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Chapter 1

Raster scan displays work by sweeping an electron beam across the screen from top to bottom to illuminate pixels in a defined pattern stored in a frame buffer. Random scan displays direct the beam only where needed to draw each line. Color CRTs use either beam penetration of red and green phosphor layers or a shadow mask with three electron guns and color phosphor dots. LCDs use liquid crystals sandwiched between plates that can be reoriented by voltage to control light transmission.

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70 views4 pages

Chapter 1

Raster scan displays work by sweeping an electron beam across the screen from top to bottom to illuminate pixels in a defined pattern stored in a frame buffer. Random scan displays direct the beam only where needed to draw each line. Color CRTs use either beam penetration of red and green phosphor layers or a shadow mask with three electron guns and color phosphor dots. LCDs use liquid crystals sandwiched between plates that can be reoriented by voltage to control light transmission.

Uploaded by

Deepak Pk
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Raster Scan Displays

The electron beam is swept across the screen one row at a time from top to bottom.The beam intensity is turned on & off to create pattern of illuminated spots.Refresh buffer or frame buffer is used to store picture definition.it holds the intensity values for all screen points Each screen point is called pixel Examples :- home television & printers Intensity range for a pixel position depends on the raster system One bit per pixel Bilevel systems Additional bits The sorage capacity of frame buffer increases as the number of bits per pixel increases On black & white system frame buffer is called bitmap For multiple bits per pixel it is called pixmap

Random scan displays


In random scan display the electron beam is directed only to parts of the screen where a picture is to be drawn Random-scan monitors draw a picture one line at a time and sothey are also referred to as vector displays . Picture definition is now stored as "a set of line-drawing commands in an area of memory referred to as the refresh display file. Refresh rate on a random scan system depends on the number of lines to be displayed.

Color CRT monitors


Two methods for creating color display with a CRT are 1) beam-penetration method 2) shadow_mask method Beam-penetration method It is used with random scan monitors Two layers of phosphorus, red & green coated onto the inside of the CRT screen, and the displayed color depends on how far the electron beam penetrates into the phosphor layers. A beam of slow electrons excites only the outer red layer. A beam of very fast electrons penetrates through the red layer and excites the inner green layer . At intermediate beam shows orange & yellow. The disadvantage is that it is expensive and can produce only four colors.the quality of the picture is also not good..

Shadow_ mask method Shadow-mask methods are commonly used in raster-scan systems because they produce a much wider range of colors than the beampenetration method. A shadow-mask CRT has three phosphor color dots at each pixel position. One phosphor dot emits a red light, another emits a green light, and the third emits a blue light. This type of CRT has three electron guns, one for each color dot, and a shadow-mask grid just behind the phosphor-coated screen. The colour depends we see depends on the amount of excitation of the red, green & blue phosphorous Yellow- green & red dots Magenta-blue & red Cyan-blue & green

Direct view storage tubes


In DVST the picture information is stored as a charge distribution just behind phosphor coated screen. It uses two electron guns 1)Primary gun-to store picture pattern 2)flood gun- to maintain picture display

Flat panel displays -video devices that have reduced volume, weight & power
requirements compared to CRT They are of two types Emissive displays -converts electrical energy to light ,e.g.:- plasma panels Nonemissive displays-uses optical effects to convert light source to picture patterns e.g.:- LCD

Plasma panel
The region between two glass plates are filled with neon gas number of vertical conductors are placed on one panel & horizontal conductors in another one Voltages applied to horizontaL & vertical conductors

Sterescopy
What is Stereoscopy? a technique to create the illusion of depth in a photograph, movie, or other two dimensional image it does not produce a true three dimensional image but it produces a three dimensional effect need to present a slightly different image to each eye One method to produce stereoscopic effect is to display each of the two views with a raster system on alternate refresh cycles requires shutter glasses and a monitor or projector with a fast refresh rate.The image for the left eye is alternated with the image for the right and the shutters are timed to allow the appropriate eye to see the image. One of the application of the stereoscopic viewing is in virtual reality systems to enable this sort of change of view the user must tell the computer where he is in relation to the objects in the virtual world at all times some portion of the users body be tracked i.e. information is somehow gathered and supplied to the computer continuously so the view of the world can be updated as the user changes position a complete virtual world should incorporate a three dimensional sound field that reflects the conditions modeled in the virtual environment this sound field has to react to walls, multiple sound sources, and background noise, as well as the absence of them

LCD Technology
When liquid crystals are sandwiched between upper and lower plates, they line up with grooves pointing in directions 'a' and 'b,' respectively. The molecules along the upper plate point in direction 'a' and those along the lower plate in direction 'b,' thus forcing the liquid crystals into a twisted structural arrangement. Light passes through liquid crystals, following the direction in which the molecules are arranged. When the molecule arrangement is twisted 90 degrees as shown in the figure, the light also twists 90 degrees as it passes through the liquid crystals. The molecules in liquid crystals are easily rearranged by applying voltage or another external force. When voltage is applied, molecules rearrange themselves vertically (along the electric field) and light passes straight through. Light passes when two polarizing filters are arranged with their axes aligned (left).Light is blocked when two polarizing filters are arranged with their axes perpendicular (right). A combination of polarizing filters and twisted liquid crystal is used to create a liquid crystal display. Architecture of a simple raster graphics system

Architecture of raster graphics system with fixed portion of the system memory reserved for the frame buffer

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