 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
SYSTEM IN THE BUILDING
General Objective:

To understand electrical installation in buildings.

Specific Objectives :

At the end of this unit you should be able to :

1. Understand the basic concept of electrical supply

2. Learn on elements in electrical wiring

3. Know the safety procedures and rules for electrical installation

system

4. Understand the latest technology on electrical installation

system
 Electricity is steadily becoming the preferred source of
power for lighting, heating, air conditioning,
transportation, production equipment and numerous
appliances in all building occupancies.
 Building electrical systems are normally designed by
electrical engineers with specialized knowledge of such
system.
 However every member of building design profession
must have fundamental knowledge of electricity and its
operating principles, characteristics and limitations.
 Electrical system design is an integral part of overall
building design process.
 Nearly all building and mechanical equipment, such as
elevators, air conditioners, fans, is electrically powered.
 The selection of an electrical power system is often
influenced by which mechanical system is chosen.
 Electrical systems do not require much building space,
however, most electrical operating devices are normally
exposed in occupied spaces, therefore their location,
configuration and aesthetics must be precisely
coordinated with architectural and interior design
 Electrical energy is not a natural or primary source of energy an it
cannot be stored very easily.
 Electrical energy is generated by several ways:-
(i) Stored energy (fossil fuel, nuclear and biomass) is converted to
thermal energy to make steam that turns the turbine attached to the
generator.
(ii) Gravitational potential energy (Hydro) is converted to kinetic
energy of water to turn the turbine
(iii) Kinetic energy of wind turns a wind turbine to generate
electrical energy
(iv) Solar energy transforms directly into electrical energy by solar
cells
(v) Chemical energy transforms directly into electrical energy by
accumulators
1.1 Understand The Basic
Concept of Electrical Supply
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY

 Electricity arrives in your area from the national supply

network (the National grid) at 275,000 or 400,000 volts.
 It is reduced to 132,000 volts at a substation for distribution
within each area of the country, travelling to further
substations known as grid supply points.
 From these, it is distributed on overhead lines or
underground cables at 33,000 volts – the primary
distribution networks - to the intermediate substations.
 At the intermediate substations, electricity at 33,000 volts is
reduced to 11,000 volts for secondary distribution.
 The secondary distribution networks then carry it at 11,000
volts to individual towns, industrial areas and group of
villages.
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY

 Particularly heavy users such as manufacturing

industries are supplied at 33,000 volts.
 Electrified railways have their substations which draw
electricity direct from the grid supply point – the latest
overhead – line systems run at 25,000 volts.
 At the final substations, transformer reduce the 11,000
volts supply to 230 volts for small scale customers such
as homes and shops.
 A typical substations serves 200 to 300 houses. Larger
users such as farms take electricity at 415 volts.
400,000 V
275,000 V Generation & distribution
132,000 V
Large/heavy industries, cities, towns &
33,000 V
railways
Light industry, hospitals, towns &
11,000 V
villages
415 V Small industries, offices, farms
Housing, schools, small commercial
240 V
premises

The standard reduced voltages

PHASE IN ELECTRICAL

 Phase is a term used to describe on feature of

alternating current.
 If wires are in phase it means that timing of the
electron movement, back and forth, is the same.
 The electrons are “in step” or “in time” or “in
phase”.
THE SINGLE PHASE OF ELECTRICAL SUPPLY

 Single-phase electric power refers to the distribution of

alternating current electric power using a system in which all the
voltages of the supply vary uniformly
 Have only two wires (neutral or red / blue / yellow)
 A single-phase load may be powered from a three-phase
distribution system either by connection between a phase
and neutral (120V or 220V), or by connecting the load between
two phases (120V and 120V, the total being 240V or 220V and
220V, the total being 440V).
• Single-phase power distribution is widely used especially in
rural areas, where the cost of a three-phase distribution
network is high and motor loads are small and uncommon.
 Usually for residential
 Single-phase distribution is used when loads are mostly lighting
and heating, with few large electric motors.
 A more recent method for the supply intake to a small building
has been the use of an external metal meter cabinet read
from outside the premises and thus prevents the difficulty of
obtaining access to meters when the building is unoccupied.
THREE PHASES OF ELECTRICAL SUPPLY

 Three-phase electric power is the most common method

used by electric power distribution grids worldwide to
distribute power
 Larger consumers such as large buildings, shopping centers,
factories, office blocks, and multiple-unit apartment blocks
usually need three-phase service
 The loading in some large buildings may be too high for the
local low or medium voltage system to provide and a
private sub-station must therefore be installed, supplied
from the high voltage cables from the TNB station.
 Sub-stations are often required for factories and hospitals.
…cont..

