Chapter 31A Electromagnetic Induction

A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of
Physics
Southern Polytechnic State
2007
University

Objectives: After completing

this module, you should be
able to:

Calculate the magnitude and

direction of the induced current or
emf in a conductor moving with
tothe
a given
B-field
. through
respect
Calculate
magnetic
flux
an area in a given B-field.
Apply Lenzs law and the right-hand
rule to determine directions of
induced
Describeemf.
the operation and use of ac
and dc generators or motors.

Induced Current
When aa conductor
conductor moves
moves
When
across flux
flux lines,
lines,
across
magnetic forces
forces on
on the
the
magnetic
free electrons
electrons induce
induce an
an
free
electric current.
current.
electric
Right-hand force
force rule
rule
Right-hand
shows current
current outward
outward for
for
shows
down and
and inward
inward for
for up
up
down
motion. (Verify)
(Verify)
motion.
Dow
n

B
Dow
n

Up
Up

F
B

Induced EMF:
Observations
Faradays observations:
Relative motion induces
emf.
Direction of emf depends
on direction of motion.
Emf is proportional to
rate at which lines are
cut (v).

B Flux lines in
Wb
N turns; velocityv
Faradays Law:

E =-N
t

Emf is proportional to the

number of turns N.
The negative sign means that E opposes its
cause.

Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic flux
lines are
continuous and
closed.
Direction is that
of the B vector
at any point.
When
When area
area AA is
is
perpendicular
perpendicular to
to
flux:
flux:

Magnetic Flux
density:

BB ;;
== BA
BA
AA

The unit of flux density is the weber per square

meter.

Calculating Flux When

Area is Not Perpendicular
to Field
The flux penetrating
the area A when the
normal vector n
makes an angle of
with the B-field is:

BA
BAcos
cos

n
A

The angle is the complement of the angle

that the plane of the area makes with B field.
(Cos = Sin )

Example 1: A current loop has an area of

40 cm2 and is placed in a 3-T B-field at the
given angles. Find the flux through the
loop in each case.
x x x
xx x
A
x xx
x x x
x x x
Ax = 40
cm2

n
n

(a) =
00

(b) =
900

(c) =
600

(a) = BA cos 00 = (3 T)(0.004 m2)(1);

12.0
mWb
(b) = BA cos 900 = (3 T)(0.004 m2)(0);
0
mWb
(c) = BA cos 600 = (3 T)(0.004 m2)(0.5); 6.00
mWb

Application of Faradays
Law
Faradays Law:

E =-N
t
Rotating loop = B
A n
n
n

A change in flux can

occur by a change in
area or by a change in
the B-field:
= B
= A
A
B
Loop at rest = A
B

Example 2: A coil has 200 turns of area 30

cm2. It flips from vertical to horizontal
position in a time of 0.03 s. What is the
induced emf if the constant B-field is 4
N = 200 turns
mT
A ?
= 30 cm2 0 = 30
n

cm2
= B A = (3 mT)(30

N
S
cm2)
B
= (0.004 T)(0.0030
m2 )
B = 4 mT; 00 to
= 1.2 x 10-5
0
90
Wb

1.2 x 10-5 Wb
E N
(200)
EE =
-0.080
=
-0.080
t
0.03 s
VV
The negative sign indicates the polarity of the
voltage.

Lenzs Law
Lenzs
Lenzs law:
law: An
An induced
induced current
current will
will be
be in
in such
such aa
direction
direction as
as to
to produce
produce aa magnetic
magnetic field
field that
that will
will
oppose
oppose the
the motion
motion of
of the
the magnetic
magnetic field
field that
that is
is
producing
producing it.
it.
Induced
B

Left
motion
N
S

Flux increasing to left

induces loop flux to the
right.

Induced
B
I

Right motion
N

Flux decreasing by right

move induces loop flux to
the left.

