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Lect 1

The document discusses satellite communications, including: - Satellites act as microwave repeaters in space, relaying signals between Earth stations. There are over 750 communication satellites currently in orbit. - Satellites can provide wide area coverage of Earth's surface with transmission delays of around 0.3 seconds. Common types of satellite orbits include low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary Earth orbit (GEO). Each orbit type has advantages and disadvantages for communication applications.

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Sai Ram Bachu
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99 views57 pages

Lect 1

The document discusses satellite communications, including: - Satellites act as microwave repeaters in space, relaying signals between Earth stations. There are over 750 communication satellites currently in orbit. - Satellites can provide wide area coverage of Earth's surface with transmission delays of around 0.3 seconds. Common types of satellite orbits include low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary Earth orbit (GEO). Each orbit type has advantages and disadvantages for communication applications.

Uploaded by

Sai Ram Bachu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 57

1

Satellite
Communications

SATELLITE
COMMUNICATIONS

Jan 12, 2017

Contents

Jan 12, 2017

Introduction
Orbit
Keplers laws
Frequency
Allocation
Advantages
of
satellite/
Applications
Disadvantages

Satellite Communications

Introduction

Satellite is a microwave repeater in


the space.
There are about 750 satellites in the
space, most of them are used for
communication.
They are:
Wide area coverage of the earths
surface.
Transmission
delay is about 0.3

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

What exactly is a
satellite?

The word satellite originated from the Latin


word Satellit- meaning an attendant, one
who is constantly hovering around & attending
to a master or big man.

For our own purposes however a satellite is


simply any body that moves around another
(usually much larger) one in a mathematically
predictable path called an orbit.
Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

Components of a satellite

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

What are Communication Satellites?

A satellite is an object that orbits


another large object like planet.

A communication satellite is a station


in
space
that
is
used
for
telecommunication,
radio
and
television signals.

The
first
satellite
with
transmitter was in 1957.

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

radio
6

Communication Satellites

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

The origin of satellite

The concept of using object in space to


reflect signals for communication was
proved by Naval Research Lab in
Washington D.C. when it use the Moon
to establish a very low data rate link
between Washington and Hawaii in late
1940s.

Russian started the Space age by


successfully launching SPUTNIK the first
artificial spacecraft to orbit the earth,
which
transmitted
telemetry

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

Cont

The American followed by launching an


experimental satellite EXPLORER In
1958.

In 1960 two satellite were deployed


Echo & Courier

In 1963 first GSO Syncom The first


commercial GSO (Intelsat & Molnya) in

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

Why Use Satellite?

Satellite communication is just one


example of wireless communication
systems.
Familiar examples of wireless systems
are all around us, such as radio,
television- broadcasting, mobile and
cordless telephones.
These systems rely on a network of
ground-based
transmitters
and

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

10

Cont

One major use of satellites familiar to


everyone
is
satellite
television
broadcasting.

Other
applications
of
satellite
communications include high speed
internet, telephony and corporate
networks
for
multinational
businesses.

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

11

How do satellites work?

Two Stations on Earth want to


communicate through radio broadcast
but are too far away to use
conventional means.

The two stations can use a satellite as


a
relay
station
for
their
communication.

One
Earth
Station
sends
a
transmission to the satellite. This is

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

12

The satellite Transponder converts


the signal and sends it down to the
second earth station. This frequency
is called a Downlink.
Transponder

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

13

Concept:

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

14

Consider the light bulb as an


example:

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

15

Early satellites

Telstar
Allowed live transmission across the
Atlantic
Syncom 2
First Geosynchronous satellite.
TELSTAR
2

Jan 12, 2017

SYNCOM

Satellite Communications

16

Orbits
Circular

orbits are simplest.


Inclined orbits are useful for coverage
of equatorial regions
Elliptical orbits can be used to give
quasi stationary behaviour viewed
from earth using

3 or 4 satellites
Orbit changes can be used to extend
the life of satellites.
Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

17

Satellite orbits
Classification of orbits:

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

18

How does a satellite stay in its orbit?

