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The document discusses networking concepts, focusing on client-server architecture, network devices, and their functions. It explains various networking components such as routers, switches, and firewalls, and outlines the OSI model layers and their roles in data transmission. Additionally, it covers network performance metrics like latency, throughput, and bandwidth, as well as the importance of managing broadcast and collision domains.
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Punitha BrawinCopyright
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
8 views27 pagesNT 1
The document discusses networking concepts, focusing on client-server architecture, network devices, and their functions. It explains various networking components such as routers, switches, and firewalls, and outlines the OSI model layers and their roles in data transmission. Additionally, it covers network performance metrics like latency, throughput, and bandwidth, as well as the importance of managing broadcast and collision domains.
Uploaded by
Punitha BrawinCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 27
NETWERKING ConceP TS
METHIORKING CONTE
We fe, Vs Client- Sexver Nekusorlcs .
Netre Perrin etegd-
Frreughp re, delay.
WetusorR
Client — Server
- There 15 a eentral
ia that maneges
resources ant responds
to client weqtests
Q. Pt 15 cenevalized 5
with clients velying
oo the Server for services
and resources ~
and a server
IZ. oe j6 Simpler onol more 3-D4 is scalable ancl
flexible for small ewok | effictent for Laxger Setups
Sat | Nerwork pevices
Netwosk devices
ee MiceS Ove frarvdware Components
that facilitate eee ee ane) ‘i
trareger within a2 Cornputir Network -
| Frees
| | Router — pirects data betrweerr olifferere
Networks. Te connects amet: ple ektEOEKS
pornese tO
Pee as, actsions abouk
| Serrt olan Packets -
2. Switch — Connects ee eees wither He
Gr vses mac addresses tO
Same
Loca mekwork.
fee toto te te Correct
the webwork.
Heb — An older device prot Convect®
multiple Dees i A etsor<. Hubs ole
not intelligently forworel cele 3 trey sivoply
ee ecee 52 to all connectet devices.
4 Bialge — conneck= and filters tvaffic
betweer dus Similar network Segments.
Si operates at we dala LK Layer,
paring Aectstors pavecl On NE oolelre sses
BAe ey — core aifferent networks
P Gore = oo...
using olifferere pretecels. Fe
beeweer cuifferent nebwoeyK architecture
ovr aata porroats a
olesee within — converts pAigital Aata fapyr 2.
Computer into analog Sigmeals fos
trans missior over analeg communication
dine C Such ae Phone limes ) ama vice versa
4. Access Poivt — facilitates wire l
in aA Network a
Communication
cotred NetuDik
Qmnec&es wireless olevices to a
Ubi wi-fi .
3 Fireesal — Protects a qneuwrm® by conto
Imeoming and ouegeing nedusov traffic
based on predetermined Secusty veles
Fe Peeps prevenk wnacttporrzef access
Oncol potentiok cyber
Neurmn = 4 Ceflectcm Os cComprters ,
| Sexvers, mew es, newer devices 2nef
| Otrer Adewces connecteo| to One an
fer shocei2g dele and resources:
oemnetted toa network
manters os Servers
Ning
trsentes .
other
Nede — Any deni ce
such ab Coen 7 P
Clipart ce OF CO peer that regres ls
———
SEs 5CEB ow eSources from a gevver
Server — A Computer that Provides Services
eee cs zo Ofer COntpciterS o> the
|
| Pastobo| — A se of rules Joverring
Dow deta % trasritted anol receiver
Im A NetCD*R.
adaress — A unique numercal label
ossignrect 42 each yevice Bonmetted —o. o
enabling jolentife cation
tp a Nebweox Interface Conar/ler
Comment Catioms at tre Aalalinnw
23 fait itak-g easies
, jaternet .
NeBerK) — A secure
tnat attows woers to
eves the internet.