 Have wires: neutral (1) and red / blue / yellow (3)

 400V nominal voltage

 Three phase systems may or may not have a neutral

wire. A neutral wire allows the three phase system to
use a higher voltage while still supporting lower
voltage single phase appliances

 In high voltage distribution situations it is common not

to have a neutral wire as the loads can simply be
connected between phases (phase-phase connection)
 Differences Between Single Phase and
Three Phase
Single Phase Three Phase
Use in residential Use for large and industrial building
240 voltage 400 voltage
Single-phase has two line voltage 3-Phase has three line voltage wires,
wires, separate from each other. actually saving more energy and
Each are 120 V for a total of 240 money for a total of 480V.
V.
A neutral wire (white in color) will A neutral is needed for 120V
give you 120 V. When straight 240V (common appliances) and 277V
is needed, a neutral isn't necessary. (lighting) and is generally gray.
Uses more electricity - Expensive to Uses less electricity - Cheaper to
operate operate
uses more conductor material to uses less conductor material to
transmit electric power transmit electric power
Advantages of Single Phase Compared to
Three Phase Electrical Supply
1.2 Elements In Electrical Wiring
Types of Electrical Wiring
1. Open Wiring
2. Hidden Wiring
3. Conduit Wiring
Fitments In Electrical Wiring

 Conductors

 A conductor is an electrical component that conducts and

confines the flow of electrical current within itself.
 Conductors are made of high conductivity (low resistivity)
material to minimize the loss of power and drop in
voltage
 Made in cylindrical form as wires, but they also made in
square or rectangular section.
 Material: Copper, aluminum, etc.
..cont..
 Insulators
 A true insulator is a material that does not respond to
an electric field and completely resists the flow of
electric charge.
 In practice, however, perfect insulators do not exist.
 Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support
and separate electrical conductors without allowing
current through themselves.
 Insulators are commonly used as a flexible coating on
electric wire and cable.
…cont…

 These materials are used in electrical equipment as insulators

or insulation.
 Their function is to support or separate electrical conductors
without allowing current through themselves.
 Electrical wires may be insulated with rubber, plastics, ceramics
and glass.
 Larger power cables may use compressed inorganic powder,
depending on the application.
 Electricity Protection Wiring

 A protective device for electrical equipment

that reduces excessive voltage resulting from
lightning and to prevent user contact from
dangerous voltage electrical if insulation fails,
to a safe level by grounding the discharge.
 Type of electricity protection wiring – lightning,
earthing/grounding and fuses.
A. Lightning
• Lightning causes building fires, burn out electrical
appliances, disrupts telephone service and radio
communication.
• Lightning protection system includes lightning rods,
metal conductor and ground electrodes to offer a
low resistance path to ground and to take any
high voltage currents from lightning strike away
from the building.
B. Earthing
• If a person touches a live
conductor that is correctly
earthed, the electricity will
flow to the earth, without
flowing through the human
being/consumer’s body.
• This is because of the fact
that the human body has a
greater resistance
compared with the
resistance to earth.
• The purpose of the earthing are to:
 Provide an alternative path for the fault current to flow so
that it will not endanger the user