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

19

Origin of planetary laws

Sir. Johannes
Kepler
Jan 12, 2017

Derived 3 laws
based
upon his
observations
of planetary
motion.
Satellite Communications

20

The 3 Laws of Planetary Motion

Planets move in elliptical orbits with the


sun at one of the foci.

The line joining the sun and the planet


sweeps out equal areas in equal times.

The cube of the distance of the planet


from the sun is proportional to the square
of the period. r3 T2

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

21

Keplers 1st Law: Law of Ellipses

Jan 12, 2017

The orbits of the planets are


ellipses with the sun at one
Satellite Communications

22

Keplers 2nd Law: Law of Equal Areas


The line joining the planet to the center
of the sun sweeps out equal areas in
equal times
T4

T5
A5

T6

A4

T3
A3

A2

T2
A1

T1

A6

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

23

Keplers 3rd Law: Law of Harmonics


The squares of the
periods of two
planets orbits are
proportional to
each other as the
cubes of their semimajor axes:
T12/T22 = a13/a23
In English:
Orbits with the same
semi-major axis will

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

24

Elements of Satellite
Communications
The basic elements of a communication
satellite service are divided between;
Space Segment
Ground Segment
The
space segment consist of the
spacecraft & launch mechanism.
The ground segment comprises the earth
station and network control center of
entire satellite system.

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

25

Space Segment
Space
segment
consist of a satellite in
suitable orbit.

Space
segment
classified on the basis
of orbit.
LEO
MEO
GEO
MONIYA
HAP
Satellite Communications
Jan 12, 2017

26

Satellite orbit altitudes

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

27

Ground Segment
The ground Segment of each service
has
distinct characteristics.
Services like;
FSS
BSS
MSS
Maritime, Aeronautical & Land
base
DBS etc..

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

28

Service Types

Fixed Service Satellites (FSS)


Example: Point to Point Communication
Broadcast Service Satellites (BSS)
Example: Satellite Television/Radio
Also called Direct Broadcast Service
(DBS).
Mobile Service Satellites (MSS)
Example: Satellite Phones

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

29

Low Earth Orbit (LEO)


LEO satellites are much closer to the
earth than GEO satellites, ranging from
500 to 1,500 km above the surface.
LEO satellites dont stay in fixed position
relative to the surface, and are only
visible for 15 to 20 minutes each pass.
A network of LEO satellites is necessary
for LEO satellites to be useful.

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

30

The Iridium system has 66 satellites in


six LEO orbits,
each at an altitude of 750 km.

Iridium is designed to provide direct


worldwide
voice
and
data
communication
using
handheld
Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

31

Advantages:

A LEO satellites proximity to earth


compared to a GEO satellite gives it
a better signal strength and less of a
time delay, which makes it better for
point to point communication.

A LEO satellites smaller area


coverage is less of a waste
bandwidth.

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

of
of
32

Disadvantages:
A

network of LEO satellites is needed,


which can be costly
LEO satellites have to compensate for
Doppler shifts cause by their relative
movement.
Atmospheric
drag
effects
LEO
satellites, causing gradual orbital
deterioration.
Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

33

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)


A MEO satellite is in orbit somewhere
between 8,000 km and 18,000 km above
the earths surface.
MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites
in functionality.
MEO satellites are visible for much longer
periods of time than LEO satellites, usually
between 2 to 8 hours.
MEO satellites have a larger coverage area
than LEO satellites.

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

34

MEO satellites

The GPS
constellation
calls for 24
satellites to be
distributed
Jan 12, 2017

Glonass
(Russian)

Satellite Communications

35

Advantage

A MEO satellites longer duration of visibility


and wider footprint means fewer satellites are
needed in a MEO network than a LEO network.

