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Chapter: Data Transmission

The document summarizes key concepts related to data transmission systems and probability of error in binary signaling. It describes the basic components of a data transmission system using binary encoding. It then discusses various factors that influence the probability of error in reception, such as noise, filtering techniques, and synchronization errors. Specifically, it examines probability of error for different modulation schemes including BPSK, BFSK, DPSK, and QPSK. Key equations for calculating probability of error are provided for each scheme.

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88 views33 pages

Chapter: Data Transmission

The document summarizes key concepts related to data transmission systems and probability of error in binary signaling. It describes the basic components of a data transmission system using binary encoding. It then discusses various factors that influence the probability of error in reception, such as noise, filtering techniques, and synchronization errors. Specifically, it examines probability of error for different modulation schemes including BPSK, BFSK, DPSK, and QPSK. Key equations for calculating probability of error are provided for each scheme.

Uploaded by

HarshitPal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter: Data

Transmission

Baseband Signal
Receiver
data transmission
system using

A
binary
encoding transmits a sequence of binary digits 0
and 1 equivalent with -V and +V respectively.
during reception knowing within each bit
interval whether the transmitted voltage was +V
or V with noise.

fig. noise may cause


error in
determining x-mitted
voltage
level.

Peak signal rms noise o/p


voltage
The integrator
yields anratio
output which is an
integral of its input multiplied by 1/RC.
Using = RC

Fig. Receiver for binary coded signal

The noise sampling voltage no(T) is a


Gaussian random variable in contrast
with n(T)
The variance of no(T) is

The figure of merit of interest Signal to noise


ratio is,

Probability of Error

Receiver of a data transmission is to


distinguish the bit 1 from the bit 0 in the
presence of noise.
Probability that an error will be made in
such determination.
The probability density of the noise
samples no(T) is Gaussian. The density
of noise is,

Fig. The gaussian probability


of the noise samples

Probability of Error (Cont.)

The probability of error is,

put x= no(T)/1.414o. Then we get,

Here Es= V2T is the signal energy of a


bit.

The optimum Filter

The decision boundary is given by,


an error when s1(t) is transmitted rather
than s2(t) will result if,
Hence Probability of error will be,

Fig. Receiver for binary

The optimum Filter Cont.

if we make the substitution


no(T)/1.414o. Then we get,

x=

The optimum filter is the filter which


maximizes the ratio,

The Optimum Filter Transfer


The signal which function
is relevant in error probability
calculation is difference signal,
If p(t) is optimum, then o/p signal of the filter is
then
If H(f) is the transfer function of the filter is,

The power spectral density of the input noise


Gn(f) is,

The Optimum Filter Transfer


function
The normalized o/p noise power i.e.

noise variance is,

we now find that,

Now using the Schwarz inequality,

The Optimum Filter Transfer


function

The optimum filter which yields the


maximum ratio has a transfer function,
Correspondingly the max. ratio is,

The Matched Filter

An optimum filter yields a max. transfer


function is called a matched filter.
In this case,
and transfer
function becomes,

The impulse response of filter i.e. the


response of the filter to a unit strength
impulse applied at t = 0 is,

The Matched Filter

For physically realizable filter h(t)=h*(t).

Finally since p(t) = s1(t)- s2(t), we have

Probability of error for


Matched
Filter
Probability of error is calculated when
employing a matched filter at the max.
SNR.

since p(t) = s1(t)- s2(t), we have write as,

Probability of error for


Matched Filter
Es1 and Es2 are the energies of the s1(t)
and s2(t) and Es12 is the energies due to
the correlation between the s1(t) and
s2(t).
The optimum choice of s2(t) is,
So,

17

Coherent reception:
Correlation

Coherent reception:
Correlation
output signal and noise of

The
correlator is,

the

Here si(t) is either s1(t) or s2(t) and is


the constant of the integrator.
if h(t) is the impulse response of the
matched filter, then the o/p of the
matched filter can be found as,

Coherent reception:
Correlation
The h(t) of the
matched filter is,
So that,
now putting h(t) in o/p equation,

Coherent reception:
Correlation
So that the matched filter and the correlator are
not simply two distinct, independent techniques
which happen to yield the same result.

Probability of Error for BPSK

In BPSK the input signal is given by,

In PSK s1(t) = -s2(t) gives the error


probability. Then in PSK the baseband
transmission,

here the signal energy is, Es= A2T/2


then the erro probability is,

BPSK imperfect phase


synchronizaton
When S (t) is received the o/p

of the
correlator at the sampling time t = T is,

(c is a
constant)
Similarly,
If is some fixed offset. Then
Then the probability of error is
converted into,
1

BPSK Imperfect Bit


Synchronizaton
there is an overlap of an amount

If
then the o/p signal,

If the overlapping in the other direction


i.e. to T-, then the result will be same,

BPSK Imperfect Bit


Synchronizaton
If both phase error and timing error are
present then th Pe will be,

Probability of Error for BFSK

In BFSK the input signal is given by,

In FSK the required local waveform is,

Probability of Error for BFSK

Non-coherent detection of FSK


Using a filter receiver with no use of the
phase of the incoming signal. Such a
reception is called non coherent
detection.
In this case probability of detection of
signal is reduced.
The probability of error for non-coherent
FSK is,

Probability of error for DPSK

When no noise is present the signal is


either at an angle 0 or .
So the decision boundary is set at /2.
The probability of error for DPSK system
is,

Probability of error for QPSK

In QPSK the 4 possible waveforms is


transmitted during each interval T. these
waveform are,

Probability of error for QPSK

The probability of error that correlator 1


or correlator 2 will make an error is,

Probability of error for QPSK

Let the symbol duration Ts=2T where T is


the duration of single bit,

So
The probability Pc that the QPSK receiver
will correctly identify the transmitted
signal is equal to the product of the prob.
That both correlator 1 and 2 have yielded
correct result. Thus Pe= Pe1= Pe2,

If as Pe<< 1 Then the probability of


error of the system is,

33

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