BIO-STATISTICS

RESOURCE PERSON: DR. M.RASHAD

PROBABILITY
Trial and tail on the first coin and H2 & T2 denote the
A single performance/activity to get some head and tail on the second coin respectively. The
information about any field of interest for any sample space S can be written in the form of a
purpose is called trial.
table as below.
Outcome
The result obtained from an experiment or a trial First Coin Second Coin
is called an outcome. H2 T2
Experiment H1 (H1, H2) (H1, T2)
A process which results in different possible
outcomes is called an experiment. T1 (T1, H2) (T1, T2)
Types of Experiment This sample space can also be written as
There are two types of an experiment S = {(H1, H2), (H1, T2), (T1, H2), (T1, T2)}
 Scientific experiment  A Die is Thrown
 Random experiment An ordinary die, which is used in games of
Scientific experiment chance, has six faces. These six faces contain 1,
If a process is repeated under the same conditions 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6 dots on them. Thus for a single
and produce identical outcomes (results) then it is throw of a die, the sample space has 6 possible
called as a scientific experiment.
outcomes which are:
Random experiment S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
If a process is repeated under the same conditions
 Two Dice Thrown
and produce different outcomes (results) then it is
A die has six faces. Each face of the first die
called as a random experiment.
can occur with all the six faces of the second die.
Characteristics of a random experiment
Thus there are 62 = 36 possible pairs (or) points
A random experiment has following three basic
characteristics: when two dice are tossed together. These 36 pairs
1. This type of an experiment can be repeated are written below in table.
theoretically or practically any number of First Second Die
times as desired. Die  1 2 3 4 5 6
2. Each trial of an experiment must have at least 1 (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)
two possible outcomes. 2 (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)
3. There must be some degree of uncertainty in 3 (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)
the prediction of each outcome. 4 (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)
Sample space 5 (5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
The set of all possible outcomes of a random 6 (6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)
experiment is called sample space (or) probability
space and is denoted by S. Each outcome is called Basic Information about Playing Cards
an element of sample space. Total number of cards = 52
 A Coin is tossed They are arranged in four suits. Each suit contains
When a coin is tossed, it has two possible 13 cards. The four suits are diamond, heart, club
outcomes. One is head and the other is called tail.
and spade.
To be brief, head is denoted by H and tail is
denoted by T. Diamond and Heart are red cards while club and
spade are black.
Thus the sample space consists of head and tail. The face values of 13 cards in each suit is Ace, 2,
We can write S as
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack, Queen and King.
S = {Head, Tail} or S = {H, T} Jack, Queen and King are called picture cards.
 Two Coins tossed Mathematically,
When two coins are tossed, there are 22 = 4 Total Cards = 52
possible outcomes. Let H1 & T1 denote the head
 Diamond Cards = 13 An event that contains all the sample points of the
Heart Cards = 13 sample space is called a sure event. Sure event is
Spade Cards = 13 the sample space itself. When a die is thrown, a
number less than 7 is a sure event.
Club Cards = 13
(OR) An event that is certain to occur is called
Red cards = Diamonds + Hearts = 13 + 13 = 26 sure event. For example, sample space is a sure
Black cards = Spades + Clubs = 13 + 13 = 26 event.
Total number of Aces = 4 Mutually exclusive events (MEE)
Total number of kings = 4 Two events A and B are mutually exclusive or
Total number of queens = 4 disjoint if they cannot occur at the same time. e.g.
Total number of jacks = 4 If a coin is tossed then head and tail cannot occur
Cards in a Poker hand = 5 at the same time, a student either qualifies or fails,
Cards in a hand of bridge = 13 king or queen, a single birth may either be a boy
or a girl, life and death, day and night.
Picture Cards = 12 (Three from each suit)
Symbolically A  B = 
Face Cards = 16
Not mutually exclusive events
Sample point
Two events A and B are not mutually exclusive if
The outcomes of an experiment are the elements
they can occur at the same time. e.g. If we draw
of the sample space and are called the sample
a card from a well shuffled pack of playing cards,
points in that space.
it can be both king and club card.
Event Symbolically A  B ≠ 
The possible outcome of an experiment is called
an event. Thus an event is a subset of the sample Collectively exhaustive event
space “S”. An event contains one or more than Two or more events are collectively exhaustive
one outcomes. Events are denoted by capital events, if their union is equal to sample space “S”.
letters A, B, C etc. Two events head and tail are exhaustive events
for tossing a fair coin.
Types of an Event
Following are the types of an event: Equally likely event
Two events A and B are equally likely events if
 Simple event
they have equal chances of occurrence.
 Compound event Symbolically n(A) = n(B). In tossing a fair coin
 Null event (Impossible event) head is as likely to occur as a tail.
 Sure event Subjective definition of probability
 Mutually exclusive event Subjective probability is defined as a measure of
 Exhaustive event the degree of confidence or belief that a particular
 Equally likely event individual has in the occurrence of an event.
 Dependent events Mathematical or classical definition of
 Independent events probability
If an experiment produces “n” distinct, mutually
Simple event
exclusive, equally likely and exhaustive
If an event contains a single outcome, it is called
outcomes and if “m” of these outcomes are
a simple event. When a die is thrown, A = {4}
favourable for the occurrence of an event A then
then “A” is called simple event.
the probability of A is defined as
Compound event Number of Favourable Outcomes
If an event contains two or more outcomes, it is P(A) =
Total Number of Possible Outcomes
called a compound event. When a die is rolled, B
= {2, 4, 6} then “B” is called compound event. n(A)
Null event (Impossible event)
P(A) =
n(S)
If an event contains no element i.e. an event
which can never occur when an experiment is Probability
performed is called impossible event. It is We live in a world of uncertainties. Man is
denoted by . For example, in tossing a six faced surrounded by situations, which are not fully
die the occurrence of a face 7 is impossible event. under his control. The nature commands these
Sure event situations.
  A person on a road does not know whether (iv) An odd number comes up, when a true die is
or not he will reach his destination safely. rolled.
 A flight will be late or will be in time. 2. Two coins are tossed. What is the probability
 What will be the weather conditions of getting?
tomorrow? (i) One head (ii) Two heads
If we have some numerical values (measure) of (iii) At least one head (iv) At most two
uncertainty, this measure is called “probability”. heads
3. Two coins are tossed once. Find the
“The measure of uncertainty is called following probabilities:
probability.” (i) One tail (ii) At least one tail
(iii) At most 2 heads (iv) At least 2 heads
 P() = 0 (v) No head
 P(A)  0 4. If three coins are tossed. Construct the
sample space and find the probability of:
 0  P(A)  1
(i) Two heads (ii) At least two heads
 P(S) = 1 (iii) 3 heads (iv) At most one head
(v) At least 3 heads (vi) One tail
 P A = 1 P A (vii) At least one tail
5. In a single throw of a fair die, what is the
Independent events
probability of getting?
Two events are said to be independent if the
(i) An even number (ii) An odd number
occurrence of one event does not effect on the
(iii) A Prime number
occurrence of the other. e.g. If we toss two coins,
(iv) A number divisible by 3. (v) Six
the occurrence of head on one coin does not effect
6. A pair of fair die is rolled. Find the
on the occurrence of a head or tail on the other
probability that (i) Sum is 7 (ii) Sum is at
coin. If A and B are independent events then
least seven (iii) Two same numbers appear
P(A  B) = P(A).P(B) 7. Two fair dice are rolled. Find the probability
Dependent events that:
Two events are said to be dependent if the (i) Sum of two dice will be even
occurrence of one event effects or depends on the (ii) The two dice had the same outcomes.
occurrence of the other. e.g. If we draw a card (iii) The sum is odd
from pack of 52 playing cards and don’t replace (iv) The sum is at least 9
it before drawing the second card, then the result (v) Sum is exactly seven
of the second draw is dependent on the first draw. (vii) A double six
If A and B are dependent events then (viii) Sum is greater than 9.
(ix) Sum is at most 5.
 P(A  B) ≠ P(A).P(B) (x) Their product is even
Addition Law of Probability 8. Two dice are rolled. Find the probability of
getting sum is less than 7 is equal to sum is
 If A and B are any two events then greater than 7.
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B) 9. From a well shuffled pack of 52 playing
cards, a card is drawn at random. What is the
 If A and B are two mutually exclusive events probability that it is
then (i) Red card (ii) King of Diamond
(iii) Card is Queen (iv) Card is Heart
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) (v) Jack (vi) An ace card
(vii) A red king (viii) A red card
 (ix) Card of club (x) The card is king
PRACTICE EXERCISE (xi) Spade Card (xii) A card of number
 10
1. Find the probability of each of the following 10. A digit is selected at random from first 15
outcomes: natural numbers. Find the probability that the
(i) A tail appear, when a fair coin is tossed. selected digit is (i) An odd number (ii) An
(ii) Two head appears when two coins are tossed. even number (iii) Less than 5 (iv) Complete
(iii) An ace comes up, when a fair die is rolled. Square (v) Divisible by 5.
11. The integers 1, 2, 3, . . . , 20 are written on c) Probability
slips of paper which are placed in a bowl and d) Sample
thoroughly mixed. A slip is drawn. What is 2. When two coins are tossed then the possible
the probability that the number on the slip is outcomes are:
either square or divisible by the 3 a) 1
12. An integer is chosen at random from the first b) 2
positive 100 integers. Find the probability c) 4
that the chosen integer is divisible by 8 or 12. d) 36
13. A ball is drawn at random from a bag 3. The probability of an event is always lies
containing 5 red, 6 white, 4 blue and 3 orange between:
balls. Determine the probability that selected a) –1 and 0
ball is either red or blue. b) 0 and 1
14. A class contains 10 men and 20 women out c) –1 and +1
of which half men and half women have d) – ∞ and + ∞
brown eyes. Find the probability that the 4. The probability of an event cannot be:
person chosen is a woman or has brown eyes. a) 1
15. A drawer contains 50 bolts and 150 nuts. Half b) Less than one
of the bolts and half of the nuts are rusted. If c) 0
one item is chosen at random, what is the d) Negative
