School of Nautical Studies

PLANE SAILING ANSWERS

? = 360 - x N ? W
270

? = x N ? E
90 270

N x W ? = 360 - x

N x E x = ?
90

? = x - 180 S ? W

? = 180 - x S ? E

S x W S x E ? = 180 + x ? = 180 - x

180

180

1. (a)

Convert the courses a. to e. into quadrantal notation and f. to j. to 360 notation 030
0 360 030

270

90

030 converted to Quadrantal Notation is N 30 (b) 136

180

270

90

136 converted to Quadrantal Notation is S

136 180 0 360

44 E

(c)

218

270

90

HNC Nautical Science G8F5 15 1 29/05/2012 F0M0 34 Navigational Mathematics & Science Outcome 1 Describe and apply navigational terms and calculate courses and distances. APR
218 180

School of Nautical Studies

218 converted to Quadrantal Notation is S 38 W

(d)

346

346

0 360

270

90

180

346 converted to Quadrantal Notation is N 14 W

(e)

279

0 360

279 270

90

279 converted to Quadrantal Notation is N 81 W

180

HNC Nautical Science G8F5 15 2 29/05/2012 F0M0 34 Navigational Mathematics & Science Outcome 1 Describe and apply navigational terms and calculate courses and distances. APR

School of Nautical Studies

(f)

S 81 E

0 360

270

90 S 81 E

S 81 E converted to 360 Notation is 099

180

(g)

S 87 W

0 360

270 S 87 W

90

S 87 W converted to 360 Notation is 267

180

(h)

N 86 E

0 360

N 86 E 270 90

N 86 E converted to 360 Notation is 086

N 7 W

0 360

(i)

N 7 W

270

90

HNC Nautical Science G8F5 15 3 29/05/2012 F0M0 34 Navigational Mathematics & Science Outcome 1 Describe and apply navigational terms and calculate courses and distances. APR
180

School of Nautical Studies

N 7 W converted to 360 Notation is 353

(j)

N 69 W

0 360

N 69 W

270

90

N 69 W converted to 360 Notation is 291

2.

Find the Mean Latitude between each of the following:(a) Lat A 51 30.0N

HNC Nautical Science G8F5 15 4 29/05/2012 F0M0 34 Navigational Mathematics & Science Outcome 1 Describe and apply navigational terms and calculate courses and distances. APR

School of Nautical Studies

Lat B 2 Mean Lat

+40 10.0N 91 40.0 2 45 50.0N

The Mean Lat is 45 50.0 North (b) Lat A Lat B 2 Mean Lat 37 26.0N +18 53.0N 56 19.0 2 28 09.5N

The Mean Lat is 28 09.5 North (c) Lat A Lat B 2 Mean Lat 37 25.0S +52 51.0S 90 16.0 2 45 08.0S

The Mean Lat is 45 08.0 South (d) Lat A Lat B 21 08.0S +18 03.0N 39 11.0 2 2 -19 35.5 Highest Lat 21 08.0S Mean Lat 01 32.5S The Mean Lat is 01 32.5 South (e) Lat A Lat B 05 06.0S +03 17.0N 08 23.0 2 2 -04 11.5 Highest Lat 05 06.0S Mean Lat 00 54.5S

The Mean Lat is 00 54.5 South 3. (a) Co 308 = S 52 E Dist 428 miles Lat A 35 42.0N Lat A 35 42.0N

HNC Nautical Science G8F5 15 5 29/05/2012 F0M0 34 Navigational Mathematics & Science Outcome 1 Describe and apply navigational terms and calculate courses and distances. APR

School of Nautical Studies

DLat Lat B

+4 23.5N 40 05.5N

Lat B 2 Mean Lat

+40 05.5N 75 47.5 2 37 53.8N

Long A DLong Long B

071 22.0W +7 07.4W 078 29.4W

Dep

To Calculate the DLat Dist = DLat Cos Co

DLat

DLat = Dist x Cos Co = 428 x Cos 308 DLat = 263.5N = 4 23.5N To Calculate the Departure Tan Co = Dep Dep DLat To Calculate the DLong Dep = DLong x Cos Mean Lat Dep Cos Mean Lat 337.3 Cos 37 53.8

DLong = = DLat x Tan Co = 263.5 x Tan 308 Dep = 337.3W =

DLong = 427.4W = 7 07.4W

The Final Position is Lat 40 05.5 North Long 078 29.4 West

3. (b) Co 145 = S 35 E Lat A DLat 40 06.0N 5 08.8S

Dist 377 miles Lat A Lat B 40 06.0N 34 57.2N

HNC Nautical Science G8F5 15 6 29/05/2012 F0M0 34 Navigational Mathematics & Science Outcome 1 Describe and apply navigational terms and calculate courses and distances. APR

School of Nautical Studies

Lat B

34 57.2N 2 Mean Lat

75 03.2 2 37 31.6N

Long A DLong Long B

056 07.0W 4 32.7E 051 34.3W

To Calculate the DLat Dist = DLat Cos Co

35 377'

DLat = Dist x Cos Co

= 377 x Cos 145 DLat = 308.8S = 5 08.8S To Calculate the Departure Tan Co = Dep Dep DLat To Calculate the DLong Dep = DLong x Cos Mean Lat Departure Cos Mean Lat 216.2 Cos 37 31.6

= DLat x Tan Co

DLong =

= 308.8 x Tan 145 Dep = 216.2E

DLong = 272.7E = 4 32.7E

The Final Position is Lat 34 57.2 North Long 051 34.3 West

3. (c) Co 239 = S 59 W Lat A DLat 21 11.0S 2 30.9S

Dist 293 miles Lat A Lat B 21 11.0S 23 41.9S

HNC Nautical Science G8F5 15 7 29/05/2012 F0M0 34 Navigational Mathematics & Science Outcome 1 Describe and apply navigational terms and calculate courses and distances. APR

School of Nautical Studies

Lat B

23 41.9S 2 Mean Lat

44 52.9 2 22 26.5S

Long A DLong Long B

098 52.0E 4 31.7W 094 20.3E

To Calculate the DLat Dist = DLat Cos Co

DLat = Dist x Cos Co

= 293 x Cos 239 DLat = 150.9S = 2 30.9S To Calculate the Departure Tan Co = Dep Dep DLat To Calculate the DLong Dep = DLong x Cos Mean Lat Departure Cos Mean Lat 251.2 Cos 22 26.5

DLong = = DLat x Tan Co = 150.9 x Tan 239 Dep = 251.2E =

DLong = 271.7W = 4 31.7W

The Final Position is Lat 23 41.9 South Long 094 20.3 East

3. (d) Co 067 = N 67 E Lat A DLat 28 52.0S -3 22.8N

Dist 519 miles Lat A Lat B 28 52.0S +25 29.2S

HNC Nautical Science G8F5 15 8 29/05/2012 F0M0 34 Navigational Mathematics & Science Outcome 1 Describe and apply navigational terms and calculate courses and distances. APR

School of Nautical Studies

Lat B

25 29.2S 2 Mean Lat

54 21.2 2 27 10.6S

Long A DLong Long B ~360 Long B

178 43.0E +8 57.0E -187 40.0E 360 172 20.0W

Dep

519'

To Calculate the DLat Dist = DLat Cos Co

67

DLat = Dist x Cos Co = 519 x Cos 067 DLat = 202.8N = 3 22.8N To Calculate the Departure Tan Co = Dep Dep DLat To Calculate the DLong Dep = DLong x Cos Mean Lat Departure Cos Mean Lat 477.7 Cos 27 10.6

DLong = = DLat x Tan Co = 202.8 x Tan 067 Dep = 477.7E =

DLong = 537.0E = 8 57.0E

The Final Position is Lat 25 29.2 South Long 172 20.0 West 3. (e) Co 331 = N 29 W Lat A DLat Lat B 00 19.0S -2 54.0N 02 35.0N Dist 199 miles Lat A Lat B 00 19.0S +02 35.0N 02 54.0

HNC Nautical Science G8F5 15 9 29/05/2012 F0M0 34 Navigational Mathematics & Science Outcome 1 Describe and apply navigational terms and calculate courses and distances. APR

School of Nautical Studies

2 -01 27.0 Highest Lat 02 35.0N Mean Lat 01 08.0N Long A DLong Long B 130 14.0E - 1 36.5W 128 37.5E

Dep

To Calculate the DLat Dist = DLat Cos Co

DLat

DLat = Dist x Cos Co = 199 x Cos 331 DLat = 174.0N = 2 54.0N To Calculate the Departure Tan Co = Dep DLat To Calculate the DLong Dep = DLong x Cos Mean Lat Departure Cos Mean Lat 477.7 Cos 27 10.6

DLong = Dep = DLat x Tan Co = 174.0 x Tan 331 Dep = 96.5W =

DLong = 96.5W = 1 36.5W

The Final Position is Lat 02 35.0 North Long 128 37.5 East

N.B. All Answers for Courses taken to the nearest whole Degree (Half Degree) 4. (a) Lat A Lat B DLat 31 12.0N 33 47.0N 02 35.0N Lat A Lat B 31 12.0N +33 47.0N 64 59.0

HNC Nautical Science G8F5 15 10 29/05/2012 F0M0 34 Navigational Mathematics & Science Outcome 1 Describe and apply navigational terms and calculate courses and distances. APR

School of Nautical Studies

= 155N Long A Long B DLong 030 56.0W 025 03.0W 5 53.0E = 353E

2 Mean Lat

2 32 29.5N

297.7

To Calculate the Departure Dep = DLong x Cos Mean Lat = 353 x Cos 32 29.5 Dep = 297.7E

155' Co

Dist

To Calculate the Course Tan Co = Departure DLat = 297.7 155 Tan Co = 1.92093 Co = N 62.5 E = 062.5T

To Calculate the Distance Dist = DLat Cos Co = 155 Cos 062.5

Dist = 335.7 miles

The Track is 062T (062.5T) The Distance is 335.7 miles

4. (b) Lat A Lat B DLat

18 48.0S 23 34.0S 04 46.0S = 286S

Lat A Lat B 2 Mean Lat

18 48.0S +23 34.0S 42 22.0 2 21 11.0S

HNC Nautical Science G8F5 15 11 29/05/2012 F0M0 34 Navigational Mathematics & Science Outcome 1 Describe and apply navigational terms and calculate courses and distances. APR

