FIRE EXTINGUISHER

DRONE
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BY:

ALL THE ELECTRICAL

DEPARTMENT STUDENT

DEPARMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC KORAPUT
AT/PO: - RONDAPALLI, DIST: KORAPUT, ODISHA-764002

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-2025

 "Revolutionizing Emergency
Response: Fire Extinguisher
Drone Tackles Inaccessible Fires
with Speed and Precision"
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BY:
Young innovators of the Electrical Department

UNDER THE GUIDANCE BY:

Esteemed HOD and distinguished members of the faculty

PRINCIPAL OF GOVT. POLYTECHNIC KORAPUT

DEPARMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC KORAPUT
AT/PO: - RONDAPALLI, DIST: KORAPUT, ODISHA-764020
 CERTIFICATE

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2025-2026

This is to certify that the work in this Project Report entitled Fire
Extinguisher Drone,

by:

ALL THE ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

STUDENT
has been carried out under our supervision in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Diploma in Electrical Engineering during session
2022-2025 in Department of Electrical Engineering of Government
Polytechnic Koraput and this work is the original work of the above
students.

Sri. Asit Kumar Acharya Mrs. Sandhya Kumari Randhi

PRINCIPAL HOD Electrical
Govt. Polytechnic Koraput Govt. Polytechnic Koraput
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank the Project guide by Head of Department
of Electrical Branch MRS. SANDHYA KUMARI RANDHI With
Honorable All the Faculty Members for providing all the
material possible and encouraging throughout the course of
project. It is great pleasure for us to acknowledgement his
assistance and contributions for his prompt and timely help in
the official clearances and valuable suggestions during the
development of this project.

We would also like to express our profound gratitude to our

faculty members and all our team members for their efforts and
collaboration in doing this project work.
Last but not least, we express our heartiest gratitude to almighty
god and our well wishes for their love and blessings to complete
this Expensive project successfully.
 ABSTRACT
Fire incidents pose significant threats to life, property, and the
environment, often escalating rapidly beyond human control.
Traditional firefighting methods, though effective, face
challenges in accessing high-rise buildings, narrow areas, or
hazardous zones. This project introduces a Fire Extinguisher
Drone, an innovative unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) designed
to detect and suppress fires in inaccessible or dangerous areas.

The drone is equipped with thermal sensors to detect fire

sources, GPS for navigation, and a fire suppression system—
such as a pressurized water or dry chemical extinguisher. Upon
identifying a fire, the drone autonomously navigates to the
location and deploys the extinguishing agent accurately. Its
compact design, agility, and quick deployment make it ideal for
emergency response, especially in areas where human
firefighters face risk or delay.

Best Part of This Project

It’s System Making Cost Very Low Any Farmer Can buy
or Make Himself and Use in Field
 INTRODUCTION
Fire extinguisher drones, also known as firefighting drones,
are unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with various fire
extinguishing systems and surveillance capabilities. These
drones are designed to assist firefighters in locating and
extinguishing fires, especially in hard-to-reach areas. They can
carry fire Extinguishing agents like water, foam, or dry powder,
and some are also equipped with thermal cameras to help
identify hot spots and assess the fire situation.

