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KomJar Pertemuan 02

Chapter 2 of CompTIA Network+ focuses on the OSI model, detailing its purpose, layers, and characteristics. It compares the OSI model with the TCP/IP stack and discusses common TCP/UDP port numbers for applications. The chapter emphasizes the importance of reference models in simplifying network communication and facilitating interoperability among different network components.

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6 views35 pages

KomJar Pertemuan 02

Chapter 2 of CompTIA Network+ focuses on the OSI model, detailing its purpose, layers, and characteristics. It compares the OSI model with the TCP/IP stack and discusses common TCP/UDP port numbers for applications. The chapter emphasizes the importance of reference models in simplifying network communication and facilitating interoperability among different network components.

Uploaded by

jinanramadhan.a
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CompTIA Network +

Chapter 2
Dissecting the OSI Model
Objectives
▪ What is the purpose of a Network model?
▪ What are the layers of the OSI model?
▪ What are the characteristics of each layer of the
OSI model?
▪ How does the TCP/IP stack compare to the OSI
model?
▪ What are the well-known TCP and/or UDP port
numbers for a given collection of common
applications
The Purpose of Reference Models
• It breaks network communication into smaller, simpler parts that
are easier to develop.
• It facilitates standardization of network components to allow
multiple-vendor development and support.
• It allows different types of network hardware and software to
communicate with each other.
• It prevents changes in one layer from affecting the other layers
so that they can develop more quickly.
• It breaks network communication into smaller parts to make
learning it easier to understand.
The OSI seven-layer model
7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical

Figure 2-2 OSI Stack


Mnemonics for the OSI Model
Away All
Pizza People
Sausage Seem
Throw To
Not Need
Do Data
Please Processing
Physical Layer
Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network • How Bits are represented


on the medium
Data Link • Wring standards for
connectors and jacks
Physical • Physical topology
• Synchronizing bits
• Bandwidth usage
• Multiplexing strategy

Figure 2-4 Layer 1: Physical Layer


Wiring Standards
Layer 1 Devices
• Cables
• Wireless access points
• Hubs
– Because they don’t pay any attention to
addresses, they just deliver signals to every
connected device like a crossover cable
Data Link Layer
Application

Presentation

Session
• Physical Addressing
Transport • Logical topology
MAC
• Method of transmitting
Network on the media
Data Link

Physical • Connection Services


LLC • Synchronizing
transmissions

Figure 2-8 Layer 2: The Data Link Layer


MAC Addresses
• IPCONFIG /ALL
• Physical Address
• Built into the network interface
Layer 2 Devices
• Switches
• Bridges
• Network Interface Cards (NICs)
Network Layer
Application

Presentation

Session
• Logical addressing
Transport • Switching
• Route discovery and
Network selection
• Connection services
Data Link • Bandwidth usage
• Multiplexing strategy
Physical

Figure 2-9 Layer 3: The Network Layer


IP Address
• Logical address
• Changes when the device is moved
Switching
• Packet switching
– Data is broken into packets
– Many packets travel along network
connections like cars on a freeway
• Circuit switching
– A physical line is dedicated to each
connection
– Ex: old copper landline phone systems
• Message switching
– Store-and-forward, like email
Layer 3 Devices
• Routers
• Multilayer Switches
Transport Layer
Application

Presentation

Session
• TCP/UDP
Transport • Windowing
• Buffering
Network

Data Link

Physical

Figure 2-10 Layer 4: The Transport Layer


TCP and UDP
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
– Connection-oriented and reliable
– Handshake makes sure both ends are ready
– Segments are acknowledged and resent if
necessary
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
– Connectionless and unreliable
– No handshake
– Best-effort delivery, no acknowledgements
ICMP
(Internet Control Message
Protocol)
• At layer 4
• Used by ping and traceroute, and to
indicate errors such as dropped packets
Session Layer
Application

Presentation • Setting up a session


• Maintaining a session
Session • Tearing down a session
Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Figure 2-12 Layer 5: The Session Layer


Example of a Session
• User logs in with a username & password
• All data now has a special significance
until that user logs off, or the session times
out, or is terminated some other way
• Layer 6 Protocol
– H.323 (voice or video)
– NetBIOS (file sharing)
Presentation Layer
Application • Data formatting
• Encryption
Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Figure 2-13 Layer 6: The Presentation Layer


Application Layer
• Application services
Application • Service advertisement
Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical
Application Layer
• Closest to the user
• Hands data to an application in the format
it expects, with no addresses or other
transmission artifacts
• Examples: a downloaded file, an email
message
The TCP/IP Stack

Application

Transport

Internet

Network Interface
The TCP/IP and OSI Models Compared
OSI Stack TCP/IP Stack
Application

Presentation Application

Session

Transport Transport

Network Internet

Data Link
Network Interface
Physical

Figure 2-15 TCP/IP Stack


IP Ver4 Header
TTL (Time-to-Live)
• TTL decreases by one each time the
packet is forwarded by a router
• If TTL reaches zero, the packet is
discarded
• This eliminates packets trapped in routing
loops
Demo: Routing Loop
TCP Header

Figure 2-17 TCP Segment Format


TCP Header Fields
• Port numbers
– Indicate which program on the end device
should receive the data
– Examples: Port 25 for email, 80 for HTTP
• Window size
– Number of bytes that can be sent before
waiting for an ACK
TCP Header Fields
• Sequence and Acknowledgement
numbers
– Used to put packets in order to reassemble
files and other large messages
• Flags like SYN and ACK are used for the
TCP handshake and to acknowledge data
received
UDP Header
0 16 31
SOURCE PORT DESTINATION PORT
LENGTH CHECKSUM

• No handshake, acknowledgements,
sequencing, or flow control
Common Ports
Link Ch 2d for flash cards
Port Types
Port numbers are assigned in various ways, based
on three ranges:

▪ System Ports (0-1023), System Ports are assigned by IETF process for
standards-track protocols, as per RFC6335. Also known as well-
known-ports

▪ User Ports (1024-49151) ,User Ports are assigned by IANA using the
"Expert Review" process, as per RFC6335

▪ Dynamic and/or Private Ports (49152-65535), Dynamic Ports are not


assigned, they are dynamically created as your computer need them.
Also known as ephemeral ports.
Communication Between Two Systems

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