SRI SHANMUGHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Pullipalayam,Morur(P.O),Sankari(T.k),Salem(D.T). Two Mark Questions Unit I Basics 1. What is meant by mechanics?

? Mechanics is a branch of physical science which deals with the study of a body or bodies such as machines and structures at rest or in motion subjected to external mechanical disturbances such as forces, moments etc. What is meant by Engineering mechanics? Application of the principles of science of mechanics to the practical engineering problems is known as Engineering Mechanics. State the different types of mechanics? Depending upon the nature of the body involved, Mechanics can be classified into two types * Mechanics of Solids * Mechanics of Fluids Define Statics The study of a body which is in motion is known as statics Define Dynamics. The study of a body which is in motion is known as dynamics. Define Kinematics. It is the branch of dynamics which deals with the relationship between displacement, velocity, acceleration and time of a given motion, without considering the forces that cause the motion. Define Kinetics It is the branch of dynamics which deals with the relationship between the forces acting on a body, the mass of the body and the motion of the body. What do you understand from the concept of Law of dimensional homogeneity? Law of dimensional homogeneity states that basic equation representing physical phenomenon must be valid for all systems of units. State Parallelogram law. It states that If two vectors acting at a point be represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through that point.

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10. State triangle law. It states that It two vectors acting at a point are represented by the two sides of a triangle taken in order, then their resultant is represented by the third side taken in an opposite order. 11. Define Lamis Theorem. It states that If the forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, each force will be proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two forces. 12. Define Principle of transmissibility of force. It states that The state of rest or of motion of a rigid body is unaltered if a force acting on the body is replaced by another force of the same magnitude and direction but acting anywhere on the body along the line of action of the replaced force.

13. Define Vectors The quantities possessing magnitude and direction and which add according to the parallelogram law are called vectors of vector quantities. 14. Define Unit vectors Unit vector is a vector having a unit magnitude or unit length 15. A horizontal bar ABC is hinged at A and freely support over B. calculate the reaction at B 1 if a force of 6KN acts downwards at C. Taking moments about A 6 x AC = RB X AB 6 X 4 = RB X 3 RB = = 8 KN 16. A horizontal beam ABC is hinged at A and freely supported by B. Calculate the reaction at B due to clockwise moment of 12 Nm applied at C. Taking moment about A RB x 6 = 12 RB = 2N 17. Find the moment of the force about A. If the forces are acting as shown in figure. Moment of force about A MA = 30 x 2+20 x 4-25 x6 = 60 + 80 150 = -10 Nm (-) ve sign indicates that the moment is in anticlockwise direction.

18. State Varignons theorem It states that The moment of the resultant of a number of forces about any point is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments of all the forces of the system about the same point. 19. Define moment of a force about a point It is defined as the product of a force and the perpendicular distance of the line of action of the force from a point. 20. Define a couple A body consists of two equal and opposite forces whose lines of action are different forms a couple. 21. State the conditions for the equilibrium of a two dimensional rigid body. i)Fx = 0; ii)Fy=0; iii) FM = 0 22. State the analytical conditions for equilibrium of coplanar forces in a plane. The two conditions for equilibrium of coplanar forces are 1. The algebraic sum of all the forces of a force system is equal to zero =0 2. The algebraic sum of the moments of all the forces is equal to zero = 0 23. What is meant by coplanar concurrent force systems? The system in which the forces act on a single plane and they intersect at a common point. 24. What is the single force that replaces a system of coplanar concurrent forces? Resultant force is the single force that replaces a system of coplanar concurrent forces. 25. Two forces act on a body as shown in fig. Calculate the magnitude of their resultant.

Let forces Resultant

P R

= = = =

20 N, Q = 30 N 48.36 N

26. How will you resolve a given force into a force and a couple? Refer section 3,4 27. Differentiate Resultant and equilibrant. Resultant is the single force which is equivalent to the given system of forces on a body. Equilibrant is the single force which brings the body to equilibrium. It has same magnitude as that of resultant and in opposite direction to it. 28. A force system has a resultant of 58 KN. The resultant acts at 36 with horizontal. What will be the direction and magnitude of equilibrant. The equilibrant has the same magnitude as that of resultant and opposite in direction. So, Magnitude of equilibrant = 58 KN o o o Direction of equilibrant = 36 + 180 = 216 with positive x axis 29. What is a free body diagram? It is a diagram of the body in which the body under consideration are free from all contact surfaces and all the forces acting on it are clearly indicated. 30. Determine the resultant of the body given below. F x = -8 + 5 = -3 KN F y = 20 2 = 18 KN Resultant = = Angle of resultant tan = = tan
-1 = -80.54 o = 279.46 with horizontal o

18.25 KN

31. Replace the given system with a couple and force. The given system is replaced with a force of 30 KN and 60KN m clockwise couple at a point 2m distance from the point of application of the force. 32. What is the value of R and S if the system is in equilibrium In equilibrium Fy = 0 -30 -20 + R =0 R = 50 N Fy = 0 45 S = 0 S = 45 N 33. Find the value of x From Lamis Theorem = = X = 75 KN

34. What are the conditions for the equilibrium of a particle in space? The conditions are F x = 0; F y = 0; F z = 0; where Fx = Algebraic sum of x components of all forces Fy = Algebraic sum of y components of all forces Fz = Algebraic sum of z components of all forces 35. A force 27N makes an angle 30,45,80 with x,y,z axes. Find the force vector. = Fx I + Fy j + Fz k = F cos x i + F cos y j + F cos z k = 27 cos 30i + 27 cos 45 j + 27 cos 80 k = 23.38 i + 19.09 j + 4.68 k KN acts through origin. What is the magnitude of the force and angle it makes

36. A force = 5i + 2j - 8k with x, y and z axes. Resultant R Angle cos x Angle cos y Angle cos z = = = =

= = = = = = =

y y y

= = = =

9.64 58.77 78.03 146.05

37. Take two points (1,2,3), (4,5,6). If a force of 25N is applied between this points. Find force vector. A = (1,2,3) B = (4,5,6) Vector = - = (4-1) I + (5-2)j + (6-3)k = 3i Force vector = UNIT II EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES 38. A horizontal bar ABCD is hinged at A and freely supported over D. determine the reaction at C. Taking moments about A MA = RB x 2 + RA x 6 RC x 4 = 0 2x2+8x6 - RC x 4 = 0 4RC = 52 RC = 13 kN 39. Sketch the hinged support and mark the direction of reaction Diagram 40. What is the condition in equilibrium for two dimensional rigid body? Fx = 0; Fy=0 Mx=0; My=0 + 3j + 3k

41. What are the types of supports? (a) Simple support (b) Roller support (b) Hinged support (d) Fixed support 42. Sketch a roller support and mark the direction of reaction.

43. Distinguish between particle and rigid body. Particle A body of infinitely small volume and is considered to be concentrated at a point. Here mass is negligible Rigid Body Rigid body is the one which retains its shape and size, if subjected to some external forces Here mass is considered.

44. Explain what is meant by couple in a space. Two equal and unlike parallel forces, whose line of action are different from a couple. Generally they are coplanar forces. 45. How will you resolve a given force into a force and couple in rigid body? Refer Section 6.2 46. Define equivalent system of forces. Two system of forces P1, P2, P3,. And P1,P2,P3,.. which acts on the same rigid body are equivalent if, and only if, the sum of the forces and the sum of the moments about a given point A of the forces of the two systems are respectively equal. 47. Find the moment about A in the diagram shown below: Moment about A is M = r x F = 30 x 1 + 50 x 3 + 40 x 2 = 30 + 150 + 80 = 260 Nm = 260 Nm (Clockwise moment) 48. Define couple in space The two equal, opposite and non collinear force which acts on a rigid body which is represented with the help of x,y,z axes. The moment produced by this force is known as a couple in space. It is a coplanar force in three dimension. 49. Give necessary and sufficient conditions for the equilibrium of a rigid body. In case of three dimensional rigid body six equations have to be obtained to express the conditions for the equilibrium of a rigid body. UNIT III PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS 50. Define centre of gravity The centre of gravity of a body is that point through which the whole weight of a body acts irrespective of the orientation of the body. It is represented by C.G. (or) G. 51. Define centre of mass Centre of mass is the point where the entire mass of a body may be assumed to be concentrated. 52. Define centroidal axis. Centroidal axis is defined as that axis which passes through the centre of gravity of the body or through the centroid of an area. 53. How many centres of gravity, a body has? Ans : one 54. What is the difference between centre of gravity and centroid?