probability that it is rusted or is a bolt? 5. When a die and a coin are rolled together then
16. In a group of 20 adults, 4 out of the 7 women the possible outcomes are:
and 2 out of the 13 men wear glasses. What a) 6
is the probability that a person chosen at b) 2
random from the group is a woman or c) 12
someone who wears ever glasses. d) 36
17. A card is drawn from a well shuffled pack of 6. The probability of drawing red card out of 52
52 playing cards. What is the probability that cards is:
card is either king or diamond. 1
18. A pair of dice is rolled. Find the probability a)
2
that sum of dots on the uppermost faces are
13
either 6 or 9. b)
19. What is the probability of throwing either 7 52
or 11 with two dice? 4
20. A fair die is rolled. Find the probability that c)
52
the outcome is either an odd number or a d) Zero
prime number. 7. The probability of tail when a fair coin is
21. A card is drawn from a well-shuffled pack of tossed is:
52 playing cards. Find the probability that it a) 1
is either a diamond or a pictured card.
1
22. The probability that a boy will pass the b)
examination is 0.70 and that for girl is 0.60. 2
What is the probability that at least one of c) 22
them will pass the examination? d) zero
23. A card is drawn from a well shuffled pack of 8. If three coins are tossed then the possible
52 playing cards. Find the probability that the outcomes are
card is either king or queen. a) 8
24. A ball is drawn at random from a bag b) 3
containing 5 red, 6 white, 4 blue and 3 orange c) 4
balls. Find the probability that the ball is d) 1
either red or blue. 9. If three coins are tossed then the probability
25. Two balance dice are rolled. Find the of two heads is
probability of getting a total of either 7 or 9. 1
a)
MCQs 8
1. The term “sample space” is used for: 2
b)
a) All possible outcomes 8
b) All possible coins
 3 15. If two coins are tossed, probability of getting
c) one head and one tail is:
8
1
4 a)
d) 4
8
10. If two coins are tossed then probability of
2
b)
getting head on the first coin is 4
a) 1 3
c)
3 4
b)
4 2
2 d)
c) 3
4 16. If an event Ac is the complement of the event
1 A then:
d) a) A  Ac = S
4
11. If two dice are rolled then probability of b) A  Ac = S
getting a total is less than 4 or total is more c) A  Ac = 
than 10 is given by: d) P(A) = P(Ac)
1 17. If A is an empty set  and S is the sample
a) space then:
6 a) P(A  S) = P()
10 b) P(A  S) = P(S)
b)
36 c) P(A  S) = 1
4 d) P(A  S) = P(A)
c) 18. The probability of an event cannot be:
36
a) = 0
14
d) b) > 0
36 c) = 1
12. The probability of an impossible event is: d) < 0
a) 1 19. The probability of sure event is:
b) 50% a) 1
c) 0 b) 100
1 c) 0
d)
100 1
d)
13. If two coins are tossed then probability of 2
getting both the same faces is: 20. If A is an empty set and B is non-empty set
1 then:
a)
4 a) A  B = S
2 b) A  B = B
b) c) A  B = B
4
d) P(A) = P(B)
3 21. Two events A and B are called mutually
c)
4 exclusive if:
d) 1 a) A  B = 
14. The probability of vowel letter from the word b) A  B = A
STATISTICS: c) A  B = 
1 d) A  B = S
a)
10 22. Two events A and B are called not mutually
2 exclusive if:
b) a) A  B = 
10
b) A  B = A
3 c) A  B ≠ 
c)
10 d) A  B = A  B
d) Zero
23. If A and B are two mutually exclusive events b) P(A) = P(B)
then: c) P(B / A) = P(B)
a) P(A  B) = 0 d) Both a & c
b) P(A  B) = 0 3
30. If P(A  B) = then P(Ac  Bc) is:
c) P(A  B) = 1 5
d) P(A  B) = S 1
24. If A and B are not mutually exclusive events a)
then: 5
a) P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B) 2
b)
b) P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) 5
c) P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) 3
d) P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) c)
5
25. If A and B are two non-empty and mutually d) 1
exclusive events then: 31. A fair die is rolled. Probability of getting
a) P(A  B) = P(A) P(B) even face given that face is less than 5 is
b) P(A  B) = P(A) P(B) given by
c) P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) 1
d) P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) a)
2
26. If A and B are two independent events then:
b) 5
a) P(A  B) = P(A)P(B)
c) 1
b) P(A  B) = P(A)P(B) d) 6
c) P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) 32. The probability of getting a “king or queen”
d) P(A) = P(B) card from 52 cards is
27. If P(A) = 0.7, P(B) = 0.5, A and B are 2
independent then P(A  B) = a)
a) 0.35 52
b) 1.2 8
b)
c) 0.85 52
d) None of these 16
28. If A and B are two not independent events c)
then the probability that both A and B will
52
occur together is d) Zero
33. The collection of all possible outcomes of a
a) P(A  B) = P(A)P(B / A)
random experiment is called
b) P(A  B) = P(A)P(B)
a) Sample point
c) P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) b) Impossible event
d) P(A  B) = P(A) c) Null event
29. If A and B are two independent events then: d) Sample space
a) P(A / B) = P(A)
 SOLUTION
Q1 Find the probability of each of the following outcomes:
(i) A tail appears, when a fair coin is tossed.
(ii) Two head appears when two coins are tossed.
(iii) An ace comes up, when a fair die is rolled.
(iv) An odd number comes up, when a true die is rolled.
SOLUTION
(i) A tail appears, when a fair coin is tossed.
S = {H, T}  n(S) = 2
Let A denotes the event that a tail appears.
A={T}  n(A) = 1
n A 1
P A =  P A =
n  S 2
(ii) Two head appears when two coins are tossed.
S = {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)}  n(S) = 4
Let A denotes the event that two heads appear.
A = {(H, H)}  n(A) = 1
n A 1
P A =  P A =
n  S 4
(iii) An ace comes up, when a fair die is rolled.
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}  n(S) = 6
Let A denotes the event that an ace appears.
A={1}  n(A) = 1
n A 1
P A =  P A =
n  S 6

(iv) An odd number comes up, when a true die is rolled.

S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}  n(S) = 6
Let A denotes the event that an odd number appears.
A = { 1, 3, 5 }  n(A) = 3
n A 3
P A =  P A =
n  S 6

Q2 Two coins are tossed. What is the probability of getting?
(i) One head (ii) Two heads (iii) At least one head (iv) At most two heads
SOLUTION
Possible sample space “S” is
S = {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)}  n(S) = 4
(i) Let A denotes the event that one head appears.
 A = {(H, T), (T, H)}  n(A) = 2
n A 2
P A =  P A =
n  S 4

(ii) Let B denotes the event that two heads appear.

B = {(H, H)}  n(B) = 1
n  B 1
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 4

(iii) Let C denotes the event that at least one head appears.
C = { (H, H) , (H, T), (T, H) }  n(C) = 3
n  C 3
P  C =  P C =
n  S 4

(iv) Let D denotes the event that at most two heads appear
D = {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)}  n(D) = 4
n  D
P  D =  P  D = 1
n  S

Q3 Two coins are tossed once. Find the following probabilities:
(i) One tail (ii) At least one tail (iii) At most 2 heads
(iv) At least 2 heads (v) No head
SOLUTION
Possible sample space “S” is
S = {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)}  n(S) = 4
(i) Let A denotes the event that one tail appears.
A = {(H, T), (T, H)}  n(A) = 2
n A 2
P A =  P A =
n  S 4

(ii) Let B denotes the event that at least one tail appears.
B = {(H, T), (T, H), (T, T)}  n(B) = 3
n  B 3
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 4

(iii) Let C denotes the event that at most two heads appear
C = {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)}  n(C) = 4
n  C
P  C =  P C = 1
n  S
(iv) Let D denotes the event that at least two heads appear.
D = {(H, H)}  n(D) = 1
 n  D 1
P  D =  P D =
n  S 4

(vi) Let E denotes the event that no head appears.

E = {(T, T)}  n(E) = 1
n E 1
P E =  P E =
n  S 4


Q4 If three coins are tossed. Construct the sample space and find the probability of:
(i) Two heads (ii) At least two heads (iii) 3 heads (iv) At most one head
(v) At least 3 heads (vi) One tail (vii) At least one tail
SOLUTION
Possible sample space “S” is
S = {(H, H,H), (H,H, T), (H,T, H), (H,T, T), (T, H,H), (T,H, T), (T,T, H), (T,T, T)}
n(S) = 8
(i) Let A denotes the event that two heads appear.
A = {(H,H, T), (H,T, H) , (T, H,H)}  n(A) = 3
n A 3
P A =  P A =
n  S 8

(ii) Let B denotes the event that at least two heads appear.
B = {(H, H,H), (H,H, T), (H,T, H) , (T, H,H) }  n(B) = 4
n  B 4
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 8

(iii) Let C denotes the event that three heads appear

C = {(H, H, H)}  n(C) = 1
n  C 1
P  C =  P C =
n  S 8

(iv) Let D denotes the event that at most one head appears.
D = {(H, T, T), (T,H, T), (T, T, H), (T, T, T)}  n(D) = 4
n  D 4
P  D =  P D =
n  S 8

(v) Let E denotes the event that at least 3 heads appear.

E = {(H, H, H)}  n(E) = 1
n E 1
P E =  P E =
n  S 8

(vi) Let F denotes the event that one tail appears.

 F = {(H, H, T), (H, T, H), (T, H, H)}  n(F) = 3
n  F 3
P  F =  P  F =
n  S 8

(vii) Let G denotes the event that at least one tail appears.
G = {(H,H, T), (H,T, H), (H,T, T), (T, H,H), (T,H, T), (T,T, H), (T,T, T)}
n(G) = 7
n G  7
P G  =  P G  =
n  S 8


Q5 In a single throw of a fair die, what is the probability of getting?
(i) An even number (ii) An odd number (iii) A Prime number
(iv) A number divisible by 3. (v) Six
SOLUTION
Possible sample space “S” is

S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}  n(S) = 6

(i) Let A denotes the event that an even number appears

A = {2, 4, 6}  n(A) = 3
n A 3
P A =  P A =
n  S 6

(ii) Let B denotes the event that an odd number appears

B = {1, 3, 5}  n(B) = 3
n  B 3
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 6
(iii) Let C denotes the event that a Prime number appears
C = {2, 3, 5}  n(C) = 3
n  C 3
P  C =  P C =
n  S 6

(iv) Let D denotes the event that a number divisible by 3 appears.

D = {3, 6}  n(D) = 2
n  D 2
P  D =  P D =
n  S 6
(v) Let E denotes the event that Six appears
E = {6}  n(E) = 1
n E 1
P E =  P E =
n  S 6

Q6 A pair of fair die is rolled. Find the probability that (i) Sum is 7 (ii) Sum is at least seven (iii)
Two same numbers appear
SOLUTION
Possible sample space “S” is
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
Possible sample points in the sample space “S” are n(S) = 36
(i) Let A denotes the event that the sum is 7 appears
A = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)}  n(A) = 6

n A 6
P A =  P A =
n  S 36

(ii) Let B denotes the event that the Sum is at least seven appears
B = {(1,6), (2,5), (2,6), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4),

(5,5), (5,6), (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}  n(B) = 21

n  B 21
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 36
(iii) Let C denotes the event that two same numbers appear appears
C = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}  n(C) = 6
n  C 6
P  C =  P C =
n  S 36

Q7 Two fair dice are rolled. Find the probability that:
(i) Sum of two dice will be even (ii) The two dice had the same outcomes.
(iii) The sum is odd (iv) The sum is at least 9
(v) Sum is exactly seven (vi) A double six
(vii) Sum is greater than 9. (viii) Sum is at most 5.
(xi) Their product is even
SOLUTION
Possible sample space “S” is
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
Possible sample points in the sample space “S” are n(S) = 36
(i) Let A denotes the event that the Sum of two dice will be even
 A = {(1,1), (1,3), (1,5), (2,2), (2,4), (2,6), (3,1), (3,3), (3,5), (4,2), (4,4), (4,6), (5,1),

(5,3), (5,5), (6,2), (6,4), (6,6)}  n(A) = 18

n A 18
P A =  P A =
n  S 36
(ii) Let B denotes the event that the same outcomes.
B = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}  n(B) = 6

n  B 6
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 36
(iii) Let C denotes the event that the sum is odd
C = {(1,2), (1,4), (1,6), (2,1), (2,3), (2,5), (3,2), (3,4), (3,6), (4,1), (4,3), (4,5), (5,2),

(5,4), (5,6), (6,1), (6,3), (6,5)}  n(C) = 18

n  C 18
P  C =  P C =
n  S 36
(iv) Let D denotes the event that the sum is at least 9
D = {(3,6), (4,5), (4,6), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}  n(D) = 10

n  D 10
P  D =  P D =
n  S 36
(v) Let E denotes the event that the sum is exactly seven
E = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)}  n(E) = 6

n E 6
P E =  P E =
n  S 36
(vi) Let F denotes the event that a double six
F = {(6, 6)}  n(F) = 1

n  F 1
P  F =  P  F =
n  S 36
(vii) Let G denotes the event that the sum is greater than 9.
G = {(4,6), (5,5), (5,6), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}  n(G) = 6

n G  6
P G  =  P G  =
n  S 36
(viii) Let H denotes the event that the sum is at most 5.
H = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (3,1), (3,2), (4,1)}  n(H) = 10

n H 10
P H =  P H =
n  S 36
(ix) Let J denotes the event that their product is even
 J = { (1,2), (1,4), (1,6), (2,1) , (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,2), (3,4), (3,6), (4,1), (4,2),

(4,3),(4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,2), (5,4), (5,6), (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}

n(J) = 27

n J 27
P J =  P J =
n  S 36


Q8 Two dice are rolled. Find the probability of getting sum is less than 7 is equal to sum is greater than
7.
SOLUTION
Possible sample space “S” is
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
Possible sample points in the sample space “S” are n(S) = 36
(i) Let A denotes the event that the sum is less than 7.
A = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (4,1), (4,2), (4,6),
(5,1)}

n(A) = 15

n A 15
P A =  P A =
n  S 36
(ii) Let B denotes the event that the sum is greater than 7.
B = {(2,6), (3,5), (3,6), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5),

(6,6)}

n(B) = 15

n  B 15
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 36
Hence P(A) = P(B)


Q9 From a well-shuffled pack of 52 playing cards, a card is drawn at random. What is the probability
that it is:
(i) Red card (ii) King of Diamond (iii) Card is Queen (iv) Card is Heart
(v) Jack (vi) An ace card (vii) A red king (viii) A red card
(ix) Card of club (x) The card is king (xi) Spade Card (xii) A card of number 10
SOLUTION
 Total No. of cards n( S) = 52
(i) Let A denotes the event that the selected card is a red card  n(A) = 26
n A 26
P A =  P A =
n  S 52
(ii) Let B denotes the event that the selected card is a king of diamond.  n(B) = 1
n  B 1
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 52
(iii) Let C denotes the event that the selected card is a queen card.  n(C) = 4
n  C 4
P  C =  P C =
n  S 52
(iv) Let D denotes the event that the selected card is a card of heart.  n(D) = 13
n  D 13
P  D =  P D =
n  S 52
(v) Let E denotes the event that the selected card is a jack card.  n(E) = 4
n E 4
P E =  P E =
n  S 52
(vi) Let F denotes the event that the selected card is an ace card.  n(F) = 4
n  F 4
P  F =  P  F =
n  S 52
(vii) Let G denotes the event that the selected card is a red king.  n(G) = 2
n G  2
P G  =  P G  =
n  S 52
(viii) Let H denotes the event that the selected card is a red card.  n(H) = 26
n H 26
P H =  P H =
n  S 52
(ix) Let J denotes the event that the selected card is a card of club.  n(J) = 13
n J 13
P J =  P J =
n  S 52
(x) Let K denotes the event that the selected card is a card of king.  n(K) = 4
n K 4
P K =  P K =
n  S 52
(xi) Let L denotes the event that the selected card is a spade card.  n(L) = 13
n  L 13
P  L =  P L =
n  S 52
(xii) Let M denotes the event that the selected card is a card of number 10.  n(M) = 4
n M 4
P M =  P J =
n  S 52


Q 10 A digit is selected at random from first 15 natural numbers. Find the probability that the selected digit
is (i) An odd number (ii) An even number (iii) Less than 5 (iv) Complete Square (v) Divisible by
5.
SOLUTION
S = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 15}  n( S) = 15
(i) Let A denotes the event that an odd number appears
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15}  n(A) = 8

n A 8
P A =  P A =
n  S 15

(ii) Let B denotes the event that an even number appears

B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}  n(B) = 7

n  B 7
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 15
(iii) Let C denotes the event that the number is less than 5 appears
C = {1, 2, 3, 4}  n(C) = 4

n  C 4
P  C =  P C =
n  S 15
(iv) Let D denotes the event that the number is a complete Square appears
D = {1, 4, 9}  n(D) = 3

n  D 3
P  D =  P D =
n  S 15
(v) Let E denotes the event that the number is divisible by 5 appears.
E = {5, 10, 15}  n(E) = 3

n E 3
P E =  P E =
n  S 15


Q 11 The integers 1, 2, 3, . . . , 20 are written on slips of paper which are placed in a bowl and thoroughly
mixed. A slip is drawn. What is the probability that the number on the slip is either square or
divisible by the 3.
SOLUTION
S = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 20}  n( S) = 20
Let A denotes the event that the number is squared.
A = {1, 4, 9, 16}  n(A) = 4

n A 4
P A =  P A =
n  S 20
Let B denotes the event that the number is divisible by 3.
B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}  n(B) = 6
 n  B 6
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 20
Let (A B) denotes the event that number is squared and divisible by 3.
A B = { 9 }  n(A B) = 1
n  A  B
P  A  B =
n  S
1
P  A  B =
20
P(A or B) = P(A  B)

