ASSIGNMENT ON

SATELLITE TRANSPONDER

Md Saif H2016124031
Mounesh H2016124024
Department of Electronics and Communication
BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

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 30 GHz Band Low Noise Receiver for 30/20 GHz Single-
Conversion
Transponder

1) analysis of spurious signals,

2) selection of devices most suitable for use on board the satellite,
and
3) level diagram tradeoff studies.

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 SPECS

The receiver consists of a 30 GHz low noise GaAs FET amplifier, a30/20 GHz GaAs
Schottky barrier diode mixer, a dielectric resonatedlocal oscillator, a 20 GHz high gain
GaAs FET amplifier, and a 20 GHzhigh power (0.5 W) GaAs FET amplifier. The
receiver has an 8 dB noisefigure and a 48 dB gain in the frequency range from 28.395
GHz to 29.015
GHz (620 MHz frequency bandwidth).

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 fST = m . f R+ n .fLO

Where m,n=+1,+2;.*
FST transmitted spurious signal frequency,
FSR received spurious signal frequency,
FR uplink frequency (see Table I),
FTI down-link frequency]

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DSSS Under AWGN channel
DSSS Under Rician channel
 vs BER

BER(AWGN) BER(Rayleigh) BER(Ricain)

-25 0.3626 0.496 0.4007

-20 0.2696 0.4939 0.3288
-15 0.1348 0.4949 0.229
-10 0.0216 0.4992 0.1298
-5 0.0001 0.5033 0.0861
0 0 0.5053 0.078
5 0 0.5032 0.0751
10 0 0.5004 0.0752
15 0 0.5012 0.0754
20 0 0.4980 0.0755
25 0 0.5003 0.0757
 BER Performance

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 Multicarrier-CDMA

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 CDMA+OFDM=MC-CDMA

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 Why MC-CDMA

Since direct sequence (DS) waveforms have a wide bandwidth, anytime that
bandwidth exceeds the coherence bandwidth of the channel, the fading tends to be
frequency selective

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 Multicarrier Modulation

Multicarrier modulation, MCM is a technique for transmitting data by sending the

data over multiple carriers.
Multicarrier modulation operates by dividing the data stream to be transmitted into
a number of lower data rate data streams. Each of the lower data rate streams is then
used to modulate an individual carrier.
When the overall transmission is received, the receiver has to then re-assembles the
overall data stream from those received on the individual carriers.
A further advantage of multicarrier systems is that they are less susceptible to
interference than single carrier system as interference may only affect a small
number of the carriers.
When the overall transmission is received, the receiver has to then re-assembles the
overall data stream from those received on the individual carriers.
There are many forms of multicarrier modulation techniques

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 OFDM

OFDM is possibly the most widely used form of multicarrier modulation

OFDM Solves the difficult ISI problem encountered with high data rates over
multipath channels.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, is a form of signal modulation that
divides a high data rate modulating stream placing them onto many slowly
modulated narrowband close-spaced subcarriers, and in this way is less sensitive to
frequency selective fading.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing or OFDM is a modulation format that
is being used for many of the latest wireless and telecommunications standards
By dividing the bandwidth into many small orthogonal frequencies the data can be
transmitted over multiple narrow band channels we are converting frequency
selective channel to frequency flatfading.

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 MC CDMA

It is the fusion of Two radio access techniques namely OFDM and CDMA.
MC CDMA combines the many aspects of two technologies to provide
communication system that has advantages of both.

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 MC-CDMA Transmitter

The binary data are first multiplied by the pseudo noise (PN) binary sequence that
is called spreading code. The bit duration T of the data is much longer than the PN
sequence chip duration .
After the necessary encoding, the sequence that corresponds to one data bit is
modulated in the band of N modulators
A very efficient way of realizing such a modulation scheme is the Inverse Fast
Fourier Transform (IFFT).
The distance between subcarriers is equal to the chip rate or its multiple.

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 The OFDM system with the CDMA system converts the symbols to time domain
samples by Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) and assigns a sub-carrier for
each symbol. Then the sub-carriers are multiplexed to form as a serial stream.
Before the transmission of the serial data stream, it is converted to blocks and each
block is separated by a guard frame. The total number of sub-carriers are modulated
in baseband by an IFFT and converted back in to serial data. A cyclic prefix is
inserted between the symbols which are a repeat of the end of the symbols at
beginning, to reduce ISI and ICI caused by multipath fading. The cyclic prefix
length is chosen such that it is greater than the delay spread of the channel. In MC-
CDMA transmission, it is essential to have frequency non selective fading over
each sub-carrier.

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 Tx

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 Tx and Rx

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 MC-CDMA Receiver

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 After output of FFT are fed to x branches (one branch for each user). A N equalizer
and de-spreading block are applied in every branch to equalize the users individual
channel and multiply the received signal by the users unique PN code.
The equalization usually uses adaptive equalizer or adaptive discrete matched filter
(ADMF) at the receiver input. Its coefficients are calculated adaptively according to the
adequate algorithm.

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 Advantages of MC-CDMA

1. Synchronization: - Block synchronization can be achieved and maintained in

MC-CDMA due to the long chip/symbol duration. Such synchronization is
instrumental to multiple user detection.
2. Parallel transmission: - The main advantages are that the parallel transmission
increases the symbol time by modulating the symbol into narrow sub channels. This
increase in symbol time makes it more robust to the channel delay spread effects.
3. Less distortion:- In MC-CDMA system each sub channel only undergoes slight
distortion.

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 MC-CDMA vs DS-CDMA

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 DS-CDMA BER

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 MC-CDMA BER

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 References

S. Deshmukh and U. Bhosle, "Performance analysis of spread spectrum system over fading
channel models," 2016 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing
(ICCSP), Melmaruvathur, 2016, pp. 0805-0809.
K. Kashyap, M. P. Sarma, K. K. Sarma and N. Mastorakis, "Logistic map based spread
spectrum modulation in faded wireless channel," 2015 2nd International Conference on Signal
Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), Noida, 2015, pp. 270-274.
W. Yi, Z. Ming, Z. Zhongpei and Y. Yan, "Several modulation in direct-sequence spectrum-
spread systems," in Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 53-58,
March 2002.
R. Prasad, H. S. Misser and A. Kegel, "Performance analysis of direct-sequence spread-
spectrum multiple-access communication in an indoor Rician-fading channel with DPSK
modulation," in Electronics Letters, vol. 26, no. 17, pp. 1366-1367, 16 Aug. 1990.
Andrew J. Viterbi, Spread Spectrum Communications Myths and realities IEEE
transactions on Communications, 0163-6804/79/0500-0011, pp 11-18, May 1979.
T. S. Rappaport, Wireless ComPrinciples and Practice, Pearson

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 References

Yiyan Wu , William Y. Zou, "Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: A Multi-carrier

Modulation Scheme ," IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 41, No. 3, AUGUST
1995 .
J. A. C. Bingham, "Multicarrier modulation for data transmission: an idea whose time has
come," in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 5-14, May 1990.
Shinsuke Hara, Ramjee Prasad, Overview of multicarrier CDMA, IEEE Communications.
Mag, DEC, 1997.
Shiro Kondo, Laurence B. Milstein, Performance of multicarrier DS-CDMA systems, IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL 44, NO. 2, FEBRUARY, 1996.

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