Fire extinguisher drones represent a significant step forward in

firefighting technology, offering safer and more efficient
methods to combat fires. As technology continues to evolve,
these drones are poised to become an integral part of firefighting
and emergency response efforts worldwide.
 METHODOLOGY
The methodology for the fire extinguisher drone project was
structured to address the need for a rapid and efficient aerial
firefighting system. The project began with thorough research on
fire incidents in inaccessible areas where conventional
firefighting methods face delays. Based on the requirements, a
quadcopter drone was selected for its balance between
maneuverability, stability, and payload capacity. The drone
frame was custom-designed using CAD software to ensure
lightweight construction while supporting essential components
like motors, sensors, and the fire extinguisher module. A
compact, non-pressurized fire extinguisher system was
developed to suit aerial deployment and reduce overall weight.
Thermal imaging sensors and smoke detectors were integrated
to detect fire sources accurately. The drone's electronics were
controlled through a microcontroller, such as Arduino or
Raspberry Pi, which managed flight functions and automated
responses to detected fire signals. A GPS module was included
to assist in navigation and provide location data for emergency
tracking. The system was programmed to either operate
manually via remote control or in autonomous mode for
predefined missions. The drone’s spraying mechanism was
synchronized with fire detection to ensure precise extinguishing
at the target area. Rigorous testing was carried out in controlled
environments to evaluate sensor accuracy, flight stability, and
the effectiveness of fire suppression. Various fire scenarios were
simulated to observe the drone’s performance in real-time
conditions. Safety measures, such as emergency landing
protocols and battery monitoring, were also tested. Data
collected from these tests helped in calibrating the drone for
optimal performance. Challenges such as wind resistance,
payload weight distribution, and real-time control lag were
addressed through iterative improvements. Communication
between the ground station and the drone was tested using
wireless modules to ensure uninterrupted control. After multiple
field trials and system refinements, the final prototype showed
promising results in extinguishing small fires efficiently. This
methodology reflects a systematic approach to combining drone
technology with fire safety solutions. It also emphasizes
adaptability, allowing for future enhancements like AI-based fire
prediction or swarm drone systems. Overall, the project
demonstrates how modern technology can contribute to disaster
response efforts in innovative ways.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PROJECT
The working principle of a drone is based on the controlled flight
of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) using electronic
components, sensors, and software. Most drones use a multi-
rotor system, commonly quadcopters with four rotors, which
generate lift and enable stable flight. Each rotor is powered by a
brushless DC motor, and the speed of each motor is precisely
adjusted to control movement and balance. The drone is operated
by a flight controller, which receives input from onboard sensors
such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers,
barometers, and GPS modules. These sensors help maintain
stability, determine orientation, altitude, and position, and enable
autonomous navigation. A remote controller or ground station
communicates with the drone through radio signals, allowing a
pilot to guide its direction, altitude, and speed. The drone takes
off vertically and can hover, rotate (yaw), tilt forward/backward
(pitch), and tilt side-to-side (roll) through coordinated speed
changes in the motors. Battery-powered electronic speed
controllers (ESCs) regulate power delivery to the motors. Data
such as location, battery level, and camera feed can be
transmitted in real-time to the operator. Advanced drones
include obstacle-avoidance systems using ultrasonic, infrared, or
LiDAR sensors to prevent collisions. Some drones are pre-
programmed to follow GPS waypoints or carry out specific tasks
autonomously using AI and machine learning algorithms.
Drones can also be equipped with cameras or payloads for
various applications like
photography, mapping, delivery, surveillance, and inspection.
After completing the mission or when the battery runs low, the
drone can automatically return to its starting point using return-
to-home (RTH) features. The coordinated use of hardware,
software, and communication systems enables drones to perform
complex tasks with high precision and reliability, making them
valuable tools across multiple industries
Hardware Specifications: - Main Components Working Name

SN Component

1 Esc 30 A

2 Brush Less DC motor 1000 Kv

3 Apm/Pixhawk power module

4 Propellers 1045

5 Drone frame
6 Fpv rf camera

7 PCB

8 Fs- ct68 6 channel remote

9 Servo motor

10 Lithium polymer battery 5200 Mah

11 Wire
 ESC 30 A

An ESC 30A in a drone is a device that:

• Controls the speed of a drone’s brushless motor
• Supplies power to the motor based on signals from the flight controller
• Can safely handle up to 30 amps of current
• "30A" rating: It means the ESC can continuously supply up to 30 amps
without overheating or damage.
• Used in: Medium-power drones (usually 5" racing or freestyle drones).
• Voltage support: Most 30A ESCs support 2S–6S LiPo batteries (7.4V–
22.2V).
• Placement: Each motor usually has one ESC connected to it
🛠️ Why ESC matters:
• If your motor draws more current than the ESC’s rating (30A), the ESC
may overheat, fail, or even catch fire.
• Always choose an ESC with some headroom above your motor's
expected current draw.

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 Brush Less DC motor 1000 Kv

A BLDC motor, or Brushless Direct Current motor, is an electric

motor that operates using direct current (DC) electricity without the use
of brushes, which are common in traditional brushed motors. Instead of
mechanical commutation, a BLDC motor uses electronic commutation
through a device like an Electronic Speed Controller (ESC) to control
the switching of current in the motor windings. The rotor of a BLDC
motor typically contains permanent magnets, while the stator is made up
of coils. This design offers several advantages, including higher
efficiency, better performance, lower maintenance, and a longer lifespan.
Because of these features, BLDC motors are widely used in drones,
electric vehicles, robotics, and other applications that require precision,
speed, and reliability. In drones specifically, BLDC motors provide the
necessary thrust and quick response for stable and agile flight.

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 Apm/Pixhawk power module

An APM/Pixhawk Power Module is a crucial component in drone systems

that use the APM (ArduPilot Mega) or Pixhawk flight controllers. This
module supplies regulated power (usually 5V) to the flight controller and also
measures battery voltage and current consumption. It typically includes a
voltage regulator, current sensor (Hall effect or shunt type), and connectors
for the flight controller and battery. By providing real-time data on power
usage, the module allows the flight controller to monitor battery health,
estimate flight time, and trigger failsafe actions like return-to-home when the
battery is low. It is an essential part of a reliable drone system, ensuring both
safe power delivery and intelligent power monitoring.

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 Propellers 1045

Propellers 1045 are a specific type of drone propeller commonly used in

multi-rotor aircraft like quadcopters. The number "1045" refers to the
propeller's size: 10 inches in length and 4.5 inches in pitch. The length
(10) affects the amount of air the propeller can move, contributing to
thrust and lift, while the pitch (4.5) indicates how far the propeller would
move through the air in one full rotation (if there were no resistance).
1045 propellers are typically made from lightweight materials like
plastic or carbon fiber and are well-suited for medium-sized drones using
motors around 1000 kV. These propellers strike a good balance between
lift and efficiency, making them popular in aerial photography drones
and hobbyist builds.

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 Drone frame

A drone frame is the structural foundation of a drone that holds all the
essential components together, including motors, propellers, flight
controller, battery, ESCs, and other electronics. It is typically made from
lightweight yet strong materials such as carbon fiber, plastic, aluminum,
or fiberglass, to ensure both durability and minimal weight for better
flight performance. Drone frames come in various sizes and shapes
depending on the type of drone—such as X-frame, H-frame, or
quadcopter, hexacopter, etc. The size of the frame, usually measured
diagonally in millimeters (e.g., 450mm), determines the maximum
propeller size and overall stability. A well-chosen frame is essential for
achieving a balanced combination of strength, weight, and

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aerodynamics, which directly impacts the drone's flight efficiency,
handling, and payload capacity.

FPV RF Camera

An FPV RF camera (First Person View Radio Frequency camera) is a

key component in drones that enables real-time video transmission from
the drone to the pilot on the ground. Mounted on the drone, this camera
captures live footage and sends it wirelessly via RF (Radio Frequency)
signals to an FPV monitor or goggles. This setup allows the pilot to see
from the drone’s perspective, as if they were onboard, which is essential
for racing, aerial photography, and precision flying. FPV RF cameras are
typically small, lightweight, and equipped with wide-angle lenses to
provide a broad field of view. They work alongside a video transmitter
(VTx) and antenna system, operating commonly on the 5.8 GHz
frequency band to deliver low-latency, high-quality video. These

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cameras are crucial for enhancing control, navigation, and the immersive
flying experience in FPV drone systems.

PCB
The PCB (Printed Circuit Board) in a drone serves as the central platform
that connects and organizes the electrical components required for flight.
It provides a structured layout of copper traces that allow electrical

signals and power to flow between parts such as the flight controller,
ESCs (Electronic Speed Controllers), motors, GPS, sensors, and power
module. In many drones, a specialized PCB called a PDB (Power
Distribution Board) is used to distribute power from the main battery to
all the ESCs and other onboard electronics. Some advanced drone frames
integrate the PCB into the frame itself, reducing wiring and improving
durability. A well-designed PCB ensures efficient power flow, stable
communication, and clean signal transmission, which are essential for
safe and reliable drone operation.

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 Fs- ct68 6 channel remote

The FS-CT6B 6-channel remote controller is a popular radio transmitter

made by FlySky, widely used in entry-level and DIY drone projects.
Operating on the 2.4 GHz frequency band, it offers six independent
channels, which allow pilots to control basic drone movements such as
throttle, yaw, pitch, and roll, along with two additional functions like
camera angle adjustment or flight mode switching. The FS-CT6B is

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known for its reliability, long-range signal, and interference resistance.
It pairs with compatible FlySky receivers (such as the FS-R6B) and
includes a USB cable for PC connectivity, enabling users to configure
and fine-tune settings via T6Config software. Compact, affordable, and
easy to program, the FS-CT6B is a great choice for beginners, hobbyists,
and educational drone projects.

Servo motor

A servo motor in a drone is a small, precise motor used to control angular

or positional movement of components such as camera gimbals, landing
gear, or control surfaces in fixed-wing or hybrid drones. Unlike brushless
motors that spin continuously, a servo motor rotates to a specific angle
based on the signal it receives from the flight controller. It consists of a
motor, gear system, and feedback mechanism (usually a potentiometer)
that ensures accurate positioning. Servo motors are typically connected

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to the drone’s PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) outputs and powered by
the onboard battery or BEC (Battery Eliminator Circuit). They are
lightweight, consume low power, and respond quickly—making them
ideal for tasks that require controlled, repeatable motion in drone
systems.

Lithium polymer battery 5200 mah

A Lithium Polymer (LiPo) 5200 mAh battery is a common power source for
drones, known for its high energy density, lightweight design, and ability to
deliver high discharge currents. The 5200 mAh rating indicates the battery’s
capacity, meaning it can supply 5200 milliamps of current for one hour under

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ideal conditions. LiPo batteries are typically made up of multiple cells
connected in series (e.g., 3S, 4S), with each cell providing around 3.7 volts.
This type of battery is favored in drone applications because it offers a good
balance between flight time and weight, enabling longer flights without
adding excessive mass. Proper care and charging are important to maintain
safety and battery longevity, as LiPo batteries can be sensitive to
overcharging, deep discharge, and physical damage.

Wire
Drone wires are the electrical cables used to connect various components
within a drone, such as the battery, Electronic Speed Controllers (ESCs),
motors, flight controller, sensors, and power modules. These wires carry

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electrical power and signals, enabling communication and operation of the
drone’s systems. Typically, drone wires are made of copper conductors with
insulation to prevent short circuits, and they come in different gauges
(thickness) depending on the current they need to carry. For example, thicker
wires (lower gauge number) are used for high-current connections like the
battery to ESC, while thinner wires are used for signal transmission. Proper
wiring and secure soldering are critical for reliable drone performance and
safety, as loose or damaged wires can lead to power loss or system failure
during flight.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review of Fire Extinguisher Drone:
The integration of drone technology in fire safety and disaster management
has received growing attention in recent years due to its potential to reduce
response times, access hazardous areas, and improve overall efficiency in
firefighting operations. This literature review summarizes key developments,
technologies, and studies that form the foundation for the concept of a fire
extinguisher drone.

1. Evolution of Drone Technology

Early drones were primarily used for military surveillance, but over the last
decade, they have seen widespread applications in agriculture, logistics,
inspection, and emergency response. With advancements in autonomous
navigation, GPS systems, and payload handling, drones are now being
customized for specialized missions such as fire suppression.

2. Application of Drones in Firefighting

Multiple studies have explored the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
in firefighting. According to [Kim et al., 2017], UAVs can provide real-time
imagery and heat maps of fire zones, assisting firefighting teams in strategy
planning. Drones equipped with thermal cameras can detect heat signatures,
enabling early fire detection, especially in forests and industrial complexes.

3. Payload Delivery for Extinguishing

Research by [Wang et al., 2019] demonstrated the potential of drones carrying

fire suppressant agents, such as CO₂ cylinders or dry chemical powders. These
drones can be remotely piloted or programmed to autonomously reach the fire
location and deploy extinguishing material. Some experimental models use
pressurized nozzles to spray fire retardants from the air.

4. Autonomous Navigation and AI Integration

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Artificial intelligence has enabled drones to perform object detection, obstacle
avoidance, and even decision-making in dynamic environments. [Li and
Chen, 2021] proposed a deep-learning model that allows drones to identify
fire sources and compute optimal paths for delivery of extinguishing material,
even in GPS-denied environments like indoor warehouses or tunnels.

5. Case Studies and Prototypes

Recent prototypes, such as the Elistair Orion UAV and Walkera Firefighting
Drone, showcase the practical implementation of aerial fire suppression.
These models incorporate multi-rotor technology, live video transmission,
and multiple fire extinguisher balls or sprayers. Many university projects have
also explored similar concepts using low-cost components for urban and rural
fire response.

ADVANTAGES OF FIRE
EXTINGUISHERT DRONE

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Rapid Response: Drones can reach fire zones faster than ground-based fire
trucks, especially in congested or remote areas.

Access to Inaccessible Areas: Ideal for high-rise buildings, dense forests, oil
refineries, or chemical plants where human access is difficult or dangerous.

Reduced Risk to Human Life: Minimizes the need for firefighters to enter
hazardous zones, thereby reducing injuries or fatalities.

