CJ MIDTERMS journalism, each of which may be presented in different formats.

Each section of a newspaper, magazine, or website may cater to a

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF CAMPUS JOURNALISM different audience.
INTRODUCTION TO JOURNALISM Some forms include:
DEFINITION AND NATURE OF JOURNALISM 1. Access journalism – journalists who self-censor and voluntarily
cease speaking about issues that might embarrass their hosts,
The word “journalism” is derived from the word “journal” which
guests, or powerful politicians or businesspersons.
means a daily register or a diary – a book containing each day’s
business or transactions. This includes newspapers no matter 2. Advocacy journalism – writing to advocate particular
whether they are published daily or weekly. It also means a viewpoints or influence the opinions of the audience.
magazine to whatever section of the audience it caters to. In this
article, several definitions coming from different sources are 3. Broadcast journalism – written or spoken journalism for radio
provided. or television.
JOURNALISM 4. Business journalism – tracks, records, analyzes and interprets
the business, economic and financial activities and changes that
 The occupation of reporting, writing, editing, photographing or take place in societies.
broadcasting news or of conducting any news organization as
a business. 5. Citizen journalism – participatory journalism.
 The collection, preparation, and distribution of news and
related commentary and feature materials through print and 6. Data journalism – the practice of finding stories in numbers,
electronic media such as newspapers, magazines, books, and using numbers to tell stories. Data journalists may use data to
blogs, webcasts, podcasts, social networking and social support their reporting. They may also report about uses and
media sites, and e-mail as well as through radio, motion misuses of data. The US news organization ProPublica is known
pictures, and television. as a pioneer of data journalism.
 A form of writing that tells people about things that really
7. Drone journalism – use of drones to capture journalistic
happened, but that they might not have known about already
footage. Drones are unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). Drone
(Robert Niles 2021)
technology allows journalists to take footage of news events such
 Writing for newspapers or magazines. It is the communication
as volcanic eruptions, war-torn villages, and natural disasters.
of information through writing in periodicals and newspapers.
Because drones are operated remotely, journalists see it as safer
 The collection and editing of material of current interest for
and cost-efficient means of video recording, especially in highly
presentation, publication or broadcast”. In other words,
vulnerable coverage.
journalism means communication of information to the public
by any media, be it a newspaper, radio, or T.V. 8. Gonzo journalism – first championed by Hunter S. Thompson,
 The activity of gathering, assessing, creating, and presenting gonzo journalism is a "highly personal style of reporting". Gonzo
news and information. journalism is a style of reporting where the author is part of the
 A writing characterized by a direct presentation of facts or story rather than removed and unseen like traditional journalism. It
description of events without an attempt at interpretation may lack of objectivity due to the writer's immersion in the subject
 The profession of conducting or writing for public journals and often participation in the activity being documented
(Chambers 20th Century Journal).
 Consists of writing for pay on matters of which you are 9. Interactive journalism – a type of online journalism that is
ignorant.” (Leslie Stephens) presented on the web.
 The conveying of information from here to there with
accuracy, insight and dispatch and in such a manner that the 10. Investigative journalism – in-depth reporting that uncovers
truth is served and the rightness of things is made slowly, social problems. Often leads to major social problems being
even if not immediately, more evident”. (Eric Hodgins) resolved.
 The collection and editing of material of current interest for 11. Photojournalism – the practice of telling true stories through
presentation, publication or broadcast” (Webster 3rd images.
International Dictionary)
 Generally, a term used to denote the practice of reporting 12. Political journalism – coverage of all aspects of politics and
news or current happenings for the masses of the country. political science.
While the people who work in collecting news and gathering
information through various means are called journalists, the 13. Sensor journalism – the use of sensors to support journalistic
mediums through which they communicate the news – inquiry. A sensor is any device that in some way detects and
newspaper, radio, television, website etc. are called media. responds to a signal or stimulus. Using sensors, then analyzing,
 The production and distribution of reports on current events, visualizing, or using the data to support journalistic inquiry.
commentaries or opinions based on facts and supported with
proof or evidence. 14. Tabloid journalism – writing that is light-hearted and
 Involves the sifting and editing of information, comments and entertaining. Considered less legitimate than mainstream
events into a form that is recognizably different from the pure journalism.
form in which they first occurred. 15. Yellow journalism (or sensationalism) – writing which
 About putting events, ideas, information and controversies emphasizes exaggerated claims or rumors.
into context. It is about selection and presentation.
16. Global journalism – journalism that encompasses a global
outlook focusing on intercontinental issues.
FORMS OF JOURNALISM SCOPE OF JOURNALISM
There are several forms of journalism with diverse audiences. There are three major divisions of journalism: written
Journalism is said to serve the role of a "fourth estate", acting as journalism, oral journalism and visual journalism.
a watchdog on the workings of the government. A single
publication (such as a newspaper) contains many forms of
Newspapers and magazines fall under written/print journalism periodicals that appealed to a broader audience. They included
and are classified as periodicals. Periodicals are publications illustrated serials aimed specifically at the female audience.
released in regular intervals: bi-monthly, monthly, weekly, etc.
Time passed, and the cost of news gathering increased
A newspaper, compared to the magazine, prints more news and dramatically, as publications attempted to keep pace with what
has no special cover. Newspapers are printed in paper called seemed to be a growing and insatiable appetite for printed news.
newsprint. News is printed all over the newspaper having the Slowly, news agencies formed to take the place of independent
hottest news in the front page. publishers. They would hire people to gather and write news
reports, and then sell these stories to a variety of individual news
A magazine, on the other hand, has a special cover and prints less outlets. However, the print media was soon about to come head-to-
news but more human interest stories and features. Magazines are head with an entirely new form of news gathering -- first, with the
printed in book paper and if ever a magazine contains news, it’s invention of the telegraph, then quickly followed by the radio, the
brief, summarized and can only be found inside pages. Periodicals, television, and mass broadcasting. It was an evolution of
journals, books, graphic media and brochures are under print technology that seemed all but inevitable.
media.
Non-print media changed the dynamics of news gathering and
Radio falls under oral journalism and while television, movies and reporting altogether. It sped up all aspects of the process, making
documentaries are under oral-visual journalism. Radio and the news, itself, more timely and relevant. Soon, technology
television are examples of broadcast media while movies and became an integral part of journalism, even if the ultimate product
documentaries are examples of film media. was in print form. Today, satellites that transmit information from
one side of the globe to another in seconds, and the Internet, as
Visual journalism is the practice of strategically combining words
well, place breaking news in the hands of almost every person in
and images to convey information. This method of storytelling
the world at the same time. This has created a new model of
enables readers to better understand complex, sophisticated topics
journalism once again, and one that will likely be the standard for
in a shorter amount of time. ... It's the job of the storyteller to use
the future.
that data to create better stories that are useful, interesting and
digestible to a wide audience. Because the cost of newsprint and ink was so high, as were the
machines on which the news was printed, cut, folded, and
Visual journalism includes: editorial cartoons, infographics, news
distributed, stories were condensed to provide only the most basic
design, and photojournalism.
of information – most of which appeared in the first paragraph. It is
A BRIEF HISTORY OF JOURNALISM: HOW WE ARRIVED TO believed this is where the entire model for journalistic writing
WHERE WE ARE began. Today, it is universally accepted that the first paragraph of a
news story answer the basic questions of who, what, where, when
The Beginning of Journalism and why – a concept taught in most elementary classrooms across
the country as a writing style for the beginning writer.
Journalism is the gathering, organizing, and distribution of news --
to include feature stories and commentary -- through the wide Colonial newspapers also included sensational stories, such as
variety of print and non-print media outlets. It is not a recent sightings of strange creatures, poems, satire, essays, and political
phenomenon, by any means; the earliest reference to a journalistic cartoons. There was also a section for personal advertisements,
product comes from Rome circa 59 B.C., when news was recorded such as the sale of household items.
in a circular called the Acta Diurna. It enjoyed daily publication and
was hung strategically throughout the city for all to read, or for Recent History of Journalism
those who were able to read.
That brings us to journalism of the 20th century and this first
During the Tang dynasty, from 618 A.D. to 907 A.D., China decade and a half of the 21st century. There is no question that the
prepared a court report, then named a bao, to distribute to professionalism of this industry has grown immensely since the
government officials for the purpose of keeping them informed of days of yellow journalism. There are several factors that are
relevant events. It continued afterward in a variety of forms and credited with this, including the fact that journalism became a
names until the end of 1911, and the demise of the Qing dynasty. recognized area of study at the university level, giving it a sense of
importance missing prior to this. As well, there was an increasing
However, the first indication of a regular news publication can be body of knowledge on all aspects of the field of journalism, laying
traced to Germany, 1609, and the initial paper published in the bare its flaws for others to examine, and explaining the techniques
English language (albeit "old English") was the newspaper known of mass communication from a social and psychological viewpoint.
as the Weekly Newes from 1622. The Daily Courant, however, first At the same time, social responsibility became the hallmark of
appearing in 1702, was the first daily paper for public consumption. journalism and journalists themselves elevated the profession
through the creation of professional organizations. "A free and
It should come as no surprise that these earliest forays into responsible press" is the battle cry of the journalist today, as ethics
keeping the public informed were met with government opposition and standards are an important consideration of all who enter the
in many cases. They attempted to impose censorship by placing profession.
restrictions and taxes on publishers as a way to curb freedom of
the press. But literacy among the population, as a whole, was The news has been changing with the introduction of new
growing and because of this, along with the introduction of technologies. Even with the introduction of radio, and later,
technology that improved printing and circulation, newspaper television, newspapers remained the most trusted source of
publications saw their numbers explode; and even though there information for most Americans, who only supplemented them with
remain pockets of news censorship around the world today, for the non-print media information. That is not so today. Non-print media
most part, journalistic freedom reigns. dominate news acquisition by the public, and it has become more
influential than could have been suspected in its infancy.
Soon after newspapers got a foothold, the creation of the Americans, and others, turn to non-print media to get sound bites
magazine became widespread as well. Its earliest form was such of what is happening globally. Newspapers that put time, effort,
aptly named periodicals as the Tattler and Spectator. Both were reflection, and sweat and blood into the process of news gathering
initial attempts to marry articles of opinions with current events, and reporting still aim to provide an in-depth look at events. The
and by the 1830s, magazines were common mass-circulated question becomes, who wants to take the time to ponder the world
at the level that newspapers challenge the reader to ascribe to?
The term "news," itself, has taken on new meaning. There is hard publication in elementary and secondary will participate (Regional
news, celebrity news, breaking news, and other categories that Memo 174 s. 2014). Currently, campus journalism becomes a
have altered journalism from its beginnings. challenge to school paper advisers and pupil-journalists because of
the limited resources of schools to finance the student publication.
WHAT IS CAMPUS JOURNALISM IN THE PHILIPPINE Because of the dearth of funds, pupil-journalists and even their
CONTEXT? advisers struggle to financially support their participation to
activities such as trainings, workshops, seminars, and fora
THE CAMPUS JOURNALISM ACT 1991
(Cervantes, 2017)
In 1991, the Philippine Government approved and passed the
PURPOSES OF CAMPUS JOURNALISM
Campus Journalism Act on July 5, 1991, one of the strongest laws
which supports the development and promotion of student  Provides students a voice. Student journalists can act as the
journalism, rights of the youth, and preserving the integrity of messengers of the student body. ...
student publications.  Helps students improve their skills in communication arts. The
student journalists are each given regular tasks – editing,
The Campus Journalism Act or CJA seeks to “uphold and protect
writing, proofreading, and headline writing, among others.
the freedom of the press even at the campus level,” as stated in
 Serves as a utility to empower the informed. The purpose of
the law’s Section 2 (Declaration of Policy). The law also aims to
journalism then is to provide citizens with the information they
“promote the development and growth of campus journalism as a
need to make the best possible decisions about their lives,
means of strengthening ethical values, encouraging critical and
their communities, their societies, and their governments.
creative thinking, and developing moral character and personal
 Plays a pivotal role in the school. It trains campus journalists
discipline of the Filipino youth (Sec. 2).” The law states that it is
to be responsible writers in the exercise of press freedom.
optional at the tertiary level. At the elementary and high school
 Serves as means of mass communication in the modern
levels, the duly appointed faculty adviser is even part of the
world. The press tries to inform its reader objectively about
editorial board (Sec. 3d, Editorial Board). Nevertheless, the
what is happening in their community, country and the world
campus publication has a say in the selection of its faculty adviser.
at large
According to Sec. 6 (Publication Adviser), he or she “shall be
 Plays an important role in the academe. It trains students to
selected by the school administration from a list of recommendees
be responsible members of the society. Thus, they should be
submitted by the publication staff.”
continually trained to produce a paper that is fair, balanced
The function of publication adviser is limited to technical guidance and investigative.
(Sec. 6), and that he or she should not interfere with the contents
The Campus Journalism Act of 1991 was created for several
of the campus publication. From an editorial standpoint, technical
reasons:
guidance refers to nuances in media production like checking the
grammar of articles and ensuring adherence to professional  To uphold the freedom of the press at the campus level
standards when it comes to the design and layout of the pages. His  To promote the development and growth of campus
or her role is limited because autonomy should be given to campus journalism as a means of strengthening ethical values,
publications. encouraging critical and creative thinking, and developing
MEANING OF CAMPUS JOURNALISM moral character and personal discipline of the Filipino youth.
 To help students improve technical skills in journalism,
a. Enjoyable activity of the staff of the campus paper in collecting, understand and practice the responsibilities of a journalist,
organizing and presenting news, writing editorials, columns, learn how to be responsible, and promote social awareness.
features, and literary articles, taking pictures, cartooning, copy
reading, proofreading, dummying & writing headlines CAMPUS JOURNALISM CAN:

b. A training ground for students who wish to pursue journalism as  Serve as good venue for advocating educational
a career development, as well as for voicing out students’ rights and
promoting their welfare.
c. Journalism carried out by university/college students on subjects  Give students the opportunity to hone and practice their
relating to campus, published in publications generally only journalistic skills, and be the voice of change by getting
intended for campus readers to think about pressing issues that they probably
wouldn’t have read anywhere else. Certain student
How is Campus Journalism Practiced in the Philippines? communities also look to expand their horizons beyond just
the campus, and discuss topics such as gender equality,
Campus journalism has long been implemented in the Philippines human rights or even the protection of animals.
via the Campus Journalism Act of 1991 or R.A. 7079. The act
prescribed the implementation of campus journalism in both public OBJECTIVES OF CAMPUS JOURNALISM
and private schools.
Campus journalism provides students a voice. Student journalists
In the Philippines, the role of campus journalism was made clear can act as the messengers of the student body. Campus
when the Republic Act 7079 otherwise known as the Campus journalism helps students improve their skills in communication
Journalism Act of 1991 was enacted. Explicitly written in section 2 arts. The student journalists are each given regular tasks – editing,
of the act is the primary role of campus journalism that is to writing, proofreading, and headline writing, among others.
promote the development and growth of campus journalism as a
means of strengthening ethical values, encouraging critical and  To be an educational laboratory for practicing and perfecting
creative thinking, and developing moral character and personal journalistic skills and techniques;
discipline of the Filipino youth. R.A. 7079 also paved the way of  To provide a medium for community members to
campus journalism to be a requirement in all public elementary and communicate information, opinions and ideas with particular
secondary schools in the country especially those that collect emphasis on matters of interest and concern to students;
journalism fees (Philippine Information Agency, 2016)  To disseminate announcements and publicize College-
sponsored events and student activities;
Pursuant to the act, the Department of Education or DepEd is  To be an educational laboratory for students practicing and
mandated to sponsor periodic competitions, press conferences and perfecting their publication skills;
training seminars in which writers and teacher-advisers of student
 To provide an annual publication highlighting the issues and events inside the school and the community. The main purpose for
activities of the term; this is to persuade to reader toward a certain point of view.
 To serve as a reflection of events, environments and
personalities of the campus; c. Education Function: Tabooed topics such as sex, sex
 To be an educational laboratory for students practicing and education, family planning and the like are extensively and
perfecting their publication skills; intensively discussed by writers of campus papers. This is one of
 To provide an annual publication highlighting the issues and the most important functions of the campus paper: to educate.
activities of the term;
d. Watchdog Function: The school paper serves as an eye for the
 To serve as a reflection of events, environments and
readers to see what is happening in the school and to guard the
personalities of the campus;
right of the young ones.
 To be an educational laboratory for students practicing and
perfecting their publication skills; e. Laboratory Function: It serves as the teaching tool for budding
 To provide an annual publication highlighting the issues and journalists. Neophytes pattern their new experience from the
activities of the term; and existing and past papers.
 To serve as a reflection of events, environments and
personalities of the campus. f. Documentation Function: Important school events and
worthwhile student accomplishments and achievements are
FUNCTIONS OF CAMPUS JOURNALISM recorded in the campus paper for posterity’s sake. Most present-
day stories are researched from old newspapers.
Campus journalism as a school program has the following
functions: g. Entertainment Function: The school paper, like an interesting
book, keeps the reader company especially when he is alone. Most
 Inform the public through the news coverage human- interest stories are stimulating to read.
 Influence and mold the public opinion
 Amuse or entertain the public h. Developmental Function: In developing a country like the
 Serve and promote community welfare as a whole. Philippines, scholastic and commercial journalism has been given
greater and nobler significance.
A campus paper may be mimeographed or printed published or
released by an organization or school whose name or logo QUALITIES OF A GOOD JOURNALIST
appears in the masthead or in the editorial box. The campus paper
like any other media has functions. They serve as: Effective writing skills can make all the difference. A writer should
know how to play with words and should be able to produce an
a. Aid to Students error-free, grammatically correct and concise article with factual
information that would pique the interest of the audience.
 Provides opportunity for interesting writing.
 Gives students the opportunity to learn how to read the Professional newspaper journalists dedicate their life to reporting
newspapers. the news no matter what the personal risk. For instance,
 Acts as stimulus to better work. newspaper journalists may rush to the scene of an on-going
 Develops students’ power of observation and discrimination hostage siege, school shootings or natural disaster to interview
concerning relative merits of news articles. police and witnesses. If you are thinking about a journalism career,
 Serves as outlet and motivation for journalistic writing. ask yourself if you have the qualities of courage, integrity and
 Offers training in organizations, business methods, fairness. You also need superior written, verbal and interpersonal
commercial arts, salesmanship, bookkeeping and business skills to excel as a newspaper journalist.
management.
 Develops qualities of cooperation, tact, accuracy, tolerance,
responsibility and leadership.
Specifically, an effective journalist is described as:
b. Aid to School and Community
a. Resourceful: A good journalist is supposed to be resourceful in
 Informs the community of the work of the school. order to gain access credible sources of information and to gain
 Publishes school news. success to all important event.
 Creates and expresses school opinions.
 Makes known the achievements of the school. b. Objective: A journalist is supposed to put aside personal biases
 Helps unify the school. and should not let his emotions cloud his judgment.
 Encourages and stimulates worthwhile activities. c. Conscientious: A good journalist is not supposed to use his
 Develops right standard of conduct. influence in order to meet personal objectives and should be well
 Provides and outlet for students’ suggestions for the aware of the consequences that may result from his actions.
betterment of the school.
 Develops better interschool relationship. d. Ethical and Honest: Fairness, objectivity and honesty matter
 Develops school spirit. when reporting everything from local referendums and proposed
 Develops cooperation between the parents and the school. state tax increases to presidential elections. Professional
journalists abhor fake news based on rumor, innuendo and
The campus paper has the following specific function unverifiable anonymous tips. Reporters should only share opinions
categories as observed by several scholars. in newspaper editorial pieces. They step aside if covering that story
a. Information Function: This is the news functions of the campus would be a conflict of interest.
paper: to inform. Since information dissemination is the maid e. Expert in Communication Skills: Newspaper journalists must
purpose of the campus paper, this is the function most likely be skilled communicators to interview sources and write in-depth
performed by any campus paper. It gives the readers information stories. Typically, journalists have a bachelor’s degree in
concerning the things around the community and within the school. communication or journalism and relevant undergraduate
b. Opinion Function: Through the editorials and editorial columns, experience, such as writing for their college newspaper. They
the editor has the chance to post his opinion regarding current must be highly proficient in English grammar, technical writing and
proper attribution of sources to be a good newspaper journalist and dealing with the specific ethical principles and standards of media,
not lose their job. including broadcast media, film, theatre, the arts, print media and
the internet. The field covers many varied and highly controversial
f. Technology - literate: As part of their job, newspaper journalists topics, ranging from war journalism to politicial ad campaigns. It is
follow and use social media appropriately to provide immediate likewise defined as the "attempt to arrive at an understanding of
and transparent coverage of happening events. They know how to the nature of human values, of how we ought to live, and of what
use the internet to research stories and access public records constitutes right conduct" (Norman, 1988, p. 1). It defines and
when engaging in investigative journalism. Technology, such as deals with ethical questions about how media should use texts and
Facebook and LinkedIn help them contact potential sources to pictures provided by the citizens.
request information or an interview. They also maximize use of
technology to instantly inform the public about matters that may Here is a short list of ethical standards that should guide
directly affect their health and safety, such as a food recall. student journalists as they go about the important work of
covering their campus community.
g. Analytical and Critical: Good newspaper journalists have an
analytical mind and base stories on evidence and facts, not 1. Be accurate. With regard to this (seek truth and report it), the
emotion. They are astute observers and instinctively sense when law calls on journalists to take responsibility for the accuracy of
there is much more to a story than what is being shared at a news their work, confirm information before releasing it, and rely on
conference, for example. Investigative and critical thinking skills original sources whenever possible. Gather information carefully
are crucial when weighing conflicting accounts of an incident and and double-check it before publication. Have two or more sources
assessing the credibility of sources. They exercise sound judgment for each story.
when blogging or writing yet unverified information on the
newspaper’s website during a breaking story. Even when faced 2. Be fair and impartial. The fundamentals of objective journalism
with looming deadlines, good newspaper journalists take time to have traditionally been the following: present the five Ws, get both
get a balanced accounting of the subject. sides of the story, and most important, keep your opinions to
yourself. Objectivity can be seen as a passive form of journalism—
h. Efficient: As journalists they need to be thinking “I want to be just give the facts in an emotionally detached way. It was believed
the best” and be prepared to take all the necessary steps to get that a reporter’s personal views could only taint the story and
this. They must be efficient. Being efficient means being able to obscure the Truth.
achieve maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or
expense, organized and competent. 3. Never assume. Never guess. A source who verifies is one that
provides corroborating or supporting testimony or
i. Accepts Mistakes and Knows How to Strategize: be good at evidence. Reporters should never assume anything! Reporters
working to strict guidelines. You must also know how to learn from should always verify with other evidence and sources. In some
your mistakes. Someone whose job it is to learn from mistakes stories, there may be only one source available and the story is
(including those of other people or organizations) and propose deemed important enough that it should run anyway. Perhaps by
actions is a strategist. A strategist must recognize relevant running the story other sources will step up and share new
similarities between situations and avoid proposing actions that are information.
likely to repeat failure.
4. Be balanced. Balance, or impartiality, requires the presentation
PARTS OF A CAMPUS PAPER of all the main points of view or interpretations of an event or an
issue, regardless of whether the reporter, editor or the audience
Whether it is a community, metropolitan, or national paper, its parts agrees with these views. Omitting relevant facts and points of view
and sections are more or less the same. from the reporting of major issues of public interest inevitably
distorts the view of reality a broadcaster presents and so misleads
Traditionally, these are:
and misinforms the public.
1. Front Page
5. Do not make up, understate, exaggerate or embroider
2. News Page
information to make a story better. It was found out in some
3. Editorial Page
research that sometimes the media distort research findings in
4. Features page
scientific studies, which results in the spreading of misinformation.
5. Community Development Page
Frequent use of oversimplified language, exaggeration,
6. Science and Technology Page
sensationalist reporting and the avoidance of complex issues are
7. Sports Page
some of the main reasons for the misrepresentation of researching
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN CAMPUS JOURNALISM findings by the media. Furthermore, when follow-up studies
undermine the results and conclusions of the initial study, the
So, while various codes may have some differences, most share media usually does not correct or supplement its previous reports
common elements including the principles of truthfulness, or provide a new report altogether (Resnick, 2020).
accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, fairness, and public
accountability, as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy 6. Avoid conflicts of interest, including covering organizations
information and its subsequent dissemination to the public. that you support or to which you belong. Do not cover political,
social or student-government activities in which you are involved.
MEDIA ETHICS AS KEY ISSUE ON CAMPUS JOURNALISM Do not write about relatives or friends. Avoid any outside activity
that can be perceived as compromising the credibility or integrity of
Journalism has long been considered a pillar of democracy, given the journalist or publication.
its function of communicating vital information to the public
regarding institutions and individuals in positions of power. An 7. Accept no gifts. Some publications allow journalists to accept
informed citizenry is critical for good governance and essential for items that have minimal value, but do so knowing that the giver is
exposing and preventing corruption. This assumes that the attempting to influence you and that others will have their own
information is accurate, truthful and non-biased. Thu, they have to interpretations. If a freebie is not available to everyone, don’t
strictly observe media ethics. accept it. Gifts that are sent should be returned with an explanation
of the paper’s or station’s policy. Free tickets may be accepted only
The concept of "media ethics" refers broadly to the proper for the purpose of covering an event.
standards of conduct that media providers and disseminators
should attempt to follow. In addition, media ethics is the subdivision
8. Do not lift the material of others. Plagiarism is a very serious 6. Plagiarism, Fabrication and Copyright: Plagiarism is “the
offense that can result in termination. Attribute information, appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or
including that gotten from the Internet and from material published words without giving appropriate credit.”
previously or elsewhere.
Plagiarism involves “taking credit for phrases, sentences,
9. Do not alter photographs. Do not crop them in a manner that paragraphs, or even an entire story” even though someone else
is not representative of the situation being photographed. created it. In journalism, it is considered one of the primary sins of
the profession. Many journalists have lost their jobs or faced legal
10. Question authority. Do not accept information as truth simply action for lifting others' writing or other production.
because it comes from someone with a title or a uniform.
Plagiarism is viewed as a part of research misconduct together
11. Take responsibility as the eyes and ears of the reader or with fabrication and falsification. Fabrication, on the other hand,
viewer and ask the questions that need to be asked. can be defined as “making things up and passing them off as
genuine.” It is a form of academic misconduct whereby an author
12. Avoid anonymous sources, except in unusual circumstances
uses another person’s ideas without giving appropriate attribution
and then only with the approval of the editor.
Whereas plagiarism is an issue of behavioral norms, copyright is
13. Correct errors promptly. Errors in reporting happen often in
an issue of legality. Black’s Law Dictionary defines copyright as
presenting research findings. The media plays a significant role in
“the right of literary property as recognized and sanctioned by
presenting research findings to the public. However, since the
positive law. A right granted by statute to the author or originator of
results and conclusions of scientific studies are not always easy to
certain literary or artistic productions, whereby he is invested, for a
understand, errors in their reporting can easily arise. The
limited period, with the sole and exclusive privilege of multiplying
inaccurate representation of scientific results has been referred to
copies of the same and publishing and selling them.” Unlike the
as “scienceploitation”
spirit of plagiarism protections, which preserve the just assignment
14. Sensitive to Individual Privacy. Journalists must also of intellectual credit, copyright laws protect the economic well-
minimize harm that could be caused by their reporting and that being of the copyright holder.
ethical journalism demands that sources, subjects, colleagues and
7. Reportorial Ethics: A student journalist is encouraged to be as
members of the public are treated as human beings deserving of
open-minded and objective as possible. This is to prepare him/her
respect. As such, journalists should consider individual privacy
to be free of bias and prejudices, conscious or unconscious
rights as well as the impact their reporting may have on individuals
in general. Journalists must show compassion for individuals who Being a campus journalist should not just be about the recognition.
may be affected by news coverage, which may include juveniles or It should be for and to the people. It is a celebration of press
victims of crimes. Journalists should also be mindful of cultural freedom where truth is the powerful language and not the other
differences when reflecting on the ways in which news or way around where we delude ourselves to the realm of medals and
information may be received. Journalists needs to show honor.
"heightened sensitivity" in these circumstances.
Campus journalism is selfless. It prioritizes public service, and it is
15. Act Independently to Serve the Public. Journalists are also our job to realize the pivotal role it plays in nation-building. The pen
called on to act independently. The primary responsibility of ethical can pull out a long thread of enormous power, and as the holders
journalism is to serve the public. As such, journalists must put the of the pen, they need to be careful and do the job right.
public first and reject any special treatment to advertisers, donors,
or any other special interests, and resist internal and external CHAPTER 2: PRE-WRITING CONCERNS IN CAMPUS
pressure to influence coverage. This requires journalists to refuse JOURNALISM
gifts and to avoid any conflicts of interest.
SECTIONS OF A CAMPUS PAPER
16. Accountable and Transparent. One of the key tenets of the
Society of Professional Journalists' Code of Ethics is to “be 1. Front Page
accountable and transparent.” This involves explaining to readers
 Nameplate - the engraved or printed name of the newspaper.
the key processes underlying a story, including where the
 Ears - the little boxes on either both side of the nameplate.
information came from and how the information was analyzed.
 Banner head - the principal headline bearing the boldest and
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES ON CAMPUS PAPER biggest type.
PUBLICATION  Running head - a type of head having two or more lines.
 Headline - refers to any title of any news.
1. Campus Journalism Faces Threats of Repression:  Deck - elaborates headline and topic.
Repression is the action of subduing someone or something by  Column - horizontal divisions of the texts of a newspaper.
force.  Kicker - a short phrase set above the headline.
 Byline - signature of a writer or author.
2. Funding: It was claimed that school administrators paralyze the  Cut - the newspaper's illustration.
printing of newspapers by withholding publication funds.  Cutline - known as the caption.
3. Red-Tagging: Red-tagging, also known as red-baiting, has  Box line - any news material enclosed by line rules.
been used for decades in the Philippines in the government’s 2. News Page
campaign against the communist New People’s Army (NPA), which
began in 1969.  Covers various events, policies and other issues happening
on campus.
4. Libel: According to the American and English Encyclopedia of  The news section is factual and objective.
Law, a libel is a malicious defamation expressed either by writing  Contains national and even worldwide news.
or printing, or by signs, pictures, effigies or the like; tending to
blacken the memory of 3. Editorial Page
5. Confidentiality: Journalists are bound by a code of ethics that  This section includes editorials, opinion pieces, and letters to
does not allow them to reveal their sources of news the editor.
 Represents the official stance of the newspaper.
 Editorial cartoon include clippings or file of previous stories, encyclopedia or other
 Folio reference works.
4. Feature Page PITCHING A STORY
 The feature section focuses on in-depth stories about people,  Journalist and student journalists, usually work as a team.
events, or trends on campus. The head of the team is the editor, the editor always makes
 Feature stories are not limited to facts. the final decision on what will appear in a newspaper or
magazine.
5. Community Development Page  When verbally giving a pitch, it is about 30 to 40 seconds
longto give the idea for a story. The purpose of the pitch is to
 Promotes a strong partnership of the school community and
sell your idea to the editor, so, it will be written and printed in
others.
the newspaper or magazine
 Where the program and projects of the school and community
are showcased. QUESTIONS THAT JOURNALIST MUST ANSWER IN A PITCH
6. Literary Page  Why is the story newsworthy?
 Who cares about this issue?
 Composed of various poems, essay, short narrative, and an
 Who or what are the sources?
episode of a short story.
 How long does the journalist need to research and write the
7. Sports Page story?

 The sports section features information on campus sports

events, including games, tournaments, and athlete profiles.
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO KNOW HOW TO PITCH A STORY?
For professional writers, knowing how to pitch a story is helpful for
CHOOSING A TOPIC getting their work published.

TOPIC - is a defined as a matter within a text, discourse, or 1. Know the story you want to tell
conversation. It is a subject or an issue. 2. Introduce your story with an engaging opening line
3. Explain why they should publish your story
When choosing a topic, journalist must think of two things: 4. Thank them for their time
1. What am I interested in? INTERVIEWING AND QUOTING RESOURCES
2. What are others interested in?
Interviewing resources
The three most common ways in narrowing down a topic into an
idea are:  Journalists use WH-questions (Who, What, Where, When,
Why) to gather information.
 TYPE  These follow a structure: Question Word + Helping Verb +
 PLACE Subject + Main Verb
 TIME  Example: “Where did he go?”
RESEARCHING Four Main Types of Sources
Thorough research supports credible journalism. Utilize various  Eye-witnesses - Saw the event happen.
sources including interviews, academic journals, and online  Related People - Connected to key individuals in the story.
databases to gather accurate and comprehensive information.  Experts - Professionals with knowledge of the topic.
 People in Authority - Officials and leaders in power.
TYPES OF ARTICLES
News Gathering
 NEWS STORIES: An article or segment of television news
that gives just the facts of an event.  This is the process of collecting facts to write a news story.
 INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM: Longer article or news
segment that uncovers new information on a large topic that There are three methods:
affects the public.
1. Actual Coverage of Events
 HUMAN INTEREST STORIES: Longer article that focuses on
a person or people as a way of talking about a current event. 2. Interviewing
TYPES OF RESOURCES  Formal Interviews
 Informal Interviews (Ambush)
HUMAN SOURCES: They can be eye witness, or experts in
particular field or interpreters of information. 3. Writing from Documents
Levels of Observation Sources of News
As information moves farther from firsthand observation, we should  National News - Comes from government and big
be increasingly careful about the reliability of the infromation. organizations.
 Community-Level News - Focuses on local events and
 Firsthand observation
governance.
 Second hand observation
 Campus Journalism - Reports on school issues and student
 Third hand observation
activities.
 Fourth hand observatin
Types of Quotes
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES: Documents that contain background
information on a subject. In addition documentary sources can
 Direct Quotations - Exact words with quotation marks.  Consequence/Impact: Stories that have a significant impact
 Indirect Quotations - Close rewording of what was said. on a large number of people. This could be an event that
 Paraphrased Quotations - Condensed or rephrased clearly. affects people's lives, livelihoods, or safety.
 Partial Quotations - Only important phrases are quoted.  Novelty/Unusualness: Something unexpected, strange, or
 Dialogue - A conversation between two people. rare makes for interesting news.
 Conflict: Stories that involve conflict, such as wars, disputes,
WRITING THE ARTICLE: FROM TOPIC TO ARTICLE or disagreements. This element often attracts attention and
can make a story more compelling.
The writing process has three steps:
 Human Interest: Stories that evoke emotion, empathy, or
1. Create an Outline curiosity in the audience. These stories often focus on
2. Drafting personal experiences or unusual events that resonate with
3. Send to Copy Editor people.

CHAPTER 3: CAMPUS NEWS WRITING

Campus news writing is a form of journalism that focuses on PRINCIPLES OF JOURNALISM APPLICABLE TO NEWS
reporting news, events, and issues relevant to a specific
 Truth and Accuracy: Journalists must strive to report facts
educational institution, such as a college or university. It typically
correctly and verify information from reliable sources. We
appears in student-run publications (newspapers, websites,
should always strive for accuracy, give all the relevant facts
newsletters, etc.) and is aimed at informing the campus community
we have and ensure that they have been checked. This
— including students, faculty, staff, and sometimes alumni — about
includes acknowledging when information cannot be
matters such as academic policies, student government, campus
corroborated and correcting errors promptly.
events, profiles of notable individuals, sports, and social issues.
 Independence: Journalists must be independent
SOURCES AND THE FLIGHT OF CAMPUS NEWS voices; we should not act, formally or informally, on behalf of
special interests whether political, corporate or cultural. We
These are the news sources which are prominent in today’s should declare to our editors – or the audience – any of our
time: political affiliations, financial arrangements or other personal
information that might constitute a conflict of interest.
1. Radio - It is an audio medium used by many in today’s time.  Fairness and Impartiality: Stories should be presented in a
balanced way, offering different perspectives and context.
2. Television - Telecasts their news on television through which
While not every side of a story needs to be presented in every
other newspaper takes their source.
piece, journalists should strive for fairness and avoid bias.
3. Newspaper and Magazines - These two also act as a good  Humanity: Journalists should be mindful of the impact their
source of news. Newspaper on both the levels national and reporting has on individuals and communities. They should
international provides the best information in details. strive to do no harm and be sensitive to the potential
consequences of their words and images.
4. Press Release - are generally used for release of a particular  Accountability: A sure sign of professionalism and
news. It should be written in a journalistic style and provide facts responsible journalism is the ability to hold ourselves
and information of interest to readers and should cover all aspects accountable. When we commit errors we must correct them
of a specific subject. and our expressions of regret must be sincere not cynical. We
listen to the concerns of our audience. We may not change
5. Press Notes - are those devices of communication, by which a what readers write or say but we will always provide remedies
government policy or an important announcement is issued for the when we are unfair.
information of the public.
INVERTED PYRAMID STRUCTURE IN NEWS
6. Handouts - A handout is a paper containing a summary of
information or topics which will be dealt with in a lecture or talk. Definition
7. Press Statement - are usually given by known people, then he  The inverted pyramid style puts the most important
shares his statement with media and later this becomes press information at the top and adds supporting details below.
statement.  This helps readers quickly get the main idea and choose if
they want to continue reading.
ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF NEWS  It also grabs attention and makes people curious about the
 Truth details
 Fairness, balance and responsibility Origin
 Clarity
 Precision  This writing style started during the telegraph era. Since
 Simplicity & Brevity messages could get cut off, journalists were trained to write
 Objectivity & Factual the key facts first.
 Today, it’s still used by major news outlets like The New York
ELEMENTS OF NEWS Times and The Associated Press.
 Timelines: News is generally understood to be new or recent. Advantages of Using the Inverted Pyramid Writing Style
Events that have just happened or are currently unfolding are
more likely to be considered news. 1. Quick and Direct
 Proximity: Stories that are geographically or emotionally 2. Encourages Continued Reading
close to the audience. This could be a local event or 3. Good for Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
something that affects the audience's community. 4. Inclusive for People with Disabilities
 Prominence: Events involving well-known people or
institutions. This could be celebrities, politicians, or major Structure of the Inverted Pyramid Writing Style
organizations.
Three Main Parts of the Inverted Pyramid:
“The Lead” – The Most Important Information 9. Science and Technology News: It informs the public about the
latest breakthroughs, innovations, and research in various scientific
 Answers the 5Ws and 1H: Who? What? Where? When? fields. It includes topics related to health, space, environmental
Why? How? issues, technological advancements, and digital trends.
 Around 30 words or 1–2 short paragraphs
 May include a hook: a quote or a strong question 10. Crime and Legal News: It focuses on reporting criminal
 Sets the tone and gives readers the main idea instantly activities, legal cases, court decisions, and law enforcement. This
type of journalism often plays a role in informing the public about
safety concerns, legal precedents, and changes in legislation.
Crime news is usually part of the hard news category due to its
“The Body” – The Crucial Info
serious nature.
 Adds context, arguments, and explanations
WRITING THE LEAD
 Includes evidence, quotes, photos, and background
 Supports or explains the lead Kinds of Lead:
 Tells the full story with logic and flow
A. Conventional or Summary Lead
“The Tail” – Extra or Related Info
This kind of lead used in straight news answers right away all or
 Least important or bonus information any of the 5 W's and/or the H.
 Can include interesting facts or related topics
 In editorials, blogs, and columns, it may include the writer’s  WHO lead - Used when the person involved is more
personal assessment or opinion. prominent that what he does or what happens to him.
TYPES OF NEWS Example: "President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. announces a new
education policy during his press conference today at Malacañang
1. Hard News: It refers to serious, time-sensitive news that Palace."
impacts the public. It covers major events such as politics,
economics, international affairs, natural disasters, and crime. Hard  WHAT lead - Used when the event or what took place is more
news stories are often objective, fact-based, and reported with important than the person involved in the story.
urgency.
Example: "A major fire destroyed 20 houses in Quezon City last
2. Soft News: It focuses on less urgent, more entertainment- night, displacing more than 100 families."
oriented topics. It appeals to readers' emotions, interests, and
personal lives. This type of news includes lifestyle, culture,  WHERE lead - Used when the place is unique and no
entertainment, and human-interest stories. Soft news often prominent person is involved.
engages readers with a lighter tone and less time-sensitive content Example: "At the peak of Mt. Apo, a group of tourists was stranded
compared to hard news. due to heavy rain and strong winds."
3. Investigative News: It uncovers hidden facts, corruption, or  WHEN lead - Rarely used as the reader presumes the story
wrongdoing through in-depth research and analysis. Journalists to be timely. However, this lead is useful when speaking of
working in this field dedicate significant time and resources to deadlines, holidays, and important dates.
gather evidence and reveal the truth.
Example: "Voting for the new student council president starts
4. Feature News: It is a more detailed, creative, and narrative- today at 8:00 a.m. in all high schools across Isabela."
driven type of journalism. It goes beyond the immediate facts of an
event, offering context, background, and deeper insight into a  WHY lead - Used when the reason is more prominent or
subject. Features often focus on human stories or societal trends unique than what happens.
and can be both informative and engaging.
Example: "Protests erupted in the city after the government raised
5. Editorial and Opinion News: These pieces allow journalists, food prices due to ongoing inflation."
columnists, and experts to express their viewpoints on current
issues. While traditional news reporting remains neutral, editorial  HOW lead - Used when the manner, mode, means, or
news reflects subjective opinions, interpretations, and analyses. method of achieving the story is the unnatural way.
These articles encourage readers to think critically and engage in
public discourse. Example: "Using a dramatic midnight rescue by a team of
firefighters, a family was safely evacuated from their burning home
6. Business News: It focuses on the economic activities, trends, in Makati."
and financial markets affecting industries and individuals. It keeps
readers informed about the latest developments in business, stock B. Grammatical Beginning Lead
markets, investments, mergers, and acquisitions. Business news  Prepositional phrase lead - The phrase is introduced by a
can be highly specialized, catering to professionals, investors, and preposition.
business owner.
Example: "In the heart of the city, a new shopping mall opened its
7. Sport News: It covers everything related to the world of sports, doors to the public today."
from major competitions to player transfers and team
developments. It provides readers with the latest scores, match  Infinitive phrase lead - It begins with the sign of the infinitive
results, and in-depth analysis of sporting events. Sports journalism to plus the main verb.
is a popular genre that combines hard facts with entertainment
value. Example: "To ease heavy congestion, the government
implemented a new policy banning trucks during rush hour."
8. Entertainment News: It covers topics from the world of movies,
television, music, and pop culture. It appeals to a wide audience  Participial phrase lead - It is introduced by the present or
and often focuses on celebrities, film reviews, upcoming releases, past participle form of the verb.
award ceremonies, and gossip.
Example (Present participle): "Walking home after a tiring day, a  It refers to writing about a scientific subject matter, often in a
group of workers fell victim to a robbery last night." non-technical manner for an audience of nonscientists (a form
of journalism). Also called popular science writing (Nordquist,
Example (Past participle): "Broken by the strong typhoon, many 2025).
houses were left without roofs."  It may also refer to writing that reports scientific observations
and results in a manner governed by specific conventions (a
C. Novelty Lead
form of technical writing). More commonly known as scientific
 Astonisher lead - Uses an interjection or an exclamatory writing (Nordquist, 2025).
sentence.
Science News Reporting
Example: "Fire!" — screamed the hotel manager as thick smoke
 Science reporting is science writing by a scientist or by a non-
filled the building last night."
scientist for mass consumption.
 Contrast lead - Describes two extremes or opposites for  A science news report is written for mass understanding.
emphasis.  A science news reporter writes the story is such a way that
the science unoriented reader may understand and
Example: "While rich tourists enjoy lavish hotel suites, hundreds of appreciate it because it is written in simple language.
locals remain homeless in nearby streets."
Science Technical Writing
 Epigram lead - Opens by quoting a common expression,
verse, or epigram, at least familiar in the locality.  Science technical writing is science writing by a scientist for a
fellow scientist.
Example: "‘All that glitters is not gold,’ a local official said while  They uses a technical language which a laymen could hardly
investigating a suspected fraud case." understand.
 Picture lead - Describes a person, a place, or an event, at Science Journalism
the same time creating a mental picture of the subject matter
in the mind of the reader. Science Journalism in print media is writing focused in science and
technology instead of economics, police, politics, labor, education,
Example: "Broken glass glimmered under the orange glow of the and sports. Of course, there is a difference in language, too.
sunset as children darted across the abandoned warehouse."
Journalistic Style: News is written in a hurry to be read in a hurry.
 Background lead - Similar to the picture lead except that it Thus, a journalist writes in a simple, straightforward, and brisk
describes the setting which may be more prominent than the style. The ordinary science news reporter presents the information
characters and the events. using the 5W's. He has to explain basic concepts of science
involved. He has to contribute to the general scientific activity if he
Example: "In a small town where silence usually reigns after wants his reader to understand what he wants to convey.
sundown, the piercing alarm broke the calm last night."
ELEMENTS OF SCIENCE WRITING
 One word lead -Quotation lead - Consists of the speaker's
direct words which are very striking and which are usually  Catchy and appropriate headline: A headline should grab
quoted from a speech, a public address, or an interview. the reader's attention while accurately reflecting the article's
content. It sets the tone and draws readers into the story.
Example: "Obey!"  Clearly Written Lead: The lead introduces the topic in a
concise and engaging way, providing the most important
SOURCE AND CITATION IN NEWS WRITING
information upfront and encouraging readers to continue
SOURCE: a source in a citation refers to the specific piece of reading.
information or work that you have referenced or used in your  Coherence: The article should flow logically, with ideas
research. This can include books, articles, websites, videos, connected smoothly to create a cohesive narrative that is
interviews, and more. easy to follow.
 Relevant and Timely Issues: Topics should address current
CITATION: is a reference to a source of information used in events or pressing issues that resonate with the audience,
research, writing, or speaking. It is a way to give credit to the ensuring the article’s relevance and impact.
original author or creator of a piece of work, such as a book,  Facts from Interviews, Document Reviews, Data
article, or website, and to acknowledge the sources. Analyses, and Other Reliable Sources: Credible
information gathered from various trustworthy sources adds
SOURCES OF A CAMPUS NEWSWRITING depth and authenticity to the article.
 Office, Department and Library  Citation of Scientific References, Statistics, and Relevant
 School Calendar Figures/Facts: Properly citing scientific studies, data, and
 Invitations and Memos statistics reinforces the article’s credibility and provides
 Different clubs and Organizations transparency to readers.
 Student and Teachers
DIFFERENT STYLES IN CITING SOURCES Feature Writing
 APA (American Psychological Association)  Feature is an essay based on facts. Its main purpose is to
 MLA (Modern Language Association) entertain or present human interest stories. Like an editorial, it
 CHICAGO STYLE is hung on a newspeg.
 It is hard to define a feature article because it can take many
CHAPTER 4: FEATURE AND SCIENCE WRITING
forms and can cover many subjects. However, a reader may
DEFINITIONS easily distinguish feature stories from news stories through its
different characteristics.
Science Writing
Main Objective of Features
 The main objective of news is to inform, while a feature article PRINCIPLES OF JOURNALISM APPLICABLE TO FEATURE
aims to entertain.
 Feature articles may also instruct, advise, inform, and  Truth and Accuracy: Feature writing, like any other form of
entertain at the same time. journalism, must rely on verified and factual information. Even
if the writing includes creative storytelling, it should not distort
News Feature or misrepresent the truth.
 Independence: A feature writer must maintain objectivity and
 News feature is a news story which is based on facts avoid influence from outside interests, such as sponsors or
butcontaining explanations, background, and impression ofthe personal biases, ensuring the story remains authentic and
writer. credible.
 Its main aim is to inform. It can start in almost any mannerand  Fairness and Impartiality: While features may highlight a
it usually appears with the author's byline. specific perspective or delve into emotional narratives, they
should strive for a balanced portrayal, especially when
ELEMENTS OF FEATURE WRITING
addressing multiple sides of an issue.
Headline  Humanity: Feature writing often deals with human-interest
topics, making empathy and sensitivity essential. Writers
 Captures the essence of the article in a concise manner. should avoid exploiting subjects for sensationalism and
 Engages the reader's interest and encourages them to read instead present stories with respect and care.
further.  Accountability: Feature writers must acknowledge errors
 Uses strong, active language and may include a play on and take responsibility for their work. Corrections should be
words or alliteration. made promptly, and transparency about sources or methods
strengthens trust with readers.
Lead/Hook  Serving the Public Interest: Feature writing should aim to
inform, inspire, or engage readers by addressing topics that
 Introduces the main topic and grabs the reader's attention
matter to society, such as raising awareness of social issues
immediately.
or celebrating human achievements.
 Can be a surprising fact, a provocative question, or a vivid
description. STRUCTURE OF THE FEATURE ARTICLE
 Sets the tone for the article and hints at the story's direction.
 The introduction is the most important part - entice your
Body Paragraphs reader, hook them in.
 The body of the article needs to keep any promises or
 Develops the story with detailed information, examples, and
answer any questions raised in the introduction - try and
analysis.
maintain an "atmosphere" throughout the writing.
 Organized logically to maintain flow and coherence
 While the introduction draws the reader in, the conclusion
throughout the article.
should be written to help the reader remember the story - use
 Each paragraph should support the main theme and
a strong punchline.
contribute to the overall narrative.
TYPES OF FEATURES
Quotes and attribution
1. Personalities (Character Sketch)
 Adds credibility and depth to the article by incorporating
expert opinions or firsthand accounts.  captures a person's personality, behavior, values, and roles
 Properly attributes quotes to their sources to maintain through anecdotes, quotes, and observations.
journalistic integrity.  gives the readers a closer, more personal look at someone's
 Should be relevant and enhance the reader's understanding life , achievements, and traits.
of the topic.
2. Adventures and Experience
Anecdotes
 recounts memorable experiences, challenges, or
 Personal stories or examples that illustrate the main points of achievements of individuals or groups.
the article.  share an inspiring, entertaining, or eye-opening stories that
 Engages readers emotionally and makes the content reveal personl growth or lessons learned.
relatable.
 Should be concise and directly relevant to the article's theme. 3. Description
 uses vivid language to describe how something or someone
looks, feels, sounds, or acts, often using imagery and
figurative language.
 helping readers visualize and emotionally connect with the
Background Information
subject.
 Provides context that helps the reader understand the topic
4. Narrative
better.
 Can include historical data, definitions, or relevant statistics.  tells a true story from campus life, often involving characters,
 Should be integrated smoothly into the article without conflict, and resolution.
overwhelming the main narrative.  entertain and inform while presenting real events in a
dramatic or reflective way.
Conclusion
5. Backgrounder
 Summarizes the main points and reinforces the article's
theme.  explains the history, origin, or background information of a
 Leaves the reader with a final thought or call to action. subject relevant to the campus.
 Should provide closure while encouraging further reflection on  helping readers understand why something is the way it is by
the topic. exploring its background or past influences.
6. Development Features 2. Be clear about why you are writing the article: Is it to inform,
persuade, observe, evaluate, or evoke emotion?
 follows the transformation or growth of a person, organization,
or project within the campus. 3. Accuracy: Double-check your sources. (Tip: Credit Sources
 inspire or inform readers by showing how something or Well!)
someone improved or evolved.
4. Avoid clichés and sentimental statements: especially at the
7. What To Do and How To Do Articles start/end of your article.
 explains how to do something—such as study tips, event 5. Use anecdotes and direct quotes to tell the story: as much
planning, or stress relief—usually featuring the voice or as possible, do not to use too many of your own words.
method of someone credible from campus.
 help students and staff by offering useful information in a step- 6. If you can, talk to more than one source person to provide a
by-step or tip-based format. more complete picture. If possible, get both sides.

INTERVIEWING FOR FEATURE 7. Decide on the 'tense' of your story at the start and stick to it.
Present tense usually works best.
Interviews come in a variety of styles and structures from a 5-
minute phoner to a long interrogation. Interviewing is a social skill: 8. Avoid lengthy, complex paragraphs: Your article will appear in
You must be friendly but aggressive, polite but probing, columns, so one or two sentences equals a paragraph.
sympathetic but skeptical.
PRESENTING YOUR FEATURE PAGE
TYPES OF INTERVIEWS:
1. Photos should be relevant and compelling.
1. A long formal interview: You sit privately in a room, ask 2. Use infographics, graphs, and charts.
questions, probe and get answers. 3. If possible, have a SIDEBAR to show more in-depth coverage.

2. A quick phoner: Seek fast facts to plug into a story. CHAPTER 5: EDITORIAL/OPINION WRITING

3. A walk around: Where you accompany your interview as she What is an editorial?
does that thing you are interviewing her about.
An editorial is article written by or under the direction of the editor
4. An on-the-fly chat: You door stop a politician or celebrity and of a newspaper or magazine, or a statement broadcast on radio or
fire off questions as quick as you can while they go where they are television. Editorials give opinions on important social, political,
going. economic, or legal issues of the day and intend to persuade
readers to a particular point of view.
5. A backgrounder: You informally pick an expert's brain on a
topic you are researching. ESSENTIALS OF EDITORIAL

THE INTERVIEW PROCESS 1. The very first criterion is that a good editorial is an opinion maker
if it is based on evidence, that is so much better. Editorials analyze
During the interview: evidence rather than produce it.
1. Relax: Be friendly and curious, not afraid. Start with a moment 2. It must present a refreshing perspective on an issue.
of small talk. Mention a subject of mutual interest or mention
something interesting. 3. It tackles recent events and issues, and attempts to formulate
viewpoints based on an objective analysis of happenings and
2. Start with the basics: Name, age, title, and double-check conflicting/contrary opinions.
spellings.
4. An editorial is contemporary.
3. Budget your time: If it's very short, don't waste time with small
talk. 5. An editorial is traditionally written in a literary style. The
language used is an important accessory, but never the main thing.
4. Start with softer questions: Warm up with non-threatening
stuff. 6. A good editorial must also be careful to leave a good after taste.
It must be such that the reader feels enlightened, empowered, or
5. Focus your questions: Broad vague queries won't generate helped in forming his own opinion in issue.
the material that makes a story. Ask precise ones.
7. A good editorial expresses an opinion, it does not force it down
6. Make sure your questions are answered: Pay constant the throat of the reader.
attention, don't drift, and don't let them sidestep important issues.
8. It should be brief and concise.
7. Rephrase questions: To get a more quotable response or when
an answer is unclear or contradictory. EDITORIAL VS. OPINION VS. COLUMN