P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)

4 6 1
P  A  B = + 
20 20 20
9
P  A  B =  P  A  B = 0.45
20


Q 12 An integer is chosen at random from the first positive 100 integers. Find the probability that the
chosen integer is divisible by 8 or 12.
SOLUTION
S = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 100}  n( S) = 100
Let A denotes the event that the number is divisible by 8.
A = {8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96}  n(A) = 12

n A 12
P A =  P A =
n  S 100

Let B denotes the event that the number is divisible by 12.

B = {12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96}  n(B) = 8
n  B 8
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 100

Let (A B) denotes the event that number is divisible by 8 and 12.
A B = {24, 48, 72, 96}  n(A B) = 4
n  A  B
P  A  B =
n  S

4
P  A  B =
100
P(A or B) = P(A  B)
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)
 12 8 4
P  A  B = + 
100 100 100
16
P  A  B =  P  A  B = 0.16
100


Q 13 A ball is drawn at random from a bag containing 5 red, 6 white, 4 blue and 3 orange balls. Determine
the probability that selected ball is either red or blue.
SOLUTION
Possible sample points are n(S) = 18
Let A denotes the event that the selected ball is a red ball.  n(A) = 5
n A 5
P A =  P A =
n  S 18
Let B denotes the event that the selected ball is a blue ball.  n(B) = 4
n  B 4
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 18
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)

5 4
P  A  B = +
18 18
9
P  A  B =
18

Q 14 A class contains 10 men and 20 women out of which half men and half women have brown eyes.
Find the probability that the person chosen is a woman or has brown eyes.
SOLUTION
Men Women Total
With
Brown 5 10 15
Eyes
Without
Brown 5 10 15
Eyes
Total 10 20 30
n(S) = 30
Let A denotes the event that the selected person is a woman.  n(A) = 20
n A 20
P A =  P A =
n  S 30
Let B denotes the event that the selected person with brown eyes.  n(B) = 15
n  B 15
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 30
Let (A B) denotes the event that the selected women with brown eyes.  n(A B) = 10
n  A  B 10
P  A  B =  P  A  B =
n  S 30
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)

20 15 10
P  A  B = + 
30 30 30
25
P  A  B =
30


Q 15 A drawer contains 50 bolts and 150 nuts. Half of the bolts and half of the nuts are rusted. If one
item is chosen at random, what is the probability that it is rusted or is a bolt?
SOLUTION

Bolts Nuts Total

Rusted 25 75 100

Un-Rusted 25 75 100

Total 50 150 200

n(S) = 200
Let A denotes the event that the selected item is a rusted.  n(A) = 100
n A 100
P A =  P A =
n  S 200
Let B denotes the event that the selected item is a bolt.  n(B) = 50
n  B 50
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 200
Let (A B) denotes the event that the selected item is a rusted bolt.
n(A B) = 25

n  A  B 25
P  A  B =  P  A  B =
n  S 200

P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)

100 50 25
P  A  B = + 
200 200 200
125
P  A  B =
200


Q 16 In a group of 20 adults, 4 out of the 7 women and 2 out of the 13 men wear glasses. What is the
probability that a person chosen at random from the group is a woman or someone who wears ever
glasses.
SOLUTION

Women Men Total

Wear
4 2 6
Glasses

Not Wear
3 11 14
Glasses

Total 7 13 20

n(S) = 20
Let A denotes the event that the selected person is a woman.  n(A) = 7
n A 7
P A =  P A =
n  S 20
Let B denotes the event that the selected person wear glasses.  n(B) = 6
n  B 6
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 20
Let (A B) denotes the event that the selected women wear glasses.  n(A B) = 4
n  A  B 4
P  A  B =  P  A  B =
n  S 20

P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)

7 6 4
P  A  B = + 
20 20 20
9
P  A  B =
20


Q 17 A card is drawn from a well-shuffled pack of 52 playing cards. What is the probability that card is
either king or diamond.
SOLUTION
Total No. of cards: n(S) = 52
Let A denotes the event that the selected card is a king.  n(A) = 4
n A 4
P A =  P A =
n  S 52
Let B denotes the event that the selected card if a diamond.  n(B) = 13
n  B 13
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 52
Let (A B) denotes the event that the selected card is king of diamond.  n(A B) = 1
n  A  B
P  A  B =
n  S
 1
P  A  B =
52

