Summer 2024

ENERGY CONVERSION-II
EEE 223
SEC. 01

Mohaimenul Islam
Senior Lecturer, Department of EEE
Brac University

Text Book: Electric Machinery Fundamentals

Stephen J. Chapman
5th Edition
Chapter 7
DC Machines Fundamentals
 DC MACHINES
FUNDAMENTALS
1. Describe, identify and explain the
construction and operations, armature
windings and commutation
2. Identify and explain induced voltage and
developed torque.
3. Define the power flow and losses.
4. Explain the problems of commutation
and their solutions
2
 1. Construction and operations,
armature windings and commutation
A DC Machines can be used as either a
DC generator or a DC motor.
motor

Electrical DC machine Mechanical / rotational

generator

3
DC generators:
oTo convert mechanical energy to electrical
energy.
oLimited use due to solid state rectifier.
DC motors:
oTo convert electrical energy to mechanical
energy
o Widely used
oMain feature: speed control is simple and
cheap

4
5
 Stator

Outer frame
Rotor

Stator Stationary part of the machine with poles that carries field winding
Rotor The rotating part of the machines that carries the armature winding

Construction and Operations 3 5

 Energy passes = generator

Mechanical Magnetic Electrical

domain domain domain

Energy passes = motor

Principle similar to of transformer;

FARADAY’S LAW

7
DC Machines Fundamentals
 Commutation
⚫ Is the process of converting the ac
voltages and currents in the rotor of a dc
machine to dc voltages and currents at
its terminal.
⚫ The basic technique of commutation
will be explained for a simple rotating
loop.

Commutation 1 11
2. Induced voltage and developed
torque

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetism w. r. t

conductor
Induced voltage for
one conductor
Ø
l e=Blv
N S

AC
Commutation 2 12
Induced voltage for one conductor

eind  Blv
where
B = magnetic flux density (T)
l = length of conductor (m)
v = velocity of the conductor (ms-1)

The induced voltage depends on three factor:

1. The flux, Ф in the machine
2. The speed ωm of the machine’s rotor
3. A constant depending on the construction of the machine

Induced voltage 1 13
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

Commutation 3 14
The total induced voltage on the loop eind is given
by; Induced voltage for a
eind = eba + ecb + edc + ead loop
eind = vBl + 0 + vBl + 0
eind = 2B l v
eind = 2vBl
Induced voltage 2 15
 Current obtained from a simple generator
reverses its direction after every half revolution.
Such current undergoing periodic reversals is
known as alternating current (A.C).
16
Induced voltage 2
Slip- rings are replaced by split- rings
commutator.

Induced voltage 2 17
DC

AC

Induced voltage 2 18
19
Induced voltage 2 20
• In the first half revolution,
Figure (a), current flows along
ABLMCD through brush No. 1
which is in contact with
segment ‘a’ that acts as the
positive end of the supply and
brush No. 2 and ‘b’ as the
negative end.

21
Induced voltage 2
⚫ In the next half revolution as in
Figure (b), the direction of the
induced current in the coil is
reversed. But at the same time,
the positions of segments ‘a’ and
‘b’ are also reversed with the
result that brush No. 1 comes in
touch with that segment which
is positive i.e. segment ‘b’.

22
Segment ab
Fab = i (l × B)
= ilB
τab = rF sin θ
= r(ilB) sin 90º
=rilB CCW

Segment bc
Fbc = i (l × B)
=0
τbc = 0

Segment cd
Fcd = i (l × B)
= ilB Segment da
τcd = rF sin θ Fda = i (l × B)
= r(ilB) sin 90º =0
=rilB CCW τda = 0
Induced Torque 1 23
ind  2rilB  in d  2  i

Simplified. since Ap ≈ πrl and
Ø = ApB

Induced Torque 2 24
 Induced torque in the machine
ind  2rilB
where
r = radius of the conductor
i = current flow on the conductor
B = magnetic flux density (T)
l = length of conductor (m)

The induced torque depends on three factor:

1. The flux, Ф in the machine
2. The armature (or rotor) current, IA in the machine
3. A constant depending on the construction of the machine

Induced torque 2 25
 Related equations
The internal generated voltage in the machine
(in rad/s)

(in rev/min)

The current flowing out of machine

VB  eind (motor) eind VB
i i (generator)
R R
The total induced torque in the machine
(in Nm)

26
Induced torque 3
27
DC generators take in mechanical power
and produce electric power while DC
motors take in electric power and produce
mechanical power.

Efficiency;
P
  out x100% or   Pout  Ploss x100%
Pin Pin

28
1. Copper losses (I2R)( All windings have some
resistance with current flow in them)
2. Brush losses (the contact losses between the brushes
made of copper carbon)
3. Core losses (hysteresis losses and eddy current losses)
4. Mechanical losses (the losses that associated with
mechanical effects. Two basic types of mechanical
losses: friction & windage. Friction losses caused by
the friction of the bearings in the machine. Windage
are caused by the friction between the moving parts
of the machine and the air inside the motor casing’s)
5. Stray load losses (cannot placed in one of the
previous categories) or Miscellaneous losses

29
 Pout = EAIA – copper loss – brush loss

Pconv = τind ωm = EAIA

For
generator
- - -

For motor

30
 Equations
Armature loss, PA = IA2RA

Field loss, PF = I 2R
F F

Brush drop loss, PBD = VBDIA

31
ThankYou

40