Example 3: Use Lenzs law to determine

direction of induced current through R if
switch is closed for circuit below (B
increasing).
Close switch. Then what
is direction of induced
current?
R

The rising
rising current
current in
in right
right circuit
circuit causes
causes flux
flux to
to
The
increase to
to the
the left
left,, inducing
inducing current
current in
in left
left circuit
circuit
increase
that must
must produce
produce aa rightward
rightward field
field to
to oppose
oppose
that
motion.. Hence
Hence current
current II through
through resistor
resistor RR is
is to
to
motion
the right
right as
as shown.
shown.
the

Directions
Directions of
of
Forces
Forces and
and EMFs
EMFs
An
An emf
emf EE is
is induced
induced by
by
moving
moving wire
wire at
at
velocity
velocity vv in
in constant
constant
BB field.
field. Note
Note direction
direction
of
of I.I.
From
From Lenzs
Lenzs law,
law, we
we see
see
that
that aa reverse
reverse field
field (out)
(out)
is
is created.
created. This
This field
field
causes
causes aa leftward
leftward force
force
on
on the
the wire
wire that
that offers
offers
resistance
resistance to
to the
the
motion.
motion. Use
Use right-hand
right-hand
force
force rule
rule to
to show
show this.
this.

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x

x
x

x x x
xI x x
x x x x x x x
x I x x x xv xv x
x
x x Lx x x x
x x x x x x x
x x
x x x x
x x x xx x

B
v

Induce
d emf

x
x

x
x

x x
xx x
x x
xx x
x x
x x
x x
x x
Lenzs

I
v

B
law

Motional EMF in a Wire

Force F on charge q in
wire:
F=
Work = FL =
qvB;
qvBL

Work qvBL
E=

q
q

EMF: E
E=
=BLv
BLv

x x x x x xI x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x Ix x x x x
x
x x xL xv x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x
x x x

If wire of length L moves with

velocity v an angle with B:

EE=
=BLv
BLvsin
sin

B
v sin

Induced Emf
E

B
v

Example 4: A 0.20-m length of wire

moves at a constant speed of 5 m/s in
at 1400 with a 0.4-T B-Field. What is the
magnitude and direction of the induced
North
emf inEthe
wire?
= BLv
sin
v

0
B
E = (0.4 T)(0.20 m)(5 m/s) sin140
E = -0.257
V
Using
Using right-hand
right-hand rule
rule,, point
point
fingers
fingers to
to right,
right, thumb
thumb along
along
velocity,
velocity, and
and hand
hand pushes
pushes in
in
direction
direction of
of induced
induced emfto
emfto
the
the north
north in
in the
the diagram.
diagram.

Sout
h

Sout
h

North

The AC Generator
An alternating AC
current is produced by
rotating a loop in a
constant B-field.
Current on left is
outward by right-hand
rule.
The right segment has
an inward current.

Rotating Loop in Bfield

B
v I
I v
B

When loop is vertical,

the current is zero.
I in R is right, zero, left, and then zero as loop
rotates.

Operation of AC Generator

I=0

I=0

Calculating Induced EMF

Rectangular
loop a x b
Each segment
a has constant
velocity v.

a
b

Area A =

b/2 x v

ab

Both segments a moving

with v at angle with B
gives emf:
E = Bav sin ; v r b 2

ET 2 Ba

sin

EET BA
sin

BA
sin
T

v = r

r=

x
b/2
v sin

B
v

Sinusoidal Current of
Generator
.
+E

-E
The emf varies sinusoidally with max and
min emf
For N turns, the EMF is:

E NBA sin

Example 5: An ac generator has 12

turns of wire of area 0.08 m2. The loop
rotates in a magnetic field of 0.3 T at a
frequency of 60 Hz. Find the maximum
= 2f =emf.
2(60Hz) = 377
induced
. n

rad/s
Emf is maximum when =
0
90
.
E = NBA ; Since
sin 1
max

Emax =(12)(0.3 T)(.08 m 2 )(377 rad/s)

The maximum emf generated is
therefore:

x
f = 60 Hz

Emax = 109
V
IfIf the
the resistance
resistance is
is known,
known, then
then Ohms
Ohms law
law ((VV =
= IR
IR))
can
can be
be applied
applied to
to find
find the
the maximum
maximum induced
induced
current.
current.

