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Lecture 4 Ferrous Metal

This document provides an overview of ferrous metals. It defines pure metals and alloys, and distinguishes between ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals contain iron, while non-ferrous metals do not. The extraction of iron from iron ore involves heating the ore with coke in a blast furnace to produce pig iron. Steel is an alloy of iron with carbon, and its properties depend on the carbon content. Common steel types include low, medium, and high carbon steel as well as cast iron and alloy steels like stainless steel. Heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering are used to alter steel properties.

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1K views26 pages

Lecture 4 Ferrous Metal

This document provides an overview of ferrous metals. It defines pure metals and alloys, and distinguishes between ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals contain iron, while non-ferrous metals do not. The extraction of iron from iron ore involves heating the ore with coke in a blast furnace to produce pig iron. Steel is an alloy of iron with carbon, and its properties depend on the carbon content. Common steel types include low, medium, and high carbon steel as well as cast iron and alloy steels like stainless steel. Heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering are used to alter steel properties.

Uploaded by

Kashif Usman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ferrous Metals

Lecture 1

Pure Metals and Alloys


Metal that are not mixed with any other materials are known
as pure metals. Metals listed in the Periodic Table are pure
metals
E.g. Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn)
Alloys are mixtures of two or more metals formed together
with other elements/materials to create new metals with
improved Mechanical Properties and other properties
of the base metal.
E.g.

Brass (Copper and Zinc),


Stainless steel (steel and chromium)

Alloy = metal A + metal B + + other elements


2

Ferrous Metals & Non-Ferrous


Metals
Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron
E.g. Steel (iron and carbon)
Non-ferrous metals are metals that do not contain iron
E.g. Zinc (pure metal), Bronze (Copper and tin)
(non-ferrous may contain slight traces of iron)
Ferrous Metal = alloy metals that contains iron
( Primary base metal is iron)
Non-ferrous Metal = alloy metals that do not contain iron
Primary base metal does not contain iron)
3

Classification
Metals can be divided into 2 groups
Metals
Ferrous Metals

Non- Ferrous Metals

Iron

Aluminum

Low Carbon Steel

Copper

Medium Carbon Steel

Brass

High Carbon Steel

Bronze

Cast Iron

Zinc

Stainless Steel

Lead

Tool Steels

Tin

Others

Others
4

Extraction of Iron
Iron is found in iron oxide in the earth.
Three primary iron ores: magnetite, hematite, taconite
Iron is extracted using blast furnace
Steps in extraction of iron
Ores is washed, crushed and mixed with
limestone and coke
The mixture is fed into the furnace and is then melted
Coke(a product of coal, mainly carbon) is
used to convert the iron oxides to iron
5

Extraction of Iron
Limestone helps to separate
the impurities from the metal
The liquid waste is known as slag
that floats on the molten iron
They are then tapped off (separated)
The iron produced is only about 90% to 95% pure.
The iron is then further refined using the
basic oxygen furnace and the electric arc
furnace to produce steel which is widely
used now.
6

Blast Furnace

Extraction of Iron

A blast furnace

Ferrous Metals - Iron and Steel


Pure iron is soft and ductile to be of much practical use.
BUT when carbon is added, useful set of alloys are produced.
They are known as carbon steel.
The amount of carbon will determine the hardness of the steel.
The carbon amount ranges from 0.1% to 4%.

Types of Steel
Steel
Low carbon steel (mild steel)
Medium carbon steel
High carbon steel (tool steels)
Cast iron
Alloy Steels
Stainless steel
High speed steel

10

Low Carbon Steel


Also known as mild steel
Contain 0.05% -0.32% carbon
Tough, ductile and malleable
Easily joined and welded
Poor resistance to corrosion
Often used a general purpose material
Nails, screws, car bodies,
Structural Steel used in the construction industry

11

Medium Carbon Steel


Contains 0.35% - 0.5% of carbon
Offer more strength and hardness BUT
less ductile and malleable
Structural steel, rails and garden tools

12

High Carbon Steel


Also known as tool steel
Contain 0.55%-1.5% carbon
Very hard but offers Higher
Strength Less ductile
and less malleable
Hand tools (chisels, punches)
Saw blades

13

Cast Iron
Contains 2%-4% of carbon
Very hard and brittle
Strong under compression
Suitable for casting [can be pour at a relatively
low temperature]
Engine block, engineer vices, machine parts

14

Cast Iron
White:
Hard and brittle, good wear resistance
Uses: rolling & crunching
Equipment
Grey:
Good compressive & tensile strength, machinability,
and vibration-damping ability
Uses: machine bases, crankshafts, furnace doors,
Engine Blocks

15

Ductile:
High strength and ductility Uses: engine and machine parts

Malleable:
Heat-treated version of white cast iron

16

Stainless Steel
Steel alloyed with
chromium (18%), nickel (8%), magnesium (8%)
Hard and tough
Corrosion resistance
Comes in different grades
Sinks, cooking utensils, surgical instruments

17

High Speed Steel


Medium Carbon steel alloyed with
Tungsten, chromium, vanadium
Very hard
Resistant to frictional heat even at high temperature
Can only be ground
Machine cutting tools (lathe and milling)
Drills

18

Heat Treatment
A process used to alter the properties and characteristics
of metals by heating and cooling.

Three stages of heat treatment


1. Heat the metal to the correct temperature
2. Keep it at that temperature for a the required
length of time (soaking)
3. Cool it in the correct way to give the desired
properties
19

Heat Treatment
Types of heat treatment:
Annealing
Normalizing
Hardening
Tempering
Case hardening

20

Annealing
Annealing is the process whereby heat is introduced
to mobilise the atoms and relieve internal stress
After annealing, it allows the metal to be further shaped

21

Normalizing
This process is only confined to steel.
It is used to refine the grain due to work hardening

22

Hardening
Hardening is the process of increasing the hardness
of steel by adding a high amount of carbon
The degree of hardness depends on the amount of
carbon present in steel and the form in which it is
trapped during quenching.
Once hardened, the steel is resistant to wear but
is brittle and easily broken under load.

23

Tempering
Tempering is the process to reduce hardness and
brittleness slightly of a hardened steel workpiece.
It helps to produce a more elastic and tough steel
capable of retaining the cutting edge after tempering
Prior to tempering, the steel must be cleaned to
brightness with emery cloth so that oxide colour is visible
when reheated

24

Case Hardening
Case hardening is a process used with mild steel to
give a hard skin
The metal is heated to cherry red and is dipped in
Carbon powder. It is then repeated 2-3 more times before
Quenching the metal in water to harden the skin.
This allows the surface of mild steel to be able to
subject to wear but the soft core is able to subject to
Sudden shock e.g. the tool holders

25

Case Hardening - Carburizing


Carburizing involves placing the mild steel in box
packed with charcoal granules, heated to 950 C (1742 oF)
and allowing the mild steel to soak for several hours.
It achieves the same purpose of case hardening

26

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