ComputeY Netuosk

Topoi-g4
3 s tut
dstint
aangement of tue fouY
caoy of netoosk.
ndes orthin These one

types of topologies -
1) Bus topology
Doopine

No of cables = ntl
by
No of posts needed
Node one node =

2) Ston topology

Hub No. of cables =n

No of povts =I

3) Mesh topology
No . of cable =n.
n(n-)
2
Poots needed by one
node =(n-1)
4) Ring topoiogy
Unidisectional

No. of Cable = nt

Digital

Analog

Tsansmission

Guided ov bounded
Unguidedtoansmissjon
(orsed
wised transmission | not gated neede
iS Known sas guided in unguided.

Physical connection
is proesent. )
Ex- Opical fiboe ,
Coxial Coble,
Tuoisted cable etc.
(muded l0nasion

t hu tes tansmision capacity

Notation |O Base T
|Om
Speed lo Mbps
|OOm

) Coaxial Cabe
Used fon tonsmision of adio teqency
sional
Notation (o Mbps T
Speed lo Mbps km

3) Optical fibe Cable and .travels uorth

fatest " of tonsmission
* A

the speed c ight

* gt i's highly expensive. of total
mechanism
t dosks On
neflextion of siqnal
* Made up of glass.
Nototon ’ |00 Base FX

Sped

Simplex -- Transmission octUNed in unidisection

 Mancheste FoBm
(Representotion in Signal)

ues- OIOo |

Diffevenciol

Qus |0||
Repeate?
Jt i'sa conne cting device which incIcases
thg stargth otof he signal
s3 to its ongnnl
Leuet. t
Attènation
signal afteo toa veting
signal after
cDeaking of aknoon
destane is a attenvation.

Amplifer
t ingeases teue Stength of t ignal to
ts double .

&ues- Diffenence blo Repeate { Ampliheo

Isonsmission Mode
These thsee types of tronsmision
made
1) Simplex
when siqnalt con tavel on y in one
diection
is known aarplex.
Éx - Rado, telewsjon

3) Holf Duplex in both tti

when sinal can tavel
only in one disecion
drcetior but
ine.
3) Foll Duplex can toovel in both the
hen 4he signal
direction Simultantoly.
E Mobile , et

Rater device wich

4 is an itettinent omecting cata and
has tee ability to lter the
torocd itt to tu desination pont.

Qs- Dif blw Repeater Router

Repeater Router
4t disects t soutes
* t stzengthens tue
atinyated signol to to tu signals areo weing
its oignal level. to theis Tp ders
on netook

Layer of osI mcdel. layer of as I model.

4t toovds tue dato **isstly it ltex te
dota wtun it torasde
without fileing
It cannt makedecision. to destinalion.

Hob/Satck wiich is not

* st is o conneing device
because it Cannot (ilter the
inteligem
data 4t has multi fort ie iti muliort repent
* Gt w sKe on physical aye. ot 0sT modet
netuoc¡tk do not
deto netso
toonsfer
 Diffesere betoeen Hub X Repeates
Hub Repeate
* Hub is used to * Repe ate (ul steenthe
brsoad cat dato the attenunted siga!
pac ets to dilfesent to ts oi9ral Level.
nodes
* $t has muiple posts * 9t have only too
ohy it is Knoon posts.
multiport oepeates Repeotes moxe
* Jt i's less expensive expensive than hubs
thad a Nepeate.
Qur Wnte de>inion g dffesence between LAN MAN

Bridge
can connect two LANs.
device sed at dato ink
* t is an intelliaent
Layer of the OsI model. Adtess (Media
ead the MAC
* Brodge Can and decide uheathes tue
Access Contoi) t e next
doto should be tonsoitted to
LAN Netk o% not.
made of 48 bits
* MAC Addes is Stotie Bdee
* eride) aNe of two types
* Dynamic Bridge:-The, toble oithin Dyramic
i Bridge
tomtcaa
* Stake Bodqe-hbe o
Sn this MA addess of tu
manuale entsed in the Lobe of the
 and Router
Diffesernce b/o Baidge
Broidge Router
* 9t disects differsent * t drsects t packets
dota pnckets acogsdin to the doto
to thei MAC accosding to thein
addsess. IP addses.
netune
* Jt oos Ks on dato gt Ldosks on
Mocdel.
ink lajer of OsT layer of osI
model.

Convesion Chant

Tesm(Abbeviation) Approoximate Size

bits
Byte (B)
kilobyte (ke) 1024 bytes/o bytes
Megabte (MB) 1024 kBio btes
jo24 MB /1o byes
Grigabyle (GiB) J024 GB /1o" bytes
Tesabyte (78)
Petebyte (PB) to24 TB /to bytes e
Exabyte (EB) (o24 PB/1o"byes
Zettabyte (z6) |024 EB/ jo" bytes
Yottabyte (YB) 1024 2B /1o4 bytes
 Diffesence between LAN , MAN X WAN

WAN
LAN MAN
*MAN Stonds fo RLOAN Stands fo
s LAN Stands foy LDide Aveo
local Aen Notàs Metoopolitan AetwoK.
Aea Netwok

Jt opeater in opesales in 4t opesates in

*31
Smal 31ea sSUch
longe
Same buildig as city.
Such as count y
os cotinent.

tronsmission
* 9t's tansmission R4's toansmisgon *4t's
aveagesped is low.
speed is high speed s
Nds desgn
* ts design and maintainence isaintairence is
maintainerce difficutt than very dficult.
One esy. LAN.

Gratasony
Two netuosk o difevent pootool de
Connected by gatouDay.
Coonecting device tuat Connect

too netwos ks thot

protocols .
con sencd tue sgnals in unidnecti
qmd bidisechioral mode
netwook laye and uses
 Switch
USed at (aye-2
used
lW is a connecting device
(data link laeo )
wgt is an intetigen device onbecae
thei
it can
cdsesses
fite thebased data
to the next netaork mutipordt brige.
(ui) gt is also fnown
Data can toavel
toavel in full duplex inks
OSI Model
(open System Intes connection)

host -to- host Applicotion Layer

end-to -end
Psesentation layer
Connection Session Loye
Troanspoat Laye
Netoos k Laye
point -to-poar Data iok layer
Connection

Physical loyer
 Dato Cornmunicotion
* Data ’ Repaesents soLo focts and Pig°aes
*onfoomation Asoce ssed dada is known
infomaion

of data
* Datn Commuhi cation is tue exchange o do
between too devices via Some fom 1 of
1nfoomarlion nediuo Such as - Loie cable 0T
Nadiowaves
)Souorce (Sende
The device thot toansmis t e dota og
Signal is kn Sounce.

) Reciever /Destination
Ihe device thoat eiveg t e signal Is kna

3) Medium
The channet communicolion ünk betueen
xeaves and s endex is Knon as medum.
Effect veness of
Data Commuoication

gt de pends of Poun Pundamental

chonactessics
 1) Delivey be delivesd in CoSI ect
Data must destination
oNdes coith cosect

a) Accwacy
Deiveaing of the doto acconteuy to the
secives in end.

3) Timeliness knoor
Deliveoing the dota timely is
s time lines.
4) Jtte%
aUmval
Uneven delay jo the packet
time that Case Uneven qualrty.

Data Components
1) Message
Message is infoamation /dota to be commurio
gt can consist of textt , numbes, Picturese
07 VIdess.

) Medium
Mediwn seprsesent channel ox phyeicol pat
which the message is coUi
thrsough which
sendex to xecieves.
foom the
Mediumn Con be- twsted pau, coni al
cables, opticol fibxe
Lozes 1adioaves oo mic
3) Poototol
estoblished
Pootocol efes set of bules betoeen the
O evey communicotion
fors
sender and
and seciever

lypesof Data Communicotion

types of dato communica
These tiroee
Siglex
)Half Ouþlex
(1) Full Duplex

Data Repeeerrtation
oepseserted in different foog
Dota Ne el,
Such s text , numeic, audio, imaqes
epoesented using two dffeoo
Dota con be Manchesten
techniqes such as- Diffoencial z
Netwok Coiteja
Netwoxk must be able to meet
nymbes of cateoas Such a
cestain
Opeofoomance
()Peoliobi lity
 hoo loell netws k
9t meOJUres
Communicaion betucern
Con Sufproot
-two nodes tue netwosk 0 oith
nodes of othes netwsr k.