The DC Generator
The simple ac
generator can be
converted to a dc
generator by using a
single split-ring
commutator to reverse
connections twice per
E
revolution.
t

Commutato
r

DC Generator

For
For the
the dc
dc generator:
generator: The
The emf
emf fluctuates
fluctuates in
in
magnitude,
magnitude, but
but always
always has
has the
the same
same direction
direction
(polarity).
(polarity).

The Electric Motor

In
In aa simple
simple electric
electric motor
motor,, aa current
current loop
loop
experiences
experiences aa torque
torque which
which produces
produces rotational
rotational
motion.
motion. Such
Such motion
motion induces
induces aa back
back emf
emf to
to
oppose
oppose the
the motion.
motion.
Applied voltage back
emf = net voltage
E
b

VV EEbb =
= IR
IR
Since
Since back
back emf
emf EEbb increases
increases
with
with rotational
rotational frequency
frequency,, the
the
starting
starting current
current is
is high
high and
and
the
the operating
operating current
current is
is low:
low:
EEb =
NBA sin
b = NBA sin

I
V
Electric
Motor

Armature and Field

Windings
In the commercial
motor, many coils of
wire around the
armature will produce
a smooth torque.
(Note directions of I in
wires.)
Series-Wound Motor:
The field and armature
Motor
wiring are connected in
series.
Shunt-Wound Motor: The field windings and
the armature windings are connected in
parallel.

Example 6: A series-wound dc motor has

an internal resistance of 3 . The 120-V
supply line draws 4 A when at full speed.
What is the emf in the motor and the
starting current?
VV EEb =
Recall that:
= IR
IR
Eb

120 V Eb = (4 A)(3
V

The back
Eb = 108 V
emf in
motor:
The starting current Is is found by noting that
Eb = 0 in beginning (armature has not started
rotating).
Is = 40 A
120 V 0 = Is (3

Summary
Faradays Law:

E =-N
t

A change in flux can

occur by a change in
area or by a change in
the B-field:
= B
= A
A
B

Calculating flux through an area in a B-field:

BB ;;
== BA
BA
AA

BA
BAcos
cos

Summary (Cont.)
Lenzs
Lenzs law:
law: An
An induced
induced current
current will
will be
be in
in such
such aa
direction
direction as
as to
to produce
produce aa magnetic
magnetic field
field that
that will
will
oppose
oppose the
the motion
motion of
of the
the magnetic
magnetic field
field that
that is
is
producing
producing it.
it.
Induced
B

Left
motion
N
S

Flux increasing to left

induces loop flux to the
right.

Induced
B
I

Right motion
N

Flux decreasing by right

move induces loop flux to
the left.

Summary (Cont.)
An emf is induced by a
wire moving with a
velocity v at an angle
with a B-field.

B
v sin

EE=
=BLv
BLvsin
sin

Induced Emf
E
In
In general
general for
for aa coil
coil of
of NN turns
turns of
of area
area AA
rotating
rotating with
with aa frequency
frequency in
in aa B-field,
B-field, the
the
generated
generated emf
emf is
is given
given by
by the
the following
following
relationship:
relationship:
For N turns, the EMF is:

E NBA sin

Summary (Cont.)
The
The ac
ac generator
generator is
is
shown
shown to
to the
the right.
right.
The
The dc
dc generator
generator and
and
aa dc
dc motor
motor are
are shown
shown
below:
below:

V
DC Generator

Electric
Motor

Summary (Cont.)
The
The rotor
rotor generates
generates aa
back
back emf
emf in
in the
the
operation
operation of
of aa motor
motor
that
that reduces
reduces the
the applied
applied
voltage.
voltage. The
The following
following
relationship
relationship exists:
exists:
Applied voltage back
emf = net voltage
VV EEbb =
= IR
IR

Motor

CONCLUSION: Chapter 31A

Electromagnetic Induction