The term centre of gravity is applied to solids and centroid to area 55. What are the various methods to find centre of gravity? The centre of gravity is found out by the following three methods (i) Geometrical considerations (ii) Graphical method (iii) Method of Moments 56. Write the equations for finding the centroid by method of integration for lines. Centroidal distance = and = 57. Where does the c.g. of the following section lies? a. Semi-circle b. Trapezium 58. State the theorems of Pappus and Guldinus. Theorem I. The area of a surface of revolution is equal to the product of length of the generating curve and the distance travelled by the centroid of the curved line while the surface is being generated. 59. What do you mean by first moment of an area The moment about an area is called first moment of an area The first moment of length about the x-axis is mx = yidL where yi is the centroidal distance of elemental area from x axis dL is the elemental length 60. Find out the surface area of the line shown in fig. It is rotated about y axis by using Pappus and Guidinus theorem According to theorem of Pappus Guldinus 1 The surface area (A) = Length of the line x Distance travelled by Centroid Centroidal distance from y axis =r Length of the line =L Surface Area = L x 2 r = 2 r L 61. Write down the equation for finding the centroid by integration for lines. The centroidal distance of line from x axis is == where dL is the elemental length L is length of the line. 62. Find out the area of the parabola as shown in fig. Area of the paralled a = bh b = 40 mm h = 15mm 2 area A = x40x15 = 200 mm 63. By rotating a semicircular area ___________ is obtained and rotating a circular area with fixed axis _______________ is obtained. Ans : sphere, Torus 64. The surface area of sphere is produced by rotating ________ and volume of cone is produced by rotating

Ans: Half circular arc, Triangular area 65. What is moment of inertia of an area

Moment of Inertia is the property of a body which makes it reluctant to speed up or slow down in a rotational manner. 66. Define Radius of gyration of a body Radius of gyration about an axis is defined as the distance from that axis at which all the elemental parts of the lamina would have to be placed, such that the moment of inertia about the axis is same. 67. State parallel axes theorem It states that the moment of inertia of a lamina about any axis in the plane of lamina is equal to the sum of the moment of inertia about a parallel centroidal axis in the plane of a lamina and the product of the area of the lamina and square of the distance between the two axes. 68. State perpendicular axes theorem It states that moment of inertia of a plane lamina about an axis perpendicular to the lamina and passing through its centroid is equal to the sum of the moment of inertias of the lamina about the mutually perpendicular axes passing through the centroid and in the plane of lamina consider the lamina of area A. Izz = Ixx + Iyy

69. Define polar moment of inertia Polar moment of inertia is defined as the moment of inertia of the lamina or plane about the axis perpendicular to the plane of the section. It is denoted by I zz or J 70. Define Mass moment of inertia The mass moment of inertia about an axis is the product of elemental mass and the square of the distance between the mass centre of the elemental mass and the axis. mass moment of inertia = x2 dm 71. What is section modulus? The modulus of section (or section modules) of a figure is the quantity obtained by dividing the moment of inertia, of the figure, about its c.g. by the distance of the extreme fibre from the centroidal axis. 72. Moment of inertia of a triangular about an axis passing through centre of gravity and parallel to the base is The moment of inertia about centroid Ixx = where b is the base length d is the height of the triangular 73. The mass moment of inertia of a circular cylinder of radius r and height h about its axis is. 2 Mass moment of inertia of a circular cylinder = mr 74. What is meant by product of inertia of a given area. The product of inertia (Ixx) is given by the integral of the product of elemental dA and its centroidal coordinates (i.e. Ixy = xydA) 75. What is the mass moment of inertia of a thin circular plate of mass M and radius r about its diameter. 2 Mass moment of inertia of the plate about its Diameter Id = mr where m is the mass of the disc, r is the radius of the disc 76. I xy = 0 for a figure, which is _______________ about either X (or) Y axis Ans : Symmetrical

