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Kyoto Montreal

The document discusses the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty extending the UNFCCC that commits countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, with 192 parties. The protocol established mechanisms for countries to meet emission reduction targets, including emissions trading. However, major emitters like the US and developing countries are not required to reduce emissions. The document also examines debates around the protocol and need for further global action to significantly reduce CO2 levels.

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117 views29 pages

Kyoto Montreal

The document discusses the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty extending the UNFCCC that commits countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, with 192 parties. The protocol established mechanisms for countries to meet emission reduction targets, including emissions trading. However, major emitters like the US and developing countries are not required to reduce emissions. The document also examines debates around the protocol and need for further global action to significantly reduce CO2 levels.

Uploaded by

Shubham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

MADE BY :

VIRANTA (142323)
NEHA SINGLA
(142325)
PAARAS (142326)

The Kyoto Protocol is an international


treaty, which extends the 1992 United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) that commits State
Parties to reduce greenhouse gases
emissions, based on the premise that
(a) global warming exists and
(b) man-made CO2 emissions have caused
it.
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto,
Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered
into force on 16 February 2005.
There are currently 192 Parties
associated to the Protocol.

Kyoto Protocol: Emission


Regulations

Options to reduce emissions include:


Improved technologies
Nation-created sinks
Tradable Permits for Emissions

Unfortunately, these have some

down sides:
Sometimes it is less expensive to buy

permits then decrease emissions


There are no credit for conservation,
even though existing forests contain
40% of terrestrial carbon.

Kyoto Problems
Currently, 166 countries have

ratified the protocol but:


United States, the number 1 emitter

of CO2 gases has not joined


Developing nations, such as China
(#2 emitter) and India (#5 emitter)
are not required to reduce or limit
their emissions under the Kyoto
Protocol

The Kyoto Debate


The United States has not ratified the Protocol

because the Bush Administration believed it


gave developing countries an manufacturing
advantage that would hurt the U.S. economy.
The rebuttal to the United States point of view
is that the developing countries dont have the
financial resources to be able to support the
changes needed to decrease emissions
Also, per capita, China and India have very low
emissions and it is unfair to be judged
nationally.

The Kyoto Debate

The United States


1: Atmospheric CO2 ppm
1:

Current emissions

395

With a 10%

1:

reduction, the ppm


changes from 395
to about 365

350

1
1:
Page 1

305
1958.00

1969.00

1980.00
Y ears

1991.00
2002.00
10:59 AM Fri, Dec 01, 2006

Untitled

1: Atmospheric CO2 ppm


1:

375

1:

340

1
1:
Page 1

305

1958.00

1969.00

1980.00
Y ears
Untitled

1991.00
2002.00
10:41 AM Fri, Dec 01, 2006

World
1: Atmospheric CO2 ppm
1:

405

Current emissions

With 10% reduction, the ppm

1:

355

changes from 405 t0 380

1
1:
Page 1

305

1958.00

1969.00

1980.00
Y ears

1991.00
2002.00
11:05 AM Fri, Dec 01, 2006

Untitled

1: Atmospheric CO2 ppm


1:

10% reduction in 1990


emissions

405

1
1:

355
1

1:
Page 1

305

1
1958.00

1969.00

1980.00
Y ears
Untitled

1991.00
2002.00
11:14 AM Fri, Dec 01, 2006

The Future
These models only show

until 2002 levels which we


have already reached.
Under the Kyoto Protocol,
the future emissions will be
reduced through lowering
carbon dioxide emissions
and increasing sinks.

World Projection to 2150 with


current levels of CO2
1: Atmospheric CO2 ppm
1:

600

1:

450

1
1:
Page 1

300

2002.00

2039.00

2076.00
Y ears
Untitled

2113.00
2150.00
11:12 AM Fri, Dec 01, 2006

World Projection to 2150 with 10%


reduction in CO2 emission (following
Kyoto Protocol):
1: Atmospheric CO2 ppm

1:

600

1:

450

1
1:
Page 1

300

2002.00

2039.00

2076.00
Y ears
Untitled

2113.00
2150.00
11:12 AM Fri, Dec 01, 2006

So what does this mean?


Even if the Kyoto Protocol was

written more strictly, making every


nation reduce emissions by 10%,
including developed and developing
nations, that would not be enough.
More action must be taken, such as
decreased emission limits and more
carbon sinks, to have any
significant impact on slowing the
increase of atmospheric CO2
emissions.

World Projection to 2150 with 10%


reduction in CO2 levels (under Kyoto
Protocol) and manmade sink through
reforestation of
1 gigaton/year
1: Atmospheric CO2 ppm

1:

600

1:

450

1
1

1:
Page 1

300

1
2002.00

2039.00

2076.00
Y ears
Untitled

2113.00
2150.00
11:18 AM Fri, Dec 01, 2006

Scope of Montreal
Protocol
The Montreal Protocol
is an international
agreement adopted in 1987 to control the
production and consumption of specific manmade chemicals that destroy the ozone layer,
the earths protective shield.
An agreement /mechanism to reduce and

eliminate the production and consumption of


ODS
Developed and developing countries have

different phase out schedules.

Ratification Status
Vienna Convention for the

Protection of the Ozone Layer


signed in 1985
Montreal Protocol adopted in 1987
191 countries have signed the

Montreal Protocol including all the


CARIFORUM countries

Depletion of ozone layer

What are Ozone depleting substances


(ODS) ?
1. Chemicals that potentially deplete the ozone

layer
2. Contain chlorine or bromine atoms
3. Have long atmospheric life
Examples:

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) e.g. CFC-12 (aka R-12 or


F-12)
Halons (Bromochlorofluorocarbons) e.g. Halon 1301
Carbon tetrachloride
Methyl chloroform
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) e.g. HCFC-22 (aka
R-22 or F-22)
Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs)
Bromochloromethane
Methyl bromide

Main uses of ODS


Refrigerants (gases)
Fire extinguishers
Fumigants, pesticides
Foam-blowing agents
Cleaning solvents
Aerosol propellants
Air-conditioning systems (and

components)
Refrigerators/freezers
Compressors
Vehicles (mobile air-conditioning

systems)
Insulating boards/pipe covers
Metered-dose inhalers (medical

inhalers

Why control Ozone Depleting


Substances?
Harmful to the environment and human

health
Ozone (Layer) depletion
Climate Change
Global Warming
Economic impact
Others?
International agreement for their complete
phase out
National legal obligation for their phase out .
Personal obligation to protect and care for
our natural environment
Our generation
Our childrens generation

Some Effects of Ozone Layer


Depletion

Human Health

Damages DNA which suppresses immune system resulting in


increase in infectious diseases eg Skin Cancer; Eye Cataracts

Plants & Trees


Reduces crop production, damage to seeds
Reduces quality of crops

Aquatic Organisms
Damage to plankton, aquatic plants, fish larvae, shrimp, crabs
Affects marine food chain

Materials
degrades paints, rubber, wood, & plastics, especially in tropical

regions

Ground Level Smog


Increase in the formation of Ground level ozone as a
pollutant

High economic cost

Damages could be in billions of US dollars

Phasing out ODS


Parties to the Montreal Protocol must
freeze, reduce and phase out their
production and consumption of ODS
according to a specific step-wise schedule.
- Approaches:
Production Control
Consumption Control
Trade, Import, export and reimport control
Adaptation to Ozone Friendly technology
Training and Capacity Building

Phase-out Mandates of the


Montreal Protocol

Ozone depleting
Substance Consumption
= Imports + production
Exports

developed Country
(Article 2 Parties) (this
schedule will be applicable for
USA CANADA

Article 5 Parties
developing Country
(Mexico)

CFCs

100% phase out


Jan. 1st, 1996

Base level: 1995-97


Freeze in Consumption:
Jan 1st, 1999
50% Cut-2005
85% Cut-2007
Phase out: Jan. 1st 2010

Halons

100% phase out


Jan. 1st, 1994

Base level: 1995-97


Freeze in Consumption:
Jan 1st, 1999
50% Cut-2005
Phase out: Jan. 1st 2010

Methyl Bromide

Phase out 2005

Base level: 1995-98


Freeze in Consumption:
Jan 1st, 2001
20% Cut-2005
Phase out: Jan. 1st 2015

Monitoring
Most developing countries do not
produce ODS and are completely
dependent on ODS imports.
Consequently, monitoring the legal
trade and preventing the illegal
trade of these chemical is crucial to
achieving the gradual phase-out of
ODS and conversion to non-ODS
alternatives.

Measures - Import License

System
An Import / Export Licensing
System for ODS controlled by
Montreal Protocol is necessary to:
Facilitate control of ODS supply
Increase the monitoring / collecting

of information
Identify end users
prevent illegal imports

Conclusions
Montreal Protocol provided dual protection:
to Ozone layer and to Climate change
Already achieved climate benefits 5-6 times

larger than Kyoto Protocol targets for 20082012


Potential for additional climate benefits
significant compared to Kyoto Protocol targets
(2008-2012):
Better containment in refrigeration
Destruction of CFCs, HCFC in exiting refrigerators,

foams
Alternatives with lower GWPs.
28

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