P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)

4 13 1
P  A  B = + 
52 52 52
16
P  A  B =
52

Q 18 A pair of dice is rolled. Find the probability that sum of dots on the uppermost faces are either 6 or
9.
SOLUTION
Possible Sample Space “S” is
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
Possible sample points in the sample space “S” are n(S) = 36
Let A denotes the event that the sum is 6 appears
A = {(1,5), (2,4), (3,3), (4,2), (5,1)}  n(A) = 5

n A 5
P A =  P A =
n  S 36

Let B denotes the event that the Sum is 9 appears

B = {(3,6), (4,5), (5,4), (6,3) }  n(B) = 4

n  B 4
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 36
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)

5 4 9
P  A  B = +  P  A  B =
36 36 36

Q 19 What is the probability of throwing either 7 or 11 with two dice?
SOLUTION
Possible Sample Space “S” is
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
 6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
Possible sample points in the sample space “S” are n(S) = 36
Let A denotes the event that the sum is 7 appears
A = {(1,6), (2,5), (3,4), (4,3), (5,2) , (6,1) }  n(A) = 6

n A 6
P A =  P A =
n  S 36

Let B denotes the event that the Sum is 11 appears

B = {(5,6), (6,5)}  n(B) = 2

n  B 2
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 36
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)
6 2
P  A  B = +
36 36
8
P  A  B =
36


Q 20 A fair die is rolled. Find the probability that the outcome is either an odd number or a prime number
SOLUTION
Possible Sample Space “S” is
S = {1,2,3,4, 5,6 }  n(S) = 6
Let A denotes the event that an odd number appears
A = {1, 3, 5 }  n(A) = 3

n A 3
P A =  P A =
n  S 6

Let B denotes the event that a prime number appears

B = {2, 3, 5 }  n(B) = 3

n  B 3
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 6
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)
3 3
P  A  B = +
6 6
P  A  B = 1

Q 21 A card is drawn from a well-shuffled pack of 52 playing cards. Find the probability that it is either
a diamond or a pictured card.
SOLUTION
Total No. of cards: n(S) = 52
Let A denotes the event that the selected card is a diamond card.  n(A) = 13
 n A 13
P A =  P A =
n  S 52
Let B denotes the event that the selected card is a pictured card.  n(B) = 12
n  B 12
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 52
Let (A  B) denotes the event that the selected card is a pictured card of diamond.

P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)

13 12 3 12
P  A  B = +   P  A  B =
52 52 52 52

Q 22 The probability that a boy will pass the examination is 0.70 and that for girl is 0.60. What is the
probability that at least one of them will pass the examination?
SOLUTION
Let B denotes the event that the boy will pass the examination.
P  B  = 0.7

Let G denotes the event that the girl will pass the examination.
P  G  = 0.6

P(B  G) = P(B) + P(G) – P(B  G)

P(B  G) = P(B) + P(G) – P(B) P(G)
P  B  G  = 0.88
P  B  G  = 0.7 + 0.6   0.7  0.6  


Q 23 A card is drawn from a well-shuffled pack of 52 playing cards. Find the probability that the card is
either king or queen.
SOLUTION
Total No. of Cards: n(S) = 52
Let A denotes the event that the card is King.  n(A) = 4
n A 4
P A =  P A =
n  S 52

Let B denotes the event that the card is Queen  n(B) = 4

n  B 4
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 52
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)
4 4 2
P  A  B = +  P  A  B =
52 52 13

Q 24 A ball is drawn at random from a bag containing 5 red, 6 white, 4 blue and 3 orange balls. Find the
probability that the ball is either red or blue.
SOLUTION
Possible Sample Points are
n(S) = 5 Red + 6 White + 4 Blue + 3 Orange = 18
Let A denotes the event that the ball is red.  n(A) = 5
n A 5
P A =  P A =
n  S 18

Let B denotes the event that the ball is blue.  n(B) = 4

n  B 4
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 18
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)
5 4 1
P  A  B = +  P  A  B =
18 18 2

Q 25 Two balance dice are rolled. Find the probability of getting a total of either 7 or 9.
SOLUTION
Possible Sample Space “S” is
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
Possible sample points in the sample space “S” are n(S) = 36
Let A denotes the event that the sum is 7 appears
A = {(1,6), (2,5), (3,4), (4,3), (5,2) , (6,1) }  n(A) = 6

n A 6
P A =  P A =
n  S 36

Let B denotes the event that the Sum is 9 appears

B = {(3,6), (4,5), (5,4),(6,3)}  n(B) = 4

n  B 4
P  B =  P  B =
n  S 36
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)
6 4 10
P  A  B = +  P  A  B =
36 36 36