77. What is the use of Rouths Rule? The Rouths rule is used to find out the moment of inertia of an area. 78. The theorem of parallel axis is not used in obtaining the moment of inertia of a ______ Ans: Square lamina 79. For a fig. moment of inertia INA = 500 cm . M.I. about a line parallel to NA. and at a distance from NA., is 900 cm . Determine the area of the figure. Let area of the fig is A. Given INA D = 40mm
4 4 4 4

of 40mm

= 500 cm = 4 cm

IPQ = 900 cm : Area A= ? According to Parallel axis theorem IPQ = INA + A d

900 = 500 + A(4)

Area of the figure A = 25 cm

UNIT IV : DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES 80. Define rectilinear motion. When the particle moves along a straight line, the motion of the body is called Rectilinear motion. In case of Rectilinear motion, the particles of the body move along parallel lines. If the line is drawn along the path of the body, the lines slope remains same throughout its motion. 81. Define curvilinear motion. When a particle moves in a curved path it is said to have a curvilinear motion. When the direction of the force acting on a particle varies as when the particle has some initial motion in a direction that does not coincide with the direction of the force acting on the particle, the particle moves in a curved path. 82. Define average acceleration. Consider the velocity (v) of the particle at time t and also its velocity (v + v) at a later time (t + ), the average accelerating of the particle over the time interval dt is defined as the ration of v and t.

83. Define average velocity. It is the ratio of displacement and time interval. 84. The particle moving with s=9t +2t+2. Find velocity and acceleration when time t=6 sec. s = v = 9t +2t+2 = (9t +2t+2)
3 3 3

v = a = = when t

27t + 2 = 54t = = 6 sec. velocity is 974 m/s 6 sec. acceleration is a = 54 x 6 = 324 m/s
2

(27t +2)

v = 27 x 6 +2

when

85. What is a projectile? When an object is thrown upwards at some angle, with respect to the earths surface, it moves in a curved path n the atmosphere and finally it returns to the ground at some other point. The path traced by the particle in air is known as trajectory of the particle whereas the particle is called a projectile. The path traced by the particle is parabolic. 86. At __________ angle when a projectile is thrown it gets maximum range. Ans : 45 87. State D Alemberts principle Ans: P = ma Equation of dynamics P- ma = 0 Equation of statistics P- ma = 0 is called equation of dynamic equilibrium under the action of the real force P. This principle is known as DAlemberts principle.

88. Distinguish between kinematics and kinetics Kinematics It is the study of the geometry of motion, which is used to relate displacement, velocity, acceleration and time, without reference to the force causing the motion. 89. Define angular momentum. Angular Momentum H0 of a particle about a point O is the product of moment about O and linear momentum of the particle at that instant. It can also be said as moment of momentum. H0 = r x mv 90. Define linear momentum. Kinetics The study of the relation existing between the forces acting on the body, the mass of the body and motion of the body.