 Ensure that all exposed conductive parts do not reach a

dangerous potential

 Maintain the voltage at any part of an electrical system at a

known value so as to prevent over current or excessive
voltage on the appliances or equipment
C. Fuse
• A fuse, short for “fusible link”, is a type of over
current protection.
• It has its critical component a metal wire strip that
will melt when heated by a prescribed electric
current, opening the circuit of which it is apart, and
so protecting the circuit from an overcurrent
condition.
• Fuse Characteristic
 Time current characteristic which shows the time requires to
melt the fuse and the time required to clear the circuit for any
given level of overload current.
 Fuse has rated interrupting capacity, also called breaking
capacity, which is the maximum current the fuse can safely
interrupt.
 Fuse are often characterized as “fast-blow” or “slow-blow”/
“time delay”, according to the time they take to respond to
an overcurrent condition.
Types Of Fuse
 Cartridge fuse
 Use in 3 pin plug for
electrical product
 Additional fuse to MCB
inside the DB box
 Nominal flow 0.15A,
0.25A, 0.5A, 0.75A,1A,
2A, 3 A, 5A and 13A
 Rewireable fuse
 The wire element fuse
made form alloy
 The wire can be change
in case of element
breaks
 Nominal flow depends
of the size of wire
Standard Graphic Symbols In Wiring
System
1.3 Safety Procedures And Rules For
Electrical Installation System
Safety Procedure Based on IEE
Standard
1. Turn off power and unplug from the wall before working on
electric or electronic circuits, except when absolutely necessary.
2. Do not use extension cords as a permanent power source.
3. Do not work on electrical equipment in a wet area or when
touching an object that may provide a hazardous earth ground
path.
4. Turn off power and unplug equipment before checking or
replacing fuses. Locate and correct the cause of a blown fuse
or tripped circuit breaker before replacing the fuse or resetting
the circuit breaker.
5. Replace defective cords and plugs. Inspect cabling for defects
such as frayed wiring, loose connections, or cracked insulation.
6. Remove metal jewelry, watches, rings, etc., before working on
electrical circuits.
7. Always check the electrical ratings of equipment you use and
be sure you use that equipment within its ratings.
8. Never overload circuits.
9. Never leave unprotected systems unattended.
10. Never place containers of liquid on electrical systems.
1.4 Latest Technology By Solar and
Wind In The Electrical Installation
System
LATEST TECHNOLOGY ON
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM
1. Energy Saver Device
• It is a device used to save at least 25%
of electrical power consumption and protect load
equipments.
• The electricity saving device saves and reduces
energy by stabilizing the voltage which in turn
results in reductions in peak power demand and less
waste of low efficient power.
• The low efficient power is consequently stored and
recycled by the unit.
Energy saver device
2. Energy Saver Bulb
• A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called energy-saving
bulb or compact fluorescent light.
• CFLs use one-fifth to one-third the electric power, and last
eight to fifteen times longer.
• CFLs contain mercury, which complicates their disposal. In
many countries, governments have established recycling
schemes for CFLs and glass generally.
Energy Saver Bulb
GREEN TECHNOLOGY

 During early 1980s, the building industry reacted to concerns

for rising energy costs and the realization that fossils fuels are
limited.
 Designers responded with a simplistic approach to saving
energy by reducing lighting levels, lowering ventilations rates
and operating systems in ways that reduced comforts.
 Technologies were employed in buildings to save energy
without concern for performance, long term economics, or
maintainability.
 Building designed according to these concerns did use less
energy, but it reduced occupant performance.
1. Solar energy
 Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity
 Sunlight can be converted directly into electricity using photovoltaic
cell (PV), or indirectly with Concentrated (CSP), which normally
focuses the sun's energy to boil water which is then used to provide
power
 Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking
systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.
 A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light
into electric current using the photoelectric effect.
 Multiple solar cells are connected inside the modules. Modules are
wired together to form arrays, then tied to an inverter, which
produces power at the desired voltage, and for AC,
frequency/phase.
 Solar Cells are Converters of Energy…

 Solar cells are devices

that take light energy as
input and convert it into
Light energy electrical energy
Electrical energy
(carried through wires)

Solar cell - converts

light energy to
electricity
Solar panels on Microsoft building
Solar panels being tested
on Walmart store
2. Wind energy
 The natural element of Wind is important today as we look for
alternative energy sources.
 Wind power is created when the wind energy converts to other

forms of energy like electricity, fuel, and power.

 When the blowing wind strikes across the blades of a windmill,
it exerts a force on them due to which the blades of the windmill
start rotating. This in turn rotates the shaft of the turbine and
generates electricity.
 Wind power can be created using wind turbines, wind mills,
wind pumps, wind farms.
 One advantage of wind energy is that it is available
everywhere and in plenty. We will never run out of wind
power. It does not create any kind of pollution; like smoke
and harmful gases or harmful radiations.
 Windmills are typically installed in favourable windy
locations.
 For large scale production, a 'wind farm' with a hundred
or more wind turbines is needed. The turbines must be
sited in windy areas which are often the most attractive
parts of the landscape.
Wind Farm
Thank you…