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DAC&ADC (EngineeringDuniya - Com)

This document summarizes digital to analog converters (DACs) and analog to digital converters (ADCs). It discusses how DACs convert digital signals to analog signals and ADCs convert analog signals to digital signals. It describes different types of DACs like binary weighted resistor DACs and different types of ADCs like flash ADCs. Flash ADCs work by comparing the analog input to reference voltages using a bank of comparators, but require many comparators for higher precision which increases their size and cost. Counter-ramp ADCs use a DAC, comparator, counter and clock to incrementally compare the analog input to a changing reference voltage until conversion is complete.

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116 views24 pages

DAC&ADC (EngineeringDuniya - Com)

This document summarizes digital to analog converters (DACs) and analog to digital converters (ADCs). It discusses how DACs convert digital signals to analog signals and ADCs convert analog signals to digital signals. It describes different types of DACs like binary weighted resistor DACs and different types of ADCs like flash ADCs. Flash ADCs work by comparing the analog input to reference voltages using a bank of comparators, but require many comparators for higher precision which increases their size and cost. Counter-ramp ADCs use a DAC, comparator, counter and clock to incrementally compare the analog input to a changing reference voltage until conversion is complete.

Uploaded by

ramanaidu1
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

DAC/ADC

by

D.V.Kamat , Faculty
Department of E&C Engg., MIT

Digital versus Analog
Most values are analog in nature
-temperature , speed ,pressure , position etc
Digital systems are used to process information
-CDs,MP3,DVDs
Need to convert an analog signal in to digital value
Perform digital operations on data
Need to convert the digital result back into an
analog quantity


DAC & ADC
DAC Digital-to-Analog Converter
Converts n-bit digital value to an analog voltage
ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter
Converts analog voltage to a digital value
ADC and DAC operations are required at the
input and output from a digital processing
system that deals with analog quantities.


4
Digital to Analog Converter
What is a digital to analog converter (DAC)?
Converts digital input signal to an analog output
signal
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
DAC
Types of DACs

Binary Weighted Resistor DAC

R/2R Ladder DAC
Binary Weighted Resistor DAC
Binary Weighted Resistor DAC
Analysis
Recall inverting summer Op-Amp:

Set the input resistor values at
multiple powers of two.

Using KCL and Op-Amp properties
V
(-)
= V
(+)
= 0 V
Inverting summer Op-Amp
Starting from V
1
and going through V
3
, this would give each input
voltage exactly half the effect on the output as the voltage before it.
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
R
V
R
V
R
V
R V
out
4 2
3 2 1
8
Binary Weighted Resistor DAC
The output will be:
)
2
...
2
(
1
0 2 1
R
b
R
b
R
b
R Vref Vs
n
n n


+ + + =
) 2 ... 2 2 (
2
_
0 1 2
2
1
1
1
b b b b
Vref
Vs
n
n
n
n
n
+ + + + =

Binary Weighted Resistor DAC


Example:
) 2 4 8 (
8
_
0 1 2 3
b b b b
Vref
V
out
+ + + =
4 = n
Vref
Vref
V
out
8
3
)) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 2 ) 0 ( 4 ) 0 ( 8 (
8
_
= + + + =
) 2 ... 2 2 (
2
_
0 1 2
2
1
1
1
b b b b
Vref
Vs V
n
n
n
n
n
out
+ + + + = =

ref ref fs
V V V 9375 . 0
2
1 2
4
4
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Full scale voltage:
Binary Weighted Resistor DAC
Advantage
Easy design principle

Disadvantages
Requirement of several
different precise input
resistor values: one
unique value per binary
input bit. (High bit DACs)
11
Resolution
The variation of the output voltage corresponding to
the variation of the least significant binary bit (LSB)
Inversely proportional to the number of bits



N
LSB
V
V
2
Resolution
Ref
= = ,


An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D
or A to D) is a device that converts a continuous
quantity to a discrete digital number.

ADC output may be fed to Digital displays in
consumer electronic applications and accuracy of
these consumer electronic applications depend on
the accuracy of the A/D conversion.

Resolution is a function of the number of data bits in
the ADC output. Resolution has a direct impact on
the accuracy of the ADC system
ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter
A digital signal is an approximation of an analog one
ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter
14
Types of ADC are as follows:

1. Counter type ADC

2. Successive approximation type ADC

3. Flash type ADC or Direct conversion ADC


Types Of ADC ,


A direct conversion ADC or flash ADC (also called
parallel A/D converter) consists of a bank of
comparators, each one comparing the input signal to
a unique reference voltage. The comparator outputs
are given to the inputs of a priority encoder circuit,
which then produces a binary output for each voltage
range.


A bank of comparators compare the input signal in
parallel with different reference voltages.
Flash ADC
3-bit flash ADC circuit
V
ref
is a stable reference voltage provided by a precision voltage
regulator.
As the analog input voltage exceeds the reference voltage at each
comparator, the comparator outputs will change or saturate to a
high state.
The priority encoder generates a binary number based on the
highest-order active input, ignoring all other active inputs.
Flash Converter example
Flash Converter example
Number of comparators = number of quantization levels

Converter
input
Comparator Outputs Encoder Output
range (V) A B C D E F G
< 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000
>1-2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 001
>2-3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 010
>3-4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 011
>4-5 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 100
>5-6 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 101
>6-7 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 110
>7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 ,


Benefits :

i. Flash converters are extremely fast compared to many other
types of ADCs. Direct conversion is very fast, capable of
gigahertz sampling rates. Hence , flash ADCs are employed in
Gigahertz applications like radar detection, wide band radio
receivers and optical communication links.
ii. Construction and design procedure of Flash converter is
simple and straight forward.
iii. They are accurate, and easy to operate.
iv. They are often used for video, wideband communications, or
other fast signals in optical storage
Merits and demerits of Flash ADC ,



Drawbacks :

i. A Flash converter requires a huge number of comparators
compared to other ADCs, especially as the precision
increases.
ii. The 3-bit flash ADC requires 7 comparators. A 4-bit version
would require 15 comparators. A Flash converter requires
comparators for an n-bit conversion. The number of
comparators needed, doubles with each additional bit,
requiring a large expensive circuit. ADCs of this type have a
large die size, a high input capacitance, high power
dissipation.
iii. The size and cost of all those comparators makes Flash
converters generally impractical for precisions much greater
than 8 bits (255 comparators).
Merits and demerits of Flash ADC ,


-
+
D-A
Converter
Counter
clock and
control logic
comparitor
analogue input
Counter-ramp ADC ,


Comprises a D-A converter, a single comparator, a counter, a clock
and control logic
When a conversion is required
A signal (conversion request) is sent to the converter and the
counter is reset to zero
a clock signal increments the counter until the reference voltage
generated by the D-A converter is greater than the analogue
input
At this point in time the output of the comparator goes to a
logic 1, which notifies the control logic the conversion has
finished
The value of the counter is output as the digital value
Counter-ramp ADC
END

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