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9 Solid Fuels

This document discusses fuels and combustion. It defines fuel as a combustible substance containing carbon that releases heat during burning. Combustion is described as the reaction of carbon, hydrogen, and other fuel atoms with oxygen, releasing heat. Fuels are classified as primary (natural) or secondary (derived) and as solid, liquid, or gaseous. Coal represents the largest fossil fuel reserve and has the highest carbon to hydrogen ratio, determining its calorific value. The properties, analysis, composition and advantages of different solid, liquid and gaseous fuels are described.

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189 views14 pages

9 Solid Fuels

This document discusses fuels and combustion. It defines fuel as a combustible substance containing carbon that releases heat during burning. Combustion is described as the reaction of carