Unit – V

Objectives:
 To find the probability of error of various digital modulation techniques.

Syllabus:
DATA TRANSMISSION
Base band signal receiver, probability of error, the optimum filter, matched
filter, probability of error using matched filter, coherent reception, calculation of
error probability of ASK, BPSK, BFSK.
Outcomes:
Students will be able to
 Understand the basic elements of digital communication , PCM and DM
Systems
 Calculate the probabilities of ASK, BPSK, BFSK
 Compare the probabilities of ASK, BPSK, BFSK.
 UNIT-5
Baseband Signal Receiver

Figure 5.1 Transmitted pulse with noise

The above figure explains that noise may cause an error in the determination of
a transmitted voltage level.

Figure 5.2 A receiver for a binary coded signal

Peak SNR

Figure 5.3 (a)The signal output (b) the noise output of the integrator as
shown in figure 5.2

(5.1)

(5.2)

(5.3)
The variance of noise is no(T) is known to us and is (5.4)

(5.5)

Figure of merit is
(5.6)

Probability of Error

Figure 5.4 The Gaussian probability density of the noise sample no(T)

(5.7a)

(5.7b)

Figure 5.5 Variation of Pe versus Es/η

Optimum Threshold

Figure 5.6 Decision threshold when apriori probabilities are (a) equal (b)
unequal

(5.8)

(5.9)

(5.10
)

(5.11)

(5.12)

(5.13)
Optimum Receiver
We assume that the received signal is a binary waveform. One binary digit (bit)
is represented by a signal waveform s1(t) which persists for time T, while the
other bit is represented by the waveform s2(t) which also lasts for an interval T.
For example, in the case of transmission at baseband, as shown in Fig. 3.27,
s1(t) = +V, while s2(t) = –V; for other modulation systems, different waveforms are
transmitted. For example, for PSK signaling, s1(t) = A cos ω0t and s2(t) = –A
cosω0t; while for FSK, s1(t) = A cos (ω0+Ω)t and s2(t) = A cos (ω0–Ω)t.

Figure 5.7 A receiver for binary coded signaling

An error [we decide s1(t) is transmitted rather than s2(t)] will result if

(5.14)

The complementary error function is monotonically decreasing function of its

argument (indicated in Fig. 5.30). Hence, as is to be anticipated, Pe decreases as
the difference so1(T) – so2(T) becomes larger and as the r.m.s. noise voltage σo
becomes smaller. The optimum filter, then, is the filter which maximizes the
ratio

(5.62) We shall now calculate the transfer function H(f) of

this optimum filter. As a matter of mathematical convenience we shall actually
maximize γ2 rather than γ

Signal to the optimum filter is p(t) ≡s1(t) – s2(t)

Corresponding output signal of the filter is po(t)
≡so1(t) – so2(t)
Let P(f) and Po(f) be the Fourier transforms, respectively, of p(t) and po(t). Then

Po(f) = H(f)P(f) (5.15)

 (5.16)

(5.17)
Normalized output noise
power (5.18)

(5.19)
Schwarz inequality
defines (5.20)

The equal sign applies when X(f) = KY*(f) (5.21)

(5.22)

Or, (5.23)

(5.24
)
1

/ will attain its maximum value

The ratio when (5.25)

Optimum Filter using Matched Filter

An optimum filter which yields a maximum is called a matched filter when
ratio the input

noise is white. In this case Gn(f) = η/2, and Become

equation (5.73)/ s
(5.26)

(5.27)
(5.28)
 (5.29)

Figure 5.8

Probability of Error of Matched Filter

(5.30)

From Parseval’s theorem, (5.31)

(5.32)

The optimum choice of s2(t) is as given by s2(t) = – s1(t) (5.33)

Hence, (5.34)
 (5.35)

(5.36)

Integrator as Matched Filter

When we
have, (5.37)

Impulse response of the matched filter

is, (5.38)

Hence, 2 (5.39)
The inverse transform of h(t), that is, the transfer function of the filter, becomes,

(5.40)

The first term in equation (5.88) represents an integration beginning at t = 0,

while the second term represents an integration with reverse polarity beginning
at t = T.

Optimum Filter using Correlator

Figure 5.9 A coherent system of signal reception

 (5.41)

(5.42)

If h(t) is the impulsive response of the matched filter, then

(5.43)
(5.44)

(5.45)

(5.46)

(5.47)
Where, si(λ) is equal to s1(λ) or s2(λ)

Similarly, (5.48)
Thus so(t) and no(t), as calculated from equations (5.89) and (5.90) for the
correlation receiver, and as calculated from equations (5.95) and (5.96) for the
matched filter receiver, are identical. Hence the performances of the two systems
are identical.

Optimal Coherent Reception: PSK

The input signal is (5.49)

In PSK, s1(t) = – s2(t), Equation (5.84) gives the error probability as in base band
transmission

(5.50)

Imperfect Phase Synchronization (5.51)

 (5.100) If the overlap is in the
other direction, integration extends from –τ to T – τ

(5.52)

Correspondingly, (5.53)

If τ = 0.05T, the probability of error is increased by a factor 10

If both phase error and timing error are present, then

Probability of error (5.54)

Optimal Coherent Reception: FSK

(5.55)

Local waveform is (5.56)

We start with (5.57)

(5.58)

(5.59)

Largest value when Ω is selected so that 2ΩT = 3π/2

 (5.60)

(5.61)
2
Where, the signal energy is Es = A T/2

(5.62)
Comparing the probability of error obtained for FSK [Eq. (5.110)] with
probability of error obtained for PSK [Eq. (5.98)], we see that equal probability of
error in each system can be achieved if the signal energy in the PSK signal is
0.6 times as large as the signal energy in FSK. As a result, a 2 dB increase in
the transmitted signal power is required for FSK. Why is FSK inferior to PSK?
The answer is that in PSK, s1(t) = – s2(t), while in FSK this condition is not
satisfied. Thus, although an optimum filter is used in each case, PSK results in
considerable improvement compared with FSK.
Optimal Coherent Reception: QPSK

S2 S1

A cos ω0t

S3
S4

A sin ω0t

Figure 5.10 A phasor diagram representation of the signals in QPSK

 Figure 5.11 A correlation receiver for QPSK

We note from Fig. 5.35, that the reference waveform of correlator 1 is an angle
φ = 450 to the axes of orientation of all of the four possible signals. Hence, from
equation (5.99), since (cos 450)2 = ½, the probability that correlator 1 or
correlator 2 will make an error is

(5.63)

(5.64)
(5.65)