Real-Time Surveillance: Equipped with cameras and thermal sensors to

provide live video feed and monitor fire spread from above.

Precision Targeting: Can accurately drop extinguishing agents (like water,

foam, or CO₂) exactly where needed using GPS or sensors.

Cost-Effective Operation: Reduces the number of firefighters and heavy fire

engines needed for certain tasks, saving costs in the long run.

Night-Time Operation: Can operate in low visibility conditions using

infrared and thermal imaging, unlike human teams.

Multipurpose Use: Apart from extinguishing fire, it can also be used for
inspection, search & rescue, and early fire detection.

Environmental Monitoring: Monitors air quality, gas leaks, and temperature

changes during and after the fire.

LIMITATION
Limitations of Fire Extinguisher Drone,

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Limited Payload Capacity: Drones can carry only a small amount of
extinguishing agent (water, foam, or CO₂), making them less effective for
large-scale fires.
Short Battery Life: Most drones operate for only 15–30 minutes per charge,
limiting their endurance in prolonged fire situations.

Weather Sensitivity: Performance may be affected by rain, strong winds,

smoke, or extreme heat, reducing stability and effectiveness.

High Initial Cost: Advanced drones with thermal cameras, GPS, and
firefighting modules are expensive to design and deploy.

Limited Range: Operates effectively only within a limited radius from the
control center, depending on signal strength and battery life.

Technical Failures: Risk of malfunction due to sensor failure,

communication loss, or flight control error during critical operations.

Legal and Airspace Regulations: Restrictions in flying over certain zones

like airports, military areas, or crowded public spaces.

Inadequate for Indoor Fires:

Maneuvering inside buildings or complex indoor structures is difficult due to
space constraints and GPS signal loss.

Need for Skilled Operators:

Requires trained personnel to operate, monitor, and maintain the drone
effectively.

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

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To develop a fire extinguisher drone, various features are integrated step-
by-step, keeping functionality, efficiency, and safety in mind. Here's a
detailed breakdown of feature development:

1. Structural Design & Frame Selection

Material: Lightweight, fire-resistant materials (carbon fiber, aluminum

alloy).

Design: Quadcopter or hexacopter frame for better stability and payload

capacity.

Payload Bay: Custom compartment for fire extinguisher payload (e.g.,

CO₂, foam tank).

2. Propulsion and Lift System

Brushless DC Motors (BLDC): High-efficiency motors to lift payload.

Electronic Speed Controllers (ESCs): Regulate motor speed.

Propellers: High-thrust propellers for lifting heavy fire suppression

gear.

3. Power Supply

Battery Type: High-capacity Li-Po battery (typically 6S or 4S).

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Backup Battery: Ensures safe landing in case of failure.

Battery Management System (BMS): Prevents overcharging,

overheating.

4. Flight Control System

Flight Controller Board: e.g., Pixhawk or APM.

GPS Module: Enables auto navigation to fire zones.

IMU (Gyroscope + Accelerometer): Ensures stable and level flight.

5. Fire Detection System

Thermal Imaging Camera: Identifies fire hotspots.

Gas Sensors: Detects smoke, methane, CO levels.

AI-based Object Detection: To locate people, obstacles, or flames.

6. Targeting & Extinguishing Mechanism

Nozzle System: Adjustable for directional spray.

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Extinguisher Tank: Stores fire suppressing agent (e.g., dry chemical
powder, CO₂).

Pump & Valve: High-pressure pump releases extinguishing agent at

target.

7. Communication & Control

Remote Controller (RC): Manual control for short-range missions.

FPV Camera & Video Transmission: Live feed to the operator.

Telemetry Module: Sends drone status data (altitude, battery, location).

8. Autonomy & AI Integration

Autonomous Navigation: Pre-programmed path via GPS coordinates.

Auto Takeoff & Landing: For user-friendly deployment.

Obstacle Avoidance: Using LiDAR or ultrasonic sensors

9. Safety & Emergency Features

Fail-safe Mode: Auto return-to-home on signal loss.

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Obstacle Sensors: Prevent collision with buildings or trees.

Emergency Parachute: In case of complete failure.

10. Mobile/Software Interface

Mobile App Control: Real-time tracking and control.

Data Logging: Records mission data for analysis.

Cloud Integration: For storing surveillance and mission results.

Future Scope Features (Optional)

Swarm Operation: Multiple drones working together.

Night Vision: For fire detection during low visibility.

Voice Command Integration: For quick commands during

emergencies.

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