8. Ask follow up questions: The best ones are “how do you know An editorial is an expression of the position of the newspaper’s
that.... ” , “can you give me an example?”. editors or editorial board or publisher on an issue. It’s generally
written by an editor or member of the editorial board. The tradition
9. Remember to look around: Make notes of color, activities, has been to frame the editorial using first person plural, we.
gestures, and descriptions. Editorials are not generally signed although there have been some
exceptions over the years.
10. Use reassuring body language: Nod, make eye contact, but
keep your own comments to minimum. An opinion article can be written by anyone and can be posted
anywhere. But if you write an opinion article and decide to submit it
WRITING THE FEATURE ARTICLE to an editor hoping it to be published in a newspaper, then it is
(your piece) called an Opinion Editorial or Opposite Editorial (Op-
1. Focus on human interest: The feel and emotion you put into
Ed). An Op-Ed or an opinion article takes on a personal voice (the
the article are important!
author’s voice) and is based on the current issue. The opinion  Just like the head control s direction, the introduction gives
represents only the writer’s and does not correlate with the official direction to the editorial.
voice of the news outlet.  Can be in a form of a question, surprising fact or story.
A column is written by a columnist, editor or other select individual 2. Body
on a topic of their choosing. It is the expression of one person's
opinion or viewpoint and is generally written using first person  More detailed explanation of the topic/issue.
singular or third person singular. Columns are signed by the author.  This section explains the main reasons behind the chosen
stand and supports it with evidences and facts.
PRINCIPLES OF JOURNALISM APPROPRIATE TO EDITORIAL  Divided into 3 parts: right arm, inner body, left arm.
1. Accuracy a. Right arm - acknowledge the counterarguments or opposing
viewpoints.
 Providing well-sourced information based on solid evidence. b. Inner body - explains the main reasons for taking a stand.
 A responsible editorial is always backed up by credible c. Left arm - support your stand by presenting solid evidences.
sources like official reports, expert opinions, or accurate data.
 How can we ensure Accuracy? 3. Legs (Conclusion)
- Double-check your sources.
- Verify statistics  This is where we restate our stand or opinion, and we often
- Quote experts leave the reader with something to think about.
 Divided into 2 main parts:
2. Impartiality - One leg: Recap your main stand or opinion
- Other leg: Offer a logical solution, suggestion, or call to
 Being fair and open-minded coverage while exploring all action.
significant views.
 A good editorial considers all relevant perspectives before In conclusion, writing a good editorial means following the key
taking a stand. principles of journalism that guide us to write responsibly and
 How can we practice Impartiality? truthfully. Using the editorial structure, just like the parts of a
- Look at all sides of an issue human body, helps us organize our thoughts clearly—from the
- Avoid emotional bias introduction to the strong conclusion. When we apply these
principles and structure, our editorial becomes more powerful,
3. Fairness balanced, and effective.
 This means staying honest and ethical in your writing. TECHNIQUES IN CLAIMING OPINIONS AND SUPPORTING
 A good editorial presents arguments in a responsible way— CLAIMS
transparent, truthful, and respectful when discussing issues.
 How to ensure Fairness?  Critical thinking means being able to make good arguments.
- Present facts before opinion  Arguments are claims backed by reasons that are supported
- Avoid inflammatory language by evidence. Argumentation is a social process of two or more
people making arguments, responding to one another-not
4. Privacy simply restating the same claims and reasons--and modifying
or defending their positions accordingly.
 Ensuring we respect and never invade personal privacy
 Claims are statements about what is true or good or about
unless it is in the public interest.
what should be done or believed. Claims are potentially
 Good editorial aims to share important information without
arguable.
being unfair or crossing moral and ethical boundaries.
 How to ensure Fairness? Reasons are statements of support for claims, making those
- Ask: “Is this necessary?” claims something more than mere assertions. Reasons are
- Avoid personal attacks statements in an argument that pass two tests:
- Protect identities if needed
1. Reasons are answers to the hypothetical challenge to your
5. Accountability claim:
 It means being responsible for your actions and being willing  "Why do you say that?"
to admit and correct mistakes.  "What reason can you give me to believe that? If a claim
 In editorials, accountability shows honesty, professionalism, about liberal arts education is so challenged, a response with
and respect for the audience a reason could be: "It teaches students to think independently.
 How to practice Accountability? "
- Be open to criticism
- Update articles when necessary 2. Reasons can be linked to claims with the word because:
EDITORIAL STRUCTURES  Liberal arts is best [claim] because it teaches students
independent thinking (reason);
Like Essays:  That was Newman's best (claim) because it presented the
most difficult role (reason);
 The title identifies the topic.
 Global warming is real (claim) because the most reputable
 The introductory statement includes the writer’s view on the
science points in that direction [reason];
issue.
 Everyone should stop wearing seat belts (claim) because it
 The body provides supporting evidence and examples.
would save lives [reason].
 The conclusion restates the writer’s view and provides a final
appeal for the reader to agree to that view. Evidence serves as support for the reasons offered and helps
compel audiences to accept claims. Evidence comes in different
Human Body as an Illustration of Editorial Structures:
sorts, and it tends to vary from one academic field or subject of
1. Head (The Introduction) argument to another. Evidence answers challenges to the reasons
given, and it comes in four main types:
1. Specific instances include examples, case studies, and topic that involves politics to provoke conversation about your
narratives. Each can be an effective mode of building support for a writing.
reason or claim. In a public speech, they offer audiences a way to  Regardless of the topic you choose, make sure that you can
see an idea illustrated in a particular case. To be effective, specific write about it passionately and focus on why others should
Instances need to be representative of the broader trend or idea agree with your perspective.
they are supporting.  As you decide what to write about, keep in mind that your
topic should be specific. Keeping the scope of your editorial
2. Statistics include raw numbers (117 million visitors to the Rock on a certain aspect of an issue will keep your argument strong
and Roll Hall of Fame,), averages ('women's bowling teams drink and help the reader stay focused. A well-written editorial
on average two pitchers less then men's'), statistical probabilities devotes multiple paragraphs to supporting one specific idea.
('crossing North Main during rush hour increases your chances of
death 20%), and statistical trends ("applications have risen 40% 1. Explain or interpret: Editors often use these editorials to
over the past three years'). In public speeches, statistics have the explain the way the newspaper covered a sensitive or controversial
advantage of seeming objective, authoritative, and factual, but subject.
critical audiences will want to know about the sources and methods
for determining your statistical evidence. 2. Criticize: These editorials constructively criticize actions,
decisions or situations while providing solutions to the problem
Testimony, or appeals to authority, come in two main types, identified.
eyewitness and expert.
3. Persuade: Editorials of persuasion aim to immediately see the
 Eyewitness or first-hand testimonies are reports from solution, not the problem.
people who directly experience some phenomenon. First-
hand testimony can help give the audience a sense of being 4. Praise: These editorials commend people and organizations for
there. something done well.
 Experts may also rely on direct experience, but their
testimony is also backed by more formal knowledge,
methods, and training. When using testimony in arguments, WRITING THE ACTUAL EDITORIAL ARTICLE
you should always make sure the authority you are appealing
to is in fact qualified to speak on the topic being discussed.  Follow the pattern and style of editorial writing.
 The opinion of the writer is given near the beginning, followed
TYPES OF EDITORIALS by supporting evidence and reasoning (direct approach) .
 The first person plural voice (we, our) is most common in
1. Editorial of Information - It seeks to give information on facts
editorial writing and is appropriate in establishing the
of news stories or add other. facts with minimum explanation. It
credibility of the writer.
may define terms, identify persons or factors or provide a
 Editorials should be short, precise, and well organized.
background.
 Develop a strong introductory statement to capture the
2. Editorial of Interpretation - It explains the significance or reader’s attention and to state your opinion. Use a logical
meaning of a news event, current Idea, condition, or situation, sequence for presenting your arguments, and an effective
theory, or hypothesis. conclusion to maximize the impact on the reader.

3. Editorial of Criticism - It points out the good or the bad Introduction

features of a problem or situation mentioned in the news. Its
1. Hook - Grab the reader’s attention
purpose is to influence the reader. It suggests a solution at the
2. Clearly state opinion on the issue
end.
3. Mention 2-3 reasons that support opinion
4. Editorial of Commendation, Appreciation, or Tribute - It
Body Paragraph 1
praises, commends, or pays tribute to a person or organization that
has performed some worthwhile projects or deeds, or 1. State a reason
accomplishments. 2. Include 3 facts that support reason
3. Include a tell more for each fact
5. Editorial of Argumentation - This is oftentimes called editorial
of persuasion. The editor argues in order to convince or persuade Body Paragraph 2
the reader to accept his stand on the issue.
1. State a reason
6. Editorial of entertainment - It evokes a smile, a chuckle, 2. Include 3 facts that support reason
laughter, while suggesting truth. Its main aim is to entertain. It is 3. Include a tell more for each fact
usually short.
Conclusion
7. Mood editorial - It presents a philosophy rather than an
argument or an explanation. Oftentimes, the subject matter is 1. Restate opinion or issue
nature or emotion. 2. Restate reasons that support opinion
3. Leave the reader thinking (Persuade them to take action)
8. Special occasion - It explains the significance of a special day
or occasion.
TOPIC CHOICE/NEWS PEG
 Pick a significant topic that has a current news angle and
would interest readers.
 Since editorials are based on opinion, your topic should be
arguable and have multiple points of view. Your essay will
reflect your personal bias or the bias of the group you are
representing, so you should expect some of your readers to
disagree with your stance. You might select a controversial