Telecom

U. B. Desai
SPANN Lab
Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT-Bombay
ubdesai@ee.iitb.ac.in

Data Communication Pyramid in India

Fiber to the curb

Wireless access

High
speed
connect.

Cell Phones

50 mil phones
~ 1 mil PCOs)

Aug 4, 2005

(115 to 384
kbps shared
data connect)

GSM + 3G1x: 55 mil

GPRS 172 kbps (shared)
EDGE 384 kpbs (shared)
3G-1x -- 115 kbps (shared)

Land Line Phones

(56.6 Kbps)
(PCOs, Cyber Cafes)

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Back Bone: Fiber

Back bone will be fiber
Very cost effective (except for the last mile)
Various industries are laying fiber across India
(BSNL, MTNL, Reliance, Bharati, Tata-Tele, Shyam Telecom, etc.):
In cities there will be fiber drop every 500 mts.
in cities we expect fiber to the curb technology, already there in
parts of several metros
thus last mile access will be from curb to building
There is talk of fiber to home, but at present this is not cost
effective

In rural areas there will be fiber drop every 25 kms.

BSNL fiber is available at every taluk in the country
Aug 4, 2005

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Urban Scenario for Fiber in the Loop Technology

Housing Complex B

Housing Complex A

6
1

Fiber drop

3
2

500 mts

4
5

Fiber drop

Road

Serves Bldg 1,2,3

Aug 4, 2005

Serves Bldg 4,5,6

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Fiber Drop in India

Avg. Village

Area ~ 6 sq. km.

Total of 650,000
villages in India
About 100
villages per fiber
drop
Population per
village:
500 to 1000

Optical Fiber
Backbone

Domestically, 30,000 of BSNL's exchanges are connected by fiber an average

of one exchange for 20 villages, not including the contribution of other operators.
Aug 4, 2005
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Thus, almost unlimited bandwidth is already possible.

Around Each Fiber Drop

Approx. area covered by

each fiber drop is 600 sq.kms.
We assume each village
occupies approx. 6 sq. kms.
Approx. 100 villages
covered by each fiber drop

12.5 km

Objective: Connect all

villages to the Internet

Access Point
connected to fiber
drop
Aug 4, 2005

Village node with

pole/tower antenna
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Fiber
Drop
6

A Look at Access Technologies

Access Tech.
LAN

ISP

(Last Mile Prob)

Wireless

(line of sight)
Wired
10/100
Mbps

WiFi
802.11b
(Hot Spot)

Dial-up

Cable

Satyam

(56.6 Kbps)

Modem

Fiber in

DSL
802.11b
Based

Aug 4, 2005

VSNL

corDECT

the Loop
Cell Phones

802.16d,e
Telecom
based

Data Rates for Copper based Last

Mile Access
DSL (Digital Subscriber
Line)

Provided by BSNL using DIAS

128 kbps always on
connection on existing phone
lines in 95 towns

ADSL (Asynch. DSL)

6 Mbps downlink, 512 kbps

uplink for 4 Kms or less

Most copper links in India are 3

to 4 kms (from MTNL or BSNL
exchange)

Cable Modem

10 to 40 Mbps downlink and

512 to 1Mbps uplink (shared
both ways)
Most operators put a
separate cable since the TV
coax is of poor quality to
support data

ADSL2+, VDSL (Very high

data rate DSL)
30 MBPS downlink, 1 Mbps
uplink for 700m

Aug 4, 2005

thus ADSL only possibility

Problems due to poor copper
links
Most operators put their own
cables

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Wireless: GPRS, Edge, CorDECT,

CorDECT
70 kbps; developed by
TeNet Grp of IITM;
deployed in rural India

EDGE (Enhanced Data

Rates for GSM Evolution)
Maximum possible data
rate 384 kbps shared
Highest experienced
download 82 kbps
Highest experienced upload
32 kbps
Vendor rated average speed
130 kbps

2.5G
3G-1x
115 kbps shared to all subs
per sector

GPRS
172 kbps shared to all
subscribers per sector

Aug 4, 2005

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Mobile Access: 3G - 3GPP in Europe

(3rd Generation Partnership Program)
WCDMA
Recently deployed by
Vodaphone in 13 countries in
Europe.
5 MHz+5 MHz BW
Approx. 2 Mbps shared by all
users per sector
Data rates drops drastically
when you are at the
periphery of the sector

Aug 4, 2005

HSDPA (High Speed

Downlink Packet Access)
Data rates expected to go
up to 8-10 Mbps (spectral
efficiency of 1 bits/sec/Hz
With MIMO, data rates can
go up to 20 Mbps

In US 1xEVDO, data
rate of 300-500 kbps,
expected to go up to 2
Mbps

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WiFi for Access

802.11b (WiFi, WLAN) ideally
suited for hot spots

Access Tech.

Of late extensive R and D to see if

(Last Mile Prob.)

802.11b can be used for access.

Motivation: Expect 802.11b access
to be cheaper, easy to deploy,

and obviously broadband

Operates in the unlicensed band

WiFi

Some believe it is not a good

(802.11b)

access technology since the data

spectral efficiency is
0.15/bits/sec/Hz

Aug 4, 2005

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HOTSPOT: Typical use of WiFi typically

(Infrastructure Based)
Access Point (AP)

An AP acts like a bridge

Si communicates
to Sj via AP.

S1

S3

S2

S4
Aug 4, 2005

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All comm. via AP

Every Si must be
within the range
of AP. Si need not
be within the
range of Sj
12

 Manhattan area in
NY
13707 unique nodes
9669 nodes not
secure protected
4038 secured
Nodes identified by
probing using a
802.11b card from a
car with GPS
capability
Case of Bryant
Park community
network
Aug 4, 2005

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802.11b based Ad Hoc Network

Basic Service Set (BSS): Stations communicate directly
with each other.
Sometimes referred to as
IBSS (Independent BSS)

S1

S3
station si must be in the
range of station sj

S2

Aug 4, 2005

S4

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Key Advantages
Open IEEE Standard
Unlicensed Band:
802.11 operates in the unlicensed band (ISM
Industrial Scientific and Medical band) ~ 3 such
bands
Cordless Telephony: 902 to 928 MHz
802.11b: 2.4 to 2.483 GHz (opened up in India for indoor
use and recently for outdoor use)
3rd ISM Band: 5.725 to 5.875 GHz
802.11a: 5.15 to 5.825 GHz (occupies part of 3rd ISM
band)
802.16d: 2 to 11 GHz
Aug 4, 2005

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Salient Features of 802.11a, b, g, n

802.11a
Operates in 5.15-5.35 GHz,
and 5.725-5.825 GHz
54 Mbps max data rate,
50mt range
Total band of 240MHz
12 non-overlapping
channels, each of 20 MHz
BW
OFDM (54 subcarriers) for
the physical layer
Same MAC layer for 802.11a
b, and g
Not (yet) unlicensed in India
802.11n: 100 Mbps WiFi
expected
sometime in 2005
Aug
4, 2005

802.11b

Operates in 2.4-2.483 GHz

11 Mbps max data rate
Total band of 83 MHz
3 non-overlapping channels,
each of 20 MHz
DSSS for the physical layer
Same MAC layer for 802.11a
and b

802.11g
54 Mbps at 10mts range
upto 100 mts at lower data rate
OFDM, and 802.11b MAC
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Extended Service Set

BSS1
AP1
BSS2

BSS3

AP2

AP3

BSS4

AP4

Router
Aug 4, 2005 Internet

Distribution System
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2003

2004

2006

2010

Degree of Mobility

Mobile

2.5G

3G

4G
802.16e

Portable

802.11b, a, g, n

Fixed

0.1

1.0

10

Data Rate in Mbps

Aug 4, 2005

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From WiMax Forum

18

802.16d --- WiMax Fixed Wireless

Physical Layer: (Does not use CDMA)
Designed to operate in the 2-11 GHz band
NLOS: 10 km; LOS: 80 km

Physical Layer:
Single Carrier
OFDM (256 carriers)
OFDMA (2048 carries; subset of this allotted to different users)
o OFDM helps to better combat multipath interference
o Higher data rates via higher level modulation (QPSK, 64QAM, etc.)

Optional: performance enhancement using MIMO (multi-input, multioutput) system and sophisticated equalization
Uses various channel coding schemes: convolutional codes, ReedSolomon Codes, Turbo Codes (optional)
Channel BW: 1.5MHz to 20 MHz, (802.11b has only 20MHz)
Data rates at 20MHz can vary from 5 Mbps to 70Mbps
Aug 4, 2005

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802.16e
Mobile Wireless Data Access
802.16e standard to be frozen
by mid 2005
At present, several flavors of
802.16e
Ahead in the race is the Korean
standard WiBro deployment
in 2006
Right behind is Intels 802.16e
version
Unlike GSM or CDMA (which
are primarily for voice),
802.16e is primarily for data
under mobile conditions. Voice
will be using VoIP

Aug 4, 2005

WiBro

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Downlink: 18.4 Mbps

Uplink: 6.1 Mbps
At 60 Km/h: downlink - 512
kbps and uplink 128 kbps
BW: 10 MHz
Carrier at 2.3 GHz
OFDMA
Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM
Mobility: Midrange (less than
3G)
Cell Coverage ~ 1 Km in urban
areas
Frequency reuse of 1
20

Possible Access Model using

802.11b, or 802.11a or 802.16d

Aug 4, 2005

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CorDECT (IIT-M, TeNeT Group)

Earlier version
guaranteed 70 kbps
New version
BB CorDECT
2 Mbps
Always on, supports
telephony

Aug 4, 2005

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802.11b based Access

Directional Antennas
Omni Antennas

.11b

.11b

AP

AP

.11b

.11b

.11b
AP with
Router

Housing
Society 1
or
Village 1
Aug 4, 2005

diff. channels
for black, yellow
and orange paths

802.11b AP
with
Router

.11b

ISP Connection via Fiber

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AP with
Router

Housing
Society 2
or
Village 2
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802.11a based Access

Directional Antennas
Omni Antennas

.11b

.11b

AP

AP

.11b

.11b

.11b
AP with
Router

Housing
Society 1
Aug 4, 2005

diff. channels
for black, yellow
and orange paths

802.11a AP
with
Router

.11b
AP with
Router

Housing
Society 2
ISP Connection
Telecom via Fiber

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Could use IEEE 802.16d (WiMax) for

long links
802.16d ~ 2-11GHz

802.11b ~ 2.4GHz

70 Mbps

11 Mbps

.16a

.16a

.11b
AP

.11b

.11b

AP

.11b

dual
mode
AP with
Router

Aug 4, 2005

.11b

802.16d AP
with
Router

Fiber

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.11b

dual
mode
AP with
Router

Expect this to be popular

in Western Countries and
perhaps urban areas in
developing nations 25

60 Sectoring

60
degree

Coverage Area ~ 300 sq. km.

(50%)
No. of villages in each sector ~ 15
Cost of 60 antenna ~ $1400

Channel1
Channel2
Channel3

Aug 4, 2005

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120 Sectoring
Coverage Area ~ 600 sq. km.
No. of villages in each
sector ~ 30
Cost of 120 antenna ~ $1500
120 degree

120 degree

120 degree

Channel1
Channel2
Channel3

Aug 4, 2005

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Antenna Assembly

Aug 4, 2005

Requirements:
Weather proof
Line of sight
Tower (at base station) - for installing
directional antennas at about 50 m
height
Pole (at village node) - for installing
directional antennas at about 5 m
height.
May require a small tower at the
village node depending on the terrain
Cost
Antenna (16 dBi directivity gain):
20 ~ $400, 60 ~ $1400, 120
~ $1550
Antenna Connectors and cables ~
$150
Tower ~ $4000
Pole ~ $200
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Amortized cost over 45 villages

Cost per village kiosk for connectivity. Amortization includes cost
for the base station, tower, antenna assembly, poles, and 802.11b
solution. Does not include cost of PC, printer, battery back up,
since these remain the same irrespective of the access technology.

1x for imported 2x for imported

component
components

802.11b Solution

Cisco Aironet
Aug 4, 2005 Bridge

$776

$1,102

$1,729

$3,290

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Some Remarks
Power consideration will make WiMax system heavy duty,
and expensive
WiMax has a complex physical layer (compared to .11b):
Needs to support single carrier, OFDM, and OFDMA
Multiple mandatory modulation options:
QPSK, 16QAM on uplink as well as downlink
BPSK for uplink
64 QAM for downlink
QOS a must in WiMax
Much more complex MAC
Bet is on 802.16e as the future

Aug 4, 2005

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