Here vector product (mv) is called the linear momentum. It has the same direction as the velocity of the particle and its magnitude equals to product of mass and velocity. Thus force sum is the ratio of change of the linear momentum of the particles. So it can be represented as L = mv. 91. State Newtons second law of motion The force acting on a body is directly proportional to the acceleration obtained by the body due to the force acting on it. P = ma where P = Force acting on the particle (N) m = Mass of the particle (kg) 2 a = Acceleration of the particle (m/5 ) 92. Mention Newtons law for rectangular coordinates. In rectangular co-ordinates we can express Newton law as follows Fx 93. = max = m
x

Define inertia force and explain with examples. Inertia force of a body can be defined as the resistance to the change in the condition of rest or of uniform motion of body. F ma = 0 Here, Inertia force magnitude is the product of mass and acceleration of the particle and its direction is opposite to the direction of acceleration of the particle.

94.

Define work of a force and its unit Work is the product of the force and displacement along the direction of force. The distance should be in the direction of the force. Work done = Force force. = Fxs x Distance moved by the body in the direction of

The unit of work done is joule. 95. Write down expression for work done by a spring force. The magnitude of the force F exerted by the spring on body A is proportional to the deflection s of the spring measured from the position A0 F = Ks 96. A body if mass 2 kg is moving with a velocity of 50 m/s. What will be the kinetic energy of the body? Mass, m Velocity v = = 2 kg 50 m/s

K.E. is given by K.E. = = = mv

mv

x 2 x 50 kg ( )
2

2500 kg m/s m 2500 Nm [ kg (m/s =N)]

97.

Find Potential Energy of a body having mass 100 kg at a height of 20m. P.E. = where m g h P.E m x g x h = mass of a body = 100 kg acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s height of body from ground = 20m 100 x 9.81 x 20 19620 Nm
2

98.

Define the term Impulse If a constant force acts on a body for the given interval of time, the product of force and the time during which it acts, measures the impulsive of the forces.

99.

What is meant by impulsive force? When a large force acts over a short period of time the force is called an impulsive force.

100.

How do you define the momentum of the particle? The total change in the momentum of a particle during a time interval is equal to the impulse of the force acting during the same interval of time.

101.

Define: Law of conservation of momentum The total momentum of the two sphere along the common normal before the impact must be equal to the total momentum of the system after impact in the same direction. This is known as the conservation of momentum.

102.

Define : Angular momentum (or) Moment of momentum The product of mass moment of inertia and angular velocity of a rotating body is known as moment of momentum or angular momentum.

103.

Define : Law of conservation of angular momentum

The angular momentum of a particle about a point is constant or is conserved if the moment of the resultant force acting on the particle about the same point is zero. 104. State the difference between impulse and momentum Impulse is equal to the change in momentum and is given by the product of impulsive force and the time of applications of that force. Momentum is the quantity of motion and is the product of mass and velocity of the body.

105. (i)

Write the units for following Linear Impulse (iii) Angular Impulse (ii) Linear momentum (iv) Angular momentum Newton Sec Newton sec. Kgm / sec

Linear impulse Linear momentum Angular impulse Angular momentum 106.

Newton-metre-sec (kgm )
3 2 2

A block of mass 3kg is subjected to a time varying force F= 45 5t +10 along x direction. Determine the velocity after 3 seconds if its initial velocity is 10 m/s = 4t 5t + 10 4 +10t
3 6 3 2

mv2 - mv1 = = 3 (V 2) - 3 (10) 3 V 2 - 30 3 V2 - 30

3 V 2 - 30 =

3 V2 = 96 V2 = 32 m/s 107. A 55 kg man moving horizontally with a velocity of 3 m/s, jumps of the end of a pier into a 300 kg. boat. Determine the horizontal velocity of the boat, if it was approaching the pier with an initial velocity of 0.8 m/sec Initial velocity of the boat = = 0.8m/sec towards the pier -0.8 m.sec

Applying principle of conservation of momentum 55x3+300 (-0.8) = 355 v 165 240 = 355 v V = = - 0.21 m/sec i.e. velocity of boat and man will be 0.21 m/sec. towards the pier. 108. A hammer of mass 15kg strikes a wedge with a velocity f 12 m/s. and rebounds with a velocity of 2 m/s. The duration of the impact is 0.01 seconds. Calculate the average force exerted on the edge. Impulse So = Change in momentum

F x 0.01 = 15 x (12-(-2)) 0.01 F = 15 x 14

F= 109. Define an Impact.

