Scribd
Upload
67 views15 pages

Methods and Methodology

This document reviews and summarizes several common second language acquisition methods: the Classical Method, Direct Method, Audiolingual Method, Silent Way, Suggestopedia, Total Physical Response, Functional-Notional Approach, Natural Approach, and Communicative Language Teaching. For each method, it provides a brief overview of the key principles and classroom techniques used. It also defines the differences between an approach, design, and procedure for implementing language teaching methods.

Uploaded by

Carmen Alexe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
67 views15 pages

Methods and Methodology

This document reviews and summarizes several common second language acquisition methods: the Classical Method, Direct Method, Audiolingual Method, Silent Way, Suggestopedia, Total Physical Response, Functional-Notional Approach, Natural Approach, and Communicative Language Teaching. For each method, it provides a brief overview of the key principles and classroom techniques used. It also defines the differences between an approach, design, and procedure for implementing language teaching methods.

Uploaded by

Carmen Alexe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

English in an engaging

and interactive classroom


Review of
Methods and Methodology

By
Luisa Oldmen
MA ESL, University of Hawai`i at Mnoa

Second Language Acquisition most


commonly used Methods and Approaches:
The Classical Method
The Direct Method
The Audiolingual Method
The Silent Way
Suggestopedia
Total Physical Response
Functional-notional Approach
Natural Approach
Communicative Language Teaching

*A method implies:
Approach which refers to the beliefs and
theories about language, language
learning and teaching that underlies
method.
Design specifies how theories of
language and learning are implemented
in a syllabus model and teaching and
learning activities and materias in the
classroom.
Procedure concerns the techniques and
practices employed in the classroom as
consequences of particular approaches
and designs.
*Richard & Rogers, 1985:17

The Classical Method


Also known as the Grammar Translation
Method because it teaches grammar as a
means to translate text from one language
to the other. (Mostly used teaching Latin
and Greek.)
Taught in the students native language.
Require students to memorize long lists of
vocabulary and grammar rules.
Translate classical texts and other
arbitrary sentences.
Little or no attention is given to
pronunciation.

The Direct Method


Learn second language like first language.
Attempts to integrate more use of the target
language in classroom instruction.
Lessons begin with dialogue using
conversational style in the target language.
Mother tongue is never used.
There is no translation between first and
second language.
Grammar is taught inductively. Little or no
analysis of grammar rules.
Students read literature for comprehension
and pleasure.
Culture associated with target language is
also taught inductively.
Culture is considered an important aspect of
learning the language.

The Audiolingual Method


Developed by US military, based on the Army Specialized
Training Program, the Army Method.
Teaches grammatical structure patterns and vocabulary
through the repetition and memorization or set phrases and
dialogues.
Based on principle that language learning is habit formation,
fosters dependence on mimicry, memorization of set phrases
and over-learning.
Vocabulary is strictly limited and learned in context.
Structural patterns are taught using repetitive drills.
Grammar is taught inductively.
Skills are sequentially taught:
Listening, speaking, reading and writing, in that order.
Abundant use of language laboratories, tapes and visual aids.
Great importance is given to native-like pronunciation.
Use of mother tongue is permitted by teacher but discourage
among and by students.

The Silent Way


Teacher provides props, charts and
minimal spoken information, then
steps back and allows students to
work together to solve language
problems.
Students and teacher use target
language.
Reduces imitation and encourages
production of ones brand of sounds.

Suggestopedia
Regular language class, but
majority of activities take
place with baroque music
playing in the background.
Idea is that music will relax
the mind so it can retain
more material.

Total Physical Response


*James Asher describes TPR method as
one that combines information and
skills through the use of kinesthetic
sensory system.
Teacher gives simple orders, then more
complex orders to students, who
respond with action following the
command.
Combination of skills allows student to
assimilate information and skills at a
rapid rate.
Success leads to a high degree of
motivation.
*In Learning Another Language Through Actions

Functional-notional Approach
A communicative approach, stresses organizing a
language syllabus.
Emphasis is on breaking down target language into
units of analysis (notions, situation, exponents,
code) in terms of communicative situations in
which they are used.
Notions are meaning elements that may be
expressed through nouns, pronouns, verbs,
prepositions, conjunctions, adjectives or adverbs.
Use of particular notions depends on
a. the functions
b. the elements in the situation
c. the topic being discussed.
Situation may affect the variation of language like
the dialect, the formality or informality of the
language and the mode of expression.

Functional-notional approach, cont.


Situation may affect the variation of language like
the dialect, the formality or informality of the
language and the mode of expression.
Situation includes the following elements:
- the person taking part in the speech act;
- the place where the conversation occurs;
- the time the speech act is taking place;
- the topic or activity that is being discussed.
exponents are the language utterances or statements
that stem from the functions, the situation and the
topic.
code is the shared language of a community of
speakers.
Code-switching is a change or switch in code during
the speech act, to convey bonding, language prestige
or other elements or interpersonal relationships
between the speakers.

The Natural Approach


Developed by Krashen & Terrell (1983),
emphasizes comprehensible input.
Distinguishes between acquisition, a
natural subconscious process and learning
, a conscious process.
Based on the idea that language learning
takes place when what students hear or
read is comprehensible but just beyond
their production abilities.
Silent period encouraged until ready to
produce language on their own.
Focus on basic, everyday, interpersonal
situations like shopping, ordering in a
restaurant, leaving phone messages, etc.
Focus is on meaning, not form: structure,
grammar.

Communicative Language Teaching


Has emerged as the norm in Second
Language teaching.
Attempts to ensure authenticity of
materials and pragmatic meaningful tasks.
Classroom goals are focused on all
components of communicative competence:
grammatical, discourse, functional,
sociolinguistic, and strategic.
Language techniques designed to engage
learners in pragmatic, authentic, functional
us of language for meaningful purposes.
Fluency and accuracy are complementary
principles underlying communicative
techniques.

Communicative Language Teaching, cont.


Classroom tasks must equip students
with skills necessary for communication
in unrehearsed contexts outside the
classroom.
Students are given opportunities to focus
on their own learning process through an
understanding of their own styles of
learning and through the development of
appropriate strategies for autonomous
learning.
Role of teacher is of facilitator and guide.
Students are encouraged to construct
meaning through genuine linguistic
interaction with others.

Thank you very much!


Keep on touch:
luisa@hawaii.edu

Sources:
Jill Kerper Mora, Ed. D.
San Diego State University.
Eugene McKendry
Yourdictionary.com

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy