EE359

Wireless
Communications
Engr Asad Riaz

Outline
Introduction

to Wireless
Communication

The

propagation channel

Modulation

techniques

Channel

coding and Equalization

Cellular

concepts and site planning

complete overview of GSM network.

CDMA

overview

Wireless
Communication
Aim
To communicate information
from one user or a selected
group of users irrespective of the
information or user location and
motion.

Wireless History
First Mobile Radio Telephone 1924

Wireless History
1867

- Maxwell predicts existence of

electromagnetic (EM) waves

1887

- Hertz proves existence of EM

waves; first spark transmitter
generates a spark in a receiver several
meters away

1896

- Marconi demonstrates wireless

telegraph to English telegraph office

Wireless History

1897 - ``The Birth of Radio'' - Marconi

awarded patent for wireless telegraph

1897 - First ``Marconi station''

established on Needles island to
communicate with English coast

1898 - Marconi awarded English patent

no. 7777 for tuned communication

1898 - Wireless telegraphic connection

between England and France established

Wireless History
1901

- Marconi successfully
transmits radio signal across
Atlantic Ocean from
Cornwall to Newfoundland

1902

- First bidirectional
communication across Atlantic

1909

- Marconi awarded Nobel

prize for physics

Wireless History

1914 - First voice over radio transmission

1920s - Mobile receivers installed in police

cars in Detroit

1930s - Mobile transmitters developed; radio

equipment occupied most of police car trunk

1935 - Frequency modulation (FM)

demonstrated by Armstrong

1940s - Majority of police systems converted

to FM

Wireless History
Birth of Mobile Telephony
1946 - First interconnection of mobile users to public
switched telephone network (PSTN)
1949 - FCC recognizes mobile radio as new class of service
1940s - Number of mobile users > 50K
1950s - Number of mobile users > 500K
1960s - Number of mobile users > 1.4M
1960s - Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS)
introduced; supports full-duplex, auto dial, auto trunking
1976 - Bell Mobile Phone has 543 pay customers using 12
channels in the New York City area; waiting list is 3700
people; service is poor due to blocking

Wireless History
Cellular Mobile Telephony
1979 - NTT/Japan deploys first cellular communication
system
1983 - Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) deployed
in US in 900 MHz band: supports 666 duplex channels
1989 - Groupe Spcial Mobile defines European digital
cellular standard, GSM
1991 - US Digital Cellular phone system introduced
1993 - IS-95 code-division multiple-access (CDMA)
spread- spectrum digital cellular system deployed in US
1994 - GSM system deployed in US, relabeled ``Global
System for
Mobile Communications''

Wireless history
PCS and Beyond
1995

- FCC auctions off frequencies in

Personal Communications System (PCS)
band at 1.8 GHz for mobile telephony

1997

- Number of cellular telephone

users in U.S. > 50M

2000

- Third generation cellular system

standards? Bluetooth standards?

Electromagnetic
Waves

According to the wave equations, a time-varying(oscillating) electric

field generates a magnetic field and vice versa. Therefore, as an
oscillating electric field generates an oscillating magnetic field, the
magnetic field in turn generates an oscillating electric field, and so on.
These oscillating fields together form an electromagnetic wave.
Electromagnetic radiation is generally described as a self-propagating
wave in space with electric and magnetic components.

Electromag
netic Waves

Electromagnetic
Waves
These components oscillate at right angles to each
other and to the direction of propagation, and are in
phase with each other. Electromagnetic radiation is
classified into types according to the frequency of the
wave: these types include, in order of increasing
frequency, radio waves, microwaves, terahertz
radiation, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet
radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. In some technical
contexts the entire range is referred to as just 'light'.
EM

radiation carries energy and momentum, which

may be imparted when it interacts with matter.

Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation,
created whenever a charged object (in normal radio
transmission, an electron) accelerates with a frequency
that lies in the radio frequency (RF) portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum. In radio, this acceleration is
caused by an alternating current in an antenna. Radio
frequencies occupy the range from a few tens of hertz to
three hundred gigahertz, although commercially
important uses of radio use only a small part of this
spectrum

Electromagnetic
Spectrum

The Cellular Concept

Basic

Principles

Frequency Reuse
Cell Splitting
First proposed by D.
H. Ring at Bell
Laboratories in 1947

The Cellular Concept

Solves spectral congestion
and user capacity problems.
Splitting one high power
transmitter (large cell) into
many low power transmitters
(small cells). Each base
station is assigned a
different group of channels
and nearby BS are assigned
different frequencies

Cellular Systems:

Reuse channels to maximize

capacity

Geographic region divided into cells

Frequencies/timeslots/codes reused at spatially-separated locations.
Co-channel interference between same color cells.
Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handoff and control functions
Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking burden

BASE
STATION

MTSO

Cellular Systems:
Reuse channels to maximize
capacity
The concept of cellular radio can be used to explain the differing receptions
at various locations.
An area to be supplied with radio service is divided into cells. Each of these
cells is assigned a range of frequencies (f1 - f6) and they each have
corresponding radio base stations. The group of frequencies can be reused
in other cells bearing in mind that it is not reused in adjacent cells as that will
cause co-channel interference. Co-channel interference results when
frequencies are reused in adjacent neighbouring cells. A reuse distance, D is
calculated as D=R3N
where R is the cell radius and N is the number of cells per cluster. cells may
vary in radius in the ranges (1 km to 30 km). The shape of the cells can be
hexagonal, circular or some other undefined irregular shapes. The
boundaries of the cells can also overlap between adjacent cells.

Cellular Implementation

Cellular Implementation
In the 900 MHz band the uplink frequency band is 890-915
MHz, and the downlink frequency band is 935-960 MHz. This
25 MHz bandwidth is subdivided into 124 carrier frequency
channels, each spaced 200 kHz apart. Time division
multiplexing is used to allow eight full-rate or sixteen halfrate speech channels per radio frequency channel. There are
eight radio timeslots (giving eight burst periods) grouped into
what is called a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate
frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate is 270.833
kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms

Cellular Phone
Networks

Cellular Phone
Networks
The EIR (Equipment Identity Register) is often integrated to
the HLR. The EIR keeps a list of mobile phones (identified by
their IMEI) which are to be banned from the network or
monitored. This is designed to allow tracking of stolen mobile
phones. In theory all data about all stolen mobile phones
should be distributed to all EIRs in the world through a
Central EIR. It is clear, however, that there are some countries
where this is not in operation. The EIR data does not have to
change in real time, which means that this function can be less
distributed than the function of the HLR

World Telecom
Statistics

Crossover has happened in May 2002!

World Cellular
Subscribers by Technology
as of June 2006
2.41 Billion Cellular Customers Worldwide
GSM/UMTS Totals 82.3%

GSM Growth - 1993 to

June 2006

Exciting
Developments
Internet
2G/3G
Huge

and laptop use exploding

wireless LANs growing rapidly

cell phone popularity worldwide

Emerging

systems such as Bluetooth,

UWB, Zigbee, and WiMAX opening new
doors

Military

and security wireless needs

Important

interdisciplinary applications