= 21000 N = 21 kN

The phenomenon of collision of two bodies which occurs in a very small interval of time and during which the two bodies exert very large force on each other is called an impact.

110.

What is meant by elastic impact? If there is no loss of kinetic energy during collision then it is known as elastic impact. In elastic impact, both momentum and kinetic energy conserved.

111.

What are the two types of impact?

(i) Indirect impact (ii) Indirect or oblique impact are the two types of impact

112.

Define co-efficient of restitution It is defined as the ratio of the relative velocity of their separation after collision to the relative velocity of their approach before collision. E=

113.

State Newtons law of collision of elastic bodies. It is stated that when two moving bodies collide with each other, their velocity of separation bears a constant ratio to their velocity of approach. i.e velocity of separation = (velocity of approach ) constant v2 v1 = e (u1 u2)

UNIT V - FRICTION 114. What is meant by friction? Ans: When a body moves over another body, it experiences a opposing force at the contact This opposing force is called as friction. 115. State the different types of friction. Ans: There are two types of friction i) ii) 116. 117. Dry friction (or) solid friction (or) coulomb friction Fluid friction. surfaces.

Define dry friction. Ans: Dry friction develops between dry surfaces or unlubricated surfaces of bodies in contact. What is meant by fluid friction?

Ans: Fluid friction is developed between two surfaces in the presence of fluid when adjacent layers of fluid are moving at different velocities. 118. Define static friction. Ans: It is the friction experienced by a body, when it is at rest. What is meant by Dynamic friction? Ans: If one surface starts moving on the other which is at rest, then the force experienced by the moving surface is called dynamic friction. It is also called as kinetic friction. 120. What are the two types of dynamic friction? Ans: a. Sliding friction 121. b. Rolling friction

119.

What is meant by sliding friction and rolling friction? Ans: Sliding friction : It is the friction experienced by a body when it slides over another body. Rolling friction : It is the friction experienced by a body when it rools over another body. Define co-efficient of friction. Ans: It is defined as the ratio of the limiting friction to the normal reaction between the two bodies and is generally denoted by . = F/R Define angle of friction. Ans: It is defined as the maximum angle between normal reaction and the resultant of the limiting friction and normal normal reaction is called the angle of friction ( ). Define angle of repose. Ans: It is defined as the angle which an inclined plane makes with horizontal when a body placed on it is just on the point of moving down is called angle of repose ( What is meant by cone of friction? Ans: The cone with point of contact as the vertex and the normal at the point of contact as the axis, having semi-vertex angle ( is known as cone of friction. Where is friction involved? Ans: Friction is involved in wedges, ladder, wheels square threaded screws, journal bearings, thrust bearing etc. What is wedge? Ans: A wedge is a piece of metal or wood in the shape of prism whose cross section is usually a triangle or trapezoid. It is used for lifting heavy loads and tightening fits.

122.

123.

124.

125.

126.

127.

128.

What is ladder? Ans: The ladder is a device for climbing or sealing on the roofs or walls. It is made by wood, iron or rope connected by a number of cross pieces called ladder. Define rolling resistance. Ans: It is defined as one of the friction occurs because of the deformation of the surface under a rolling load. What is a belt drive?

129.

130.

Ans: A belt drive is a power transmission device with belt and pully arrangement in which the belt friction is used in application of brakes to stop motion. 131. What is the use of belt friction? Ans: Belt friction is used for raising a load, transmitting power (or) application of brakes to stop the motion. A vertical wall of eight 300 KN is subjected to lateral force of 3 KN. Will it be safe against string on a horizontal plane on which the co-efficient of friction = 0.01? Ans: Frictional force * weight of wall Diagram = 0.01 * 300 = 3KN Here in the frictional force is equal to the lateral force. So string will take place and hence it is safe. F =

132.