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Remainder and Factor Theorem

(1) This document introduces the Remainder and Factor Theorems. It provides links to resources that explain polynomial division including long division, synthetic division, and finding remainders. (2) The Remainder Theorem states that the remainder of dividing one polynomial by another can be found by substituting a number for the variable in the divisor polynomial. (3) The Factor Theorem allows factoring polynomials and solving cubic equations by finding values that make the divisor equal zero.

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50% found this document useful (2 votes)

968 views19 pages

Remainder and Factor Theorem

Uploaded by

412137

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Remainder and Factor Theorem

(1) Intro to Polynomials -degree -identities -division (long, short, synthetic) (2) Remainder Theorem -finding remainders -special case Factor Theorem -factorise & solve cubic equations

Intro to Polynomials

Terms Degree

Coefficient

Constant Value

Intro to Polynomials
Simple Intro to Polynomials http://www.glencoe.com/sec/math/algebra/algebra1/algebra1_05/ brainpops/index.php4/na More detailed Intro to Polynomials http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=18OFfTyic7g

Long Division of Polynomials

Simple Example http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6_ghhd7kwQ
More difficult example http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTRDPB1wR5Y

Long Division of Polynomials

Example 1:

62 3
Dividend Divisor Quotient

In this case, the division is exact and

Dividend = Divisor x Quotient

Long Division of Polynomials

Example 2: The number 7 when divided by 2 will not give an exact answer. We say that the division is not exact. [7 = (2 x 3) + remainder 1 ]
In this case, when the division is NOT exact,

Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder

Definition of degree: For any algebraic expression, the highest power of the unknown determines the degree.

Algebraic Expression 2x + 1
x3 - 5x -3x2 + x + 4

Degree
1 3 2

For division of polynomials, we will stop dividing until the degree of the expression left is smaller than the divisor.

Division by a Monomial
Divide: 12 x 8 x 5 x 6 x 5 2 x
5 4 2 2

12 x 8 x 5 x 6 x 5 Rewrite: 2 2x Divide each term separately:

5 4 2

12 x 5 8 x 4 5 x 2 6 x 5 2 2 2 2 2 2x 2x 2x 2x 2x

5 3 5 6x 4x 2 2 x 2x
3 2

Division by a Binomial
Divide:
Divide using long division

10 x

17 x x 1 5 x 1
3

5 x 1 10 x 17 x 0 x x 1
4 3 2

Insert a place holder for the missing term x 2

Division of Polynomials
Division of polynomials is similar to a division sum using numbers.
Consider the division 10 2 = 5 Consider the division ( x2 + x ) ( x + 1 )

5 10 10 0
10 2 5

x
x 1
- x2
2

x ( x x)
0

x 2 x x( x 1)

3 2 4 2 Example 1: ( x 2 x x) ( x 1) Example 2: (2 x 6 x x) 2 x

x 1

x x
2

x 3x
3

1 2

x 2 x x - 3 2 (x x )
3 2

2 x 2 x 4 0 x3 6 x 2 x - 4
(2 x )

x x 2 ( x x)
2

0 6x2
(6 x ) 0 x
2

0
x3 2 x 2 x ( x 1)( x 2 x)

( x)

0
1 2 x 4 6 x 2 x 2 x( x 3 3x ) 2

When the division is not exact, there will be a remainder.

Consider the division 7 2 Consider (2x3 + 2x2 + x) (x + 1) 2

3 7 6 1
remainder

2 x 1

x 1

2 x3 2 x 2 x

(2 x3 2 x 2 )

0 x ( x 1)
remainder

-1

7 (2 3) 1
7 1 3 2 2

(2 x3 2 x 2 x) ( x 1)( 2 x 2 1) 1
(2 x 3 2 x 2 x) 1 (2 x 2 1) ( x 1) x 1

Example 1: ( x 3 7 x 2 4 x) ( x 3)

x
x 3

4 x 16

( x3 3x 2 )
4 x2

x3 7 x 2 4 x
4x

Degree here is less than divisors degree, thus this is the remainder

Degree here is not smaller than divisors degree, thus continue dividing

( x 3 7 x 2 4 x) ( x 3)
48 ( x 4 x 16) x3
2

(4x2 12x)
16x

(16 x 48)

Example 2: (5x2

7 x 8) ( x 1)

5x 12
x 1
(5x 5x)
2

5x2 7 x 8
12 x 8
(12 x 12)
4

(5x 7 x 8) ( x 1)
2

Degree here is less than divisors degree, thus this is the remainder

4 (5x 12) x 1

Example 3:

(6x2 5x 1) (2x 1)
3x 1

2x 1
-

(6 x 3x)
2

6 x2 5x 1
2x 1
(2 x 1)
0

(6x2 5x 1) (2x 1)

3x 1

Short Division of Polynomials

Examples

2 x 3x 5 x 1 2 x 1 3 x 3 x 1
2 x 2 3x 5 x 2 1
2 2 2 2

3x 3 2 2 x 1

2 x3 3x 2 x 4 x2 2 x 5 2 x( x 2 2 x 5) 7( x 2 2 x 5) 3x 31 x2 2 x 5 3x 31 2x 7 2 x 2x 5

Synthetic Division of Polynomials

Preview Example: the link from long division to synthetic division
http://www.mindbites.com/lesson/931-int-algebra-synthetic-divisionwith-polynomials Examples: how to perform synthetic division on linear divisors (and the link to remainder theorem) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZoMz1Cy1T4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nefo9cUo-wg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4e9ugZCc4rw
*http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jvjL9DtGC4 Extra: how to perform synthetic division on quadratic divisors