GaenkfFer — A unique A meter Pie nc| Atak automat cally
gms Tp oaolresses to devices on a ne
Inter metry server thot
wee egies befrweere
VyanouKus
ks And Gevvers , providing
cei AUCH AS Secerrdy arial. caching
Refy (rg anol Ve trans ribteenrg signals. |
are usefel sor CVE EeeeET sigre|
|
}
|
|
|
Cstances in cot ref |
overs tong
NeetsvyKS-
= She wate at which bires &
REE over a nthvork- Common Units
per geco& (Kbps), megabits
nabPsd and Gigabizs per secord
C Gbps),
x
| 2p ;
Ping — A netuwrd utitiry ood Viisaet ce
of A hese or are
é ote Protocol GLP? Metumrmk ant +o
aie the wourt boptime eee res sages
nent the erginakirg post Lo
Rertination Comper »
3 pountead speet — Sire speed ab whiter
Aola rarrjenrcd ea Bre imbearree to
User's device. FE expressed in Mbps ov Gbps
upload Speeet The speed at qeotdth olala
det
Ae
ie ko the
frome OSer ‘5 flevice
fe measuret in Mbps ov Gbps -
pigher retworxe Speeds vesult irr
ank wore of fictere hole pacer hc
test tre each obi lity
PT WORK THROUGHPUT
ee eet ret
ota succesSfally passes throcgi oO
x a given Hoe
Epece re AON
e eee 2 bps; KePs
2epre Teer. Za
orptienced by VOICE
pr Congestion , [atency|
protocols » factors Suc Boncisidth — maximum copacty
—<—— I J
Rebicoy
Trroughpuke — speek ot ux
be transrritted -
bP
ith. data cor
theoretic]
For _ex if a network Ha4 a
bankuictnr o£ loohtbps
jpterference, the a
Lopes ee’
chur)
Congestton or
direugh prt avery be
the yeal aoa tu
ese Conslt beens
Summpry
Neksork tnreeegnpee ep a cructaf =
for assessereg the Peat ee ss M2
ja metwoy wr heliver nd ele fe
Socerce Ae olestinratio~ -
NETWORK DELP Y OR LATENCY
dhe Lime te toes for dale 4 trove!
fom source to dastinatton ocwss o
nekivyx. TE qreaccired (2 nu//)S5econcls (ms),
ass VEL
Lower, ref
unchee
en ake
wretic
a o Orerta Cortibcitine a. Transmission Delay — Jne time ie
taxes to push are the tits f 2 packet
\Ints the metrooyK. Lt Aepencls en #he
[size of thre Packet ano the cteta yoke
ef tye tink.
SB. Processing Delay — The time pt takes
—————————
few peers ccs te Prpcess the
|
jrac6oming olata- pe etiides, the re
h. QueteinG Delay _— sre time % packet
Spends waiting tn a Queue be
be Processed by retry olesce
tenen there % Congestort tn the netiworrs -
§- Round —THp Pimae (RTT) — She time it taxes
tor msignal de travel fom the source 10
the destinatimy * bac.
ded MEetwOwK Aclerf js crucial for
yeak — time ap pricatcons ais Ot ioie.
Goring, vieteo Benes tT Pees
ever EP Cvosp).
High Lotency Can Leak Lo jitter ee
fe lee User expersence .
ay smetivyk delay i a
Commmen Joal 0 Cptimnriz Re
___ PexfPermance .
fore ie COL
_YAes eccenrs 982 Model
OSD (open SysSternsS Proter Conrection) mekek
1S conrceptrurat fromeunyK that
andarkizes tre Cea of ow
ryt CALTON, Aystern or Metworvk ito
aistraction eayers.
Function — Deals with the physical
Connection between cdevices. Lr defines tre
poxs and Jkansrrission qe kia -
ense Loi Li et es
eams Over Qa Physical yrrehi rye
Ae
ey ngsicat fa G bus, wing, Star ekc )
me charactersstics Like voltage levels,
oS
Pry! gel eee” and olale rates.
oles Olola érto frets
4 Rian mission
apne addresses to identify
Local rietuerk .
amd Cervectionr
| |X Flew Comte! to manage dala transmission
eee between clevices
|
\Neteerme layer
——————
focuses on Logical addressing ar of
| Aouting
| Respornrsivitivies
| * Jogicot ectavessing (DP axtelresses) for
|
|
éral-to_ enol communicat
H Routing - pererrrrires the beot Px
fer dala acwss mrutet pte a2
Packet ogee ard R35
a
* fegeca® metumrk acetress°g
Pransport payer
Maneges end—to—encl tone
Onc snseres yeliable delivery &
# End to- Erk flow comb arc
vecove=
F Seqrvertotion ancl ve assembly
# Connection trtattishment, main
Ond teayriiratior—
X Mutuprecding and olemutti Pieriorg
522807 ee
Estabtiehes, maintains anol termine
Communication sesstons betweer
SPppeicakioms . alll
Resporsibilitves
|X Dialeg contre! — Hatg — deep lex er fet-
| :
é ore
| dep hex Communicate
1% synchrpnixotioen — Maintacns plata
| ype Ola CEA
preniort wotion berwee
I Serio CELALAIINENE , dota exchange
anck gessio~m ber yrumakitiorm «
es Layes
| Deals with syrtorc ano Semantics ef
|
|
dota exchanged belween Agrlers
IX Transtation o§ cota ea at oie
| appticatior aoyer ait -Caccrs Aone
i+ Ererypiton onol olecrny PH ore
|X Data gernpression anol decor presstare
& chovacter Jet Branstlattor -
|
ication Ayer
Prteaackls ohirectty ust end-USEL
appLications Die Mette yK Service® .
Chet Litres
% Netuwvk Seauices olivectty to end-users
¥ Application — fevel Pretecols
Cex: HITP, Erp, srarp)
% Interface between the application
and dower tasers
User interfaces ank neteuork mraragement
Services X She OSL moolel provides a Stricteerel |
and Comprehensive approach AB UncleAr—
Stoncting rnetuoyx Communicalton .
® Each Lass er performs ppecigec punctterss
ard tne rrcotet dretps tn olesigrring,
beep Lemmentiong and troublechootert4
AEA) sey Separateng concerns ike
| | Bistinck Layers . |
X PE ato Pemetes jrtereperatitity by:
CdEALU AIG Stanclerdized Protocols
fe* Communication Ake each Aoger.
Applicatten layer |
4 | Sess Bae vay: Rec
Ro | ee ee eae
6
4
Prese tation layer
Dato
i
Receiver
[ transport Layer |seghnent
Sime fosien
Sender
of OSL
Heavt
ip ee
Netusork Layer jones
eS ave eee
aI E ite tie os
Dota late Iau 2 | Prame
ye!
Bupa,
Os % \'s cf dala transrvited
tes both the
ancl
mackie
yweoort)
wy Check®
eve
dlola. DerD
at
meee! Jarier I ore
ork yar agerG
See ee
jonpeuaeeers ‘
Prerervvee P wintel CLP 2> @ packet!
- Sp freackes and olata payload,
tre OSE rode. Fe encapsulates
|
Oe oak ef late ah Pees
Link LH.
| Packers fer pransnrussion OVET O Prystcak |
netiee tk |
, Readers — Comtains corel Bore or
gike sousce and aestination Mc adchesses.
Peytoot — Tre pester the yretwnrxn layer
Frailer — Fretecles evrror— Checking Popoeasos
Eo: En Exnernet, & force conetsts Ya
sas i @ ee
frame trecclae, Pocwee Payies oe JEADERS
A freaks % a ote
. ac
Me ue
| packer a pete rok precete?
| .
actual alala anol Cont ( infermaim,
tote uniteCsuer
the
moans conte
on Address SF
Rs at ee
(estan tare as
Specifies ‘details Like dhe typ
erwr checking and seqrwenct Gg -
| er Gn a Gp paeeety ECT Brooker
lirnrchercles Goerrce and destimaton Tp
| AdkolbseSSeS 4 protocol imporrratiar ara |
|
| Bone - JES ew (Care)
| Dota bronemiission
imvo ves leveniaing (rape ae is
mona je Units.
Ae Networx Loupe)
referret %5 ppactier=
here packets are
2 op hol, |
im netuwends |
Sots
|
these iyo Si |
4 onl at eee
encapsutated |
a. qo a network
A collisio clomain yeferS
ors Car occ,
mrent WoheAr Cloke cottise
S$
etrermet vet LovvKS 5
Inn pvactitiona |
Cellisions hopper rohan
Clo sirnultaneosly
fo Ov apo ve LENCE”
Suer 06 a coaxéal t
Lectision result b> clara CorrupHon anol
aetrans Ti sso) Leading Le pepo a
degroclatterr *
fo mitigate colliscars, NeEwoerte
ono jprikges ore empeogert -
Buti bE Ges
[liseor
|
ce dees Fanaa ae
domoire for eat of tr Ports, pitin
trappic and minimizing the Bikeli tool of |
Couisions. Untike aller etnernet webs
tree Anare a single collision clemein, |
SBeAthes agra s aes fosoret baka |
erhy to the Apecipic pore where Here |
tae chances F cofligionrs and enhant rg |
|
Overall nekwerrKk 72.
gece inapa
i ewan
Catiistor clomains dt
| 4c) eke Broadcast Dornein |
Broadcast Dewain —\" weer)
i) re] :
» coltiséon
Di
Collision Doman oe Cee
A broadcast demain encompasses ath
Aevices within a network thot recetve
broadcast wessages. Breackcatt resseges
are hata Packets Sent +o all devices iN AT/o,
typically vsect for tasks such at acclkress
yefolution Or network discove7y. A precetcact|
domein may extenck QACTOSS Atk Olenices
ceed to a Common brvekdcast yedium.