School of Nautical Studies

Long A Long B DLong

089 12.0E 086 51.0E 2 21.0W = 141W

Co

To Calculate the Departure Dep = DLong x Cos Mean Lat = 141 x Cos 21 11.0

286'

131.5'

Dep

= 131.5W To Calculate the Distance Dist = = DLat Cos Co 286 Cos 204.7

To Calculate the Course Tan Co = Departure DLat = 131.5 286 Tan Co = 0.45969 Co = S 24.7 W = 204.7T

Dist = 314.8 miles

The Track is 205 T (204.5 T) The Distance is 314.8 miles

4. (c) Lat A Lat B DLat

29 29.0S 31 33.0S 02 04.0S = 124S

Lat A Lat B 2 Mean Lat

29 29.0S +31 33.0S 61 02.0 2 30 31.0S

HNC Nautical Science G8F5 15 12 29/05/2012 F0M0 34 Navigational Mathematics & Science Outcome 1 Describe and apply navigational terms and calculate courses and distances. APR

School of Nautical Studies

Long A Long B DLong

022 14.0W 016 43.0W 5 31.0E = 331E

To Calculate the Departure Dep = DLong x Cos Mean Lat = 331 x Cos 30 31.0 Dep = 285.2E

124'

285.2'

To Calculate the Course Tan Co = Departure DLat = 285.2 124 Tan Co = 2.29960 Co = S 66.5 E = 113.5T

To Calculate the Distance Dist = = DLat Cos Co 124 Cos 113.5

Dist = 310.9 miles

The Track is 113 T (113.5 T) The Distance is 310.9 miles

4. (d) Lat A Lat B DLat

44 38.0N 42 38.0N 02 00.0S = 120S

Lat A Lat B 2 Mean Lat

44 38.0N +42 38.0N 87 16.0 2 43 38.0N

HNC Nautical Science G8F5 15 13 29/05/2012 F0M0 34 Navigational Mathematics & Science Outcome 1 Describe and apply navigational terms and calculate courses and distances. APR

School of Nautical Studies

Long A Long B DLong ~ 360 DLong x 60 DLong

178 16.0E 177 40.0W -355 56.0W 360 4 04.0E 60 244.0E

Co Dist 286'

To Calculate the Departure Dep = DLong x Cos Mean Lat = 244 x Cos 43 38.0 Dep = 176.6E To Calculate the Distance Dist = = DLat Cos Co 120 Cos 124.2
131.5'

To Calculate the Course Tan Co = Departure DLat = 176.6 120 Tan Co = 1.47167 Co = S 55.8 E = 124.2T

Dist = 213.5 miles

The Track is 124 T The Distance is 213.5 miles

5. (a) Lat A Lat B DLat

45 18.0S 44 56.0S 00 22.0N = 22N

Lat A Lat B 2 Mean Lat

45 18.0S +44 56.0S 90 14.0 2 45 07.0S

HNC Nautical Science G8F5 15 14 29/05/2012 F0M0 34 Navigational Mathematics & Science Outcome 1 Describe and apply navigational terms and calculate courses and distances. APR

School of Nautical Studies

Long A Long B DLong

000 21.0W +000 14.0E 0 35.0E = 35.0E

24.7

To Calculate the Departure Dep = DLong x Cos Mean Lat = 35 x Cos 45 07.0 Dep = 24.7E

Dist

To Calculate the Course Tan Co = Departure DLat = 24.7 22 Tan Co = 1.12265 Co = N 48.3 E = 048.3T

To Calculate the Distance Dist = = DLat Cos Co 22 Cos 048.3

Dist = 33.1 miles

The Set is 048.5 T (048.5 T) The Drift is 33.1 miles

5. (b) Lat A Lat B DLat

58 20.0N 59 04.0N 00 44.0N = 44N

Lat A Lat B 2 Mean Lat

58 20.0N +59 04.0N 117 24.0 2 58 42.0N

HNC Nautical Science G8F5 15 15 29/05/2012 F0M0 34 Navigational Mathematics & Science Outcome 1 Describe and apply navigational terms and calculate courses and distances. APR

School of Nautical Studies

Long A Long B DLong

093 21.0E +092 58.0W 0 23.0W = 23.0W

11.9

To Calculate the Departure Dep = DLong x Cos Mean Lat = 23 x Cos 58 42.0 Dep = 11.9W

44' Co

To Calculate the Course Tan Co = Departure DLat = 11.9 44 Tan Co = 0.27157 Co = N 15.2 W = 344.8T

To Calculate the Distance Dist = = DLat Cos Co 44 Cos 344.8

Dist = 45.6 miles

The Set is 345 T The Drift is 45.6 miles

HNC Nautical Science G8F5 15 16 29/05/2012 F0M0 34 Navigational Mathematics & Science Outcome 1 Describe and apply navigational terms and calculate courses and distances. APR