Disadvantage

A MEO satellites distance gives it a longer


time delay and weaker signal than a LEO
satellite, though not as bad as a GEO satellite .

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

36

Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)


These satellites are in orbit 35,863
km above the earths surface along
the equator.
Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve
around the earth at the same speed
as the earth rotates. This means GEO
satellites remain in the same position
relative to the surface of earth.

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

37

Advantages:
A GEO satellites distance from
earth gives it a large coverage area,
almost a fourth of the earths
surface.
GEO satellites have a 24 hour view
of a particular area.
These factors make it ideal for
satellite
broadcast
and
other
multipoint applications.

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

38

Disadvantages:

GEO satellites distance also cause it to


have both a comparatively weak signal
and a time delay in the signal, which is
bad for point to point communication.

GEO satellites, centered above the


equator, have difficulty broadcasting
signals to near polar regions.

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

39

Other Orbits

Molniya Orbit Satellites


Used by Russia for decades.
Molniya Orbit is an elliptical orbit. The
satellite remains in a nearly fixed
position relative to earth for eight
hours.
A series of three Molniya satellites can
act like a GEO satellite.
Useful in near polar regions .

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

40

Molniya Orbit

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

41

High Altitude Platforms (HAPs)


One of the newest ideas in satellite
communication.
A blimp or plane around 20 km above the
earths surface is used as a satellite.
HAPs would have very small coverage area,
but would have a comparatively strong
signal.
Cheaper to put in position, but would require
a lot of them in a network.

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

42

Frequency Allocations

Frequency bands for satellite services


are shared with terrestrial services.

Satellite signal strength is constrained


to avoid interference by it to others.

Thus a large antenna and sensitive


receiver are needed at the earth
station.

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

43

Cont

Frequency sharing techniques are an


important study area.

Many satellites have to share a limited


frequency band (and limited orbital arc)
thus coordination in frequency and
orbital location is important.

Frequency allocation are


international agreements.

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

done

by
44

Frequency Bands

Different kinds of satellites use different


frequency bands.
LBand: 1 to 2 GHz, used by MSS
S-Band: 2 to 4 GHz, used by MSS, NASA,
deep space research
C-Band: 4 to 8 GHz, used by FSS
X-Band: 8 to 12.5 GHz, used by FSS and in
terrestrial imaging, ex: military and
meteorological satellites
Ku-Band: 12.5 to 18 GHz: used by FSS and
BSS (DBS)
Satellite Communications
45
Jan 12, 2017

Advantages of satellite over terrestrial


communication
The coverage area of a satellite
greatly exceeds that of a terrestrial
system.
Transmission cost of a satellite is
independent of the distance from the
center of the coverage area.
Satellite to Satellite communication
is very precise.

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

46

Disadvantages of satellites:

Launching satellites into orbit is costly.

Satellite bandwidth
becoming used up.

There is a larger propagation delay in


satellite
communication
than
in
terrestrial communication.

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

is

gradually

47

Major problems for satellites

Positioning in orbit
Stability
Power
Communications
Harsh Environment

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

48

Applications

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

49

Applications
Telephony

- Fixed points, earth station, Satellite, earth


station, fixed points.

Television

& Radio
- e.g. Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) & Fixed
service satellite (FFS)

Mobile

satellite technology
- Special antenna called mobile satellite
antenna.
- No matter where or how this antenna is
mounted on.

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

50

Cont

Amateur radio
- Access to OSCAR satellite.
- Low earth orbits.

Internet
- High Speed.
- Useful for far away places.

Military
- Uses geostationary satellites.
- Example: The Defense Satellite
Communications System (DSCS).

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

51

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

52

First Launching Of Satellites By


Country

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

53

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

54

In Conclusion

Satellites remain the best


utilization
used
for
communications due to their
speed and other advantages
mentioned in this presentation.

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

55

Communication satellites bring


the world to you anywhere and
any time..

Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

56

Thank You..!!!!!
Jan 12, 2017

Satellite Communications

57

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