Routers pray a vital avle ip Segrnenteng
brpdhcast domains. As 4 olevice that operates
ae tre network Loyer of the SF Reger
youkers can filter andl Contel broadcast traf fre.
when a ruber 6 Inliokuced, It Separates
Orly te gre Levices within tre Same brood cart,
his Segrmentati 7 18 creecial for M/fwo 2
If sSaxy broactcast traffic ~*
ae do not need the broad — Lan Vs. Wan
LAN IAN
l Greegraprical Coverage 2
Covers a Limited geo rca a Page IIe
WPrecerecedl cvrex. Etas Phical area, ofterr o
Single building , campus loeb br ieven ey ieeod
1 oo eee P of ctoseby Conneckione- wars
Cennect rnuttiple LANs
ver greater histances
tocatedt bu iadings
Q.SIZE AnD ScOLe |
Has a Limmitect size | Pnvewves larger Aistances
lola amex Pave o Cocwen
a Actativete and ¢
ee Yf ign e
eronspen Aote usithin mo ce is of Boerne
NEED . re is pes |
| distances Oy Joe |
technotegies re
4 | Oza rae pea
' oroned, Scbup % Sood, setup & conhvlled | Snvolves rnultiple erganizationt
ky a single organization, ond tne ¢- ee Mee |
Proviclinng pigh— speed
fs ousned by olifferenk
entities. ens rely a
“Cermmuni cation evithin Bape
owgant 4alior™
Svate tele —
CormmuniCotion Services
§ , Componente |
and Technelog¢es |
i
Ney Erreanet tecrnology | Uses Varhous $e Chnolog ies
lines |
ed. Connechionsicrmcl tae wee lensed ;
es ee ae Connections | Satellite links and |
we
ches ne Lins alti Public/ private netuvtks.
oe on i KS And Suitches ave 5- Reliability |
Move veliable due to smaller| Subject 40 Higher Jaton
Fegraphical ave anel and yeliatrisiry issces |
Connvlled environment . clue Ld erctenctea(
clistonces anol invelvernenk
of externa) communication
apa Gtrcc eure +
- Cost
ste |
often vrore cast— effective! More expensive due to
to Setup ancl maintain the need for addli ti ma}
Sire 1+ covess a Smal) area pec chore, for long—
digtance Connections.
7. Examples
Home netuwrxs, offrce “Doternet, global Conpovate
NetUsrerxKs NEELLORKS , Connectors |
tee Jbeewween vegéaral offices |
|
NeEcewxkKs , SChool
To Snore resources line | g, le organitorion’ |
files and Powters er eee |
| zi |
Share dala on a
| pace der bcole +
Jens are Seitatole for “WANS art olenigned 40 |
Rocatized Cornmunicaiier focitieate Communication
Lotti a Sree eee land. olela exchange over
much hanpine dt ed
| ; ered Frbtiple LANS - |
| | |
|
|
| Nerwerx Arn prer
| A netiuwer adapter Bite Wie eae
netirw lrrt&er oe
rektupyk = tyke face Cort ob LAN adapler,
| Computers Lo connect
AblowSs
a tarctevare Component? that
Ld A VNRLUOYK «
| A NEED VK. adopter js a haste
that enatles COTA CAA BYU
Conn peae nl
|
| between a Cormrpertes
|
Stes pomen
aA ynekrupyK ,
to faci hieaee
arid
UA po Se 15
and fecept torr Of AONB.
| the Ev ash WU sSion
fre Ca eee Ond +he ynetioorK
| beerween
| Go aotich je % Connectea ,
| peysical Connecttor~
Lin a
Network acdaprer> can be integrated
| tno a. Computers another pear ox installed |
08 a seperate expansion Coxd , Sore derj cet |
(Uke Laptops, mary Prove Jouilt in iviveless |
| ieee adapters fe* cake Connectivity ,
Dato Link leyer |
| The netusork adapter operates at -the dala. |
Link Layer of the Ost wmode]. Pt 56 resporsible
for lng dala Tito pacnets ond adding
Necessary addressing ahr aca BES |
poteote pO eet |
metwork . Bd Si ok eR SO UTE 4c Re “Sg
coven como WoL
| Ethernet adapters Axe Cormmon -for ustred
Connections, voile wi-fé adapters enable
tsiveless connectivity . |
\Desce Drivers
(cena a el
Wrese Advers bohetoke nh _levef
“netuen protocols inte insliuceiens the
|adepter car understand .
|
| Role in NetworE! :
A netuvrK adapter j5 the component
| + a Computers Imeternal fragoleo are
FE 3s cel fre corg Ce a ey oa |
InetusoV¥K with another Coe ee |
Ft enawleo a Cage ee, cone |
with Another Compute ) ee Sd
UELCOVILV AG Pe icc OE as oo eae HB, Switch, RovTER , FIREWALL
ee =
Hee
kA bub iS a basic metworiing olevice bret
operates OF te physical Layer Crayert)
of tre 082 ynodel.
x dE Sirmply Aeceives hota fore ope lence
ond road Casts it to a otet connected
Geviees. Algo Knoun as RepenTER.-
¥ Hubs ole net distingeish beewern Aerices
re eee meer bre fhe Aeoding te
inefficiency and Collisions.
Swift
AA Suttch operates al the dole Link Laser
(hayes 2) ank % ywrere imterrigert prar
| a tub | ;
(Gt uses MAC addresses to forward olala
ently be tre Apecific leviee it 3% Inlinded
fers Aeducionrg cottiSions anol spree
metwork effictencey.
Jf Suntenes enable 6emeelloneous Comment —_
indir ference
PER
|
operates ake the rietuork % Le uses Ty addresses +0 é | chia wake
betwee Se ae
weer ects on Ap hererst PtheuorKs 5
Making Aouting olecisions hased on
Pee inpetmation » (Lé contains a
Aouting table te deberarnume pirtri che ct
| Severac posstble patnes between source
anol olestination % beat per bransmission )
¥Y Loukers pypvicke nekuvrk Segmentation
f roo A Ar 3
enhance Seceerity anh tnobte the pr eio®
of com? ler Networks .
|
|
trewoa] |
KX Pe iS A ynetuore secuney oloice that
soniioys. and Cegmels Irceraiwig anol ackh—
Bing metre tvaffer based on precteterriined
Security ytles~
¥% £t acts aS a barier besween A Secuxe
[Intermal neteuork. and untrusted ereeernat
preventing natenors ted access —
: t cyber tpreats -
retorts,
| ank Protector nee
Ye firewwallS can be prop
pa appliances or 4
a cruciar eayer af cteferse fo*
terrented as
epewvare solescions 4B, L_switer
ett 13 a Physical |Pp
Aayer olevice
Rover
% a clata Link |G jaa. nfo
| Layer olevice | Lower device
(te uss on the | works on the baSiS| Wenge on the.
basis of breat— | rnc actavess basis of Ip
Casting adhress
Lt 13 a wouttipert | 52 is a LeleComnunua- It reads the
|Yepeater tm which|tion device Which peacter of
A Signal induced Teceives 9 rnessege incerniang pocket
lat the yp ofany frernany device and foncard it
| Port appears ak the Connected it ANd |p, ye Port for
is quailable then transmits Ene wohich it is
i ee message only 40 the intended there
Fees device yor wHich thd by aa ciemnines
| message is intendes| ine voute - Lt
| | ‘can also Perform
Piltevng and
encepsitation
NezedS atleast
* Atleast Single ebook Atleast sicgle nesoork
his vequived to connect | 55 required to Connect
|
|
Spoed of OTginal b4b a ranionum Speed
(& tom bps and = |is rembps to
modesn wnternet bub} loo Mbps
is looMbps
Max. speed for
tciveless 35 \-toMbps
jamal ac. Speed for
Cotreal connections
” loombps.
Reuters are used
in LANs, Mens
and WANs
owe sek switch iS vSed cn
ae Lens
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pirewace
filters as
requiares
wel} as
Hoe lata
Puli
Network
Checks arent from the
imeerming (aaa
pCannck Snare nenwork
& Uses encryphtrr
; 2 transmission 4s
eUsed th protection of
—> (Frewat)) Pea eae ta Peele
Netcunde
‘Cove eto in Computer,
Router
Manoges traffic or
the desired bax get
-Modern— Router
a
Ba
Router conecls +o
Various nebuorksS
Simultaneously
Bhase [beret conrechion
between the MEetusoIKS
-| and does rot US
| Used oo noutineg Ip ADDRESSING ;
Lp (foterret Pretecel ) atare
a Systert sek puriiq uel foterrtifig and
Locals devices m a melee K + 2
a Standardized wary for devices
Gre (tate
Communicate eves ov focal
| NLD YVKS,.
Ty — Ppeblic, Pevate Ayranic®
(Wades Ce te APDRESSE $ IF ae
| E Seve. 2. 2eve SK of verséorié OF standards
ob =P
Spva C52 bit)
| Bt is a Connectionless prot@mcef used 4°
imgertennect tre poe tee and ethe® LEEKS -
Cle GR ae,
have
tee e Sime g lo 225
and Aeprerc 2 Pee eee a free
Seperated by ~ Perrot.
mse Ny AN/ee 25 teuuln poet Pec cl motatin
Bimesy NUmMbenrrg
|
|
| poroeo -e0eteceD « some,