Realiab;lity of a netussk is meadused by

tue foeueny of failues it is Undexgoirge
and the ine t tares to ecoveY
toom the failuses.

* Secunity
t meaUes hos the netwssk secunes
the data at tue time of tailunes and
atacks , tue policies ond rocedses ite
implemers to pooteet itset foom the
dorage.
Stouct¯Ne
Physical
Types of Connection
Mutipont
foint- to- point
Pointto -Point
ohen thee is dedicated conne ction between
tue nodes is knoun as point -to-poi.

Malti-point |Multitsop
LOhen two speificOsdevices shanes a singte
ink is knouon mwttpaint connectioh.

Netwosk Madel

0SI TCP/IP
Appication Applicaticn (oyez
Presentation Toansporot (ayer
Session
Intesnet
Trsans
porot AcÇess
Netwolaye Aee
Netorsk
Data ink

Phyci co Atl tue (ayers

Pracicaly exigt foo
Connectiod.

nptel
 Unit-2

Satchirg
Circuit Sotthig
* Dedicated Connection
Packet Switchirg
No dedi cated connetfi
* Data wthout heodes (addeCa) * Data oth heades
* low Eficieray * Hih Ekicierey
* Bulley is ot * Buffes is present
* Jt is
poesent
wsed at Physical gt is used at netwok
Cayes layer
CIA-’ Confidetiality Integaity Athenicly
SPRicieny cRicocy
Ciscut Suoitching
In cocit Suitching e have tunee phoses
k Ciscut Estabishment
* Data Tsonsfes
* Ciscuit Disconnect
Time Delays
Tsansmission Time (T)
Time taken by the packet to get toansfeatle
On the channel.
 Poopoqation Time (Tp)
taken by the packel to Neach out oP
o
Time
channel at te necives's end.

Sende Receive 8

Packet Pocket
Tack

eChaonl

Acknaoledgement Delay (Tacx)

Tim e taken b ackno.dladgmernt
ttzt to send an
to tue sende foom ecieves to confiom
tue neieval of packet.
Wait
(Stop eagst)
Packet Soitching

V?stul Packet Datngam acket

Suwstching
* gt dont have qny Soitchirg
*Al tu pooperfies o
dedicoted chanrel pocket switching is
but it have a apicable tere.
a dedicoted
banduoidtte
 wte tu difesere betueen Citcujt
and vistual packet switchig
Muttipleing ,fyederey
visien muttiplexirg Quect aut) Rofoe,

Digital TAnsmision
* Dig tal tsonsmission teles aboct ho daitol
data ane nepreserted by Using digtal
signals.
* Convession of diqtal pattesn into digitale
sigrala involves thraee diferent techniue,
bigBae ignal

tine Cocing Block Sombing

coding
Line Cocin
stoing of neA and rO9
Conveing
tnto a seqere of sgnals that denote
T'S and O's.
 Serdes Peceive

bgntal
ettesn
lolioi

Link
Jbecodr

tine Coding
Pola Bipola Multifevel Muttitanst
Unipolar
Data sate -’ No. of bits tonstered in 1second (bps"
No. oP symbols tansfeved in l second
Siqnal RoMod latton Tate)
(baud)

Data b t ’4
Siqnal 3
1

t (sec)
 Dataate’
Signol sote3

Unicast
when messages Qne send to a single
USes

Multicastt
When message is send to a specific group
is knoun

Limited Biood cast

To send the message to evey host
oithin tue netsk
imited broadcast.

Disect Booadast
When meca ges 'send to eveoy
node of tue othes netwos k it is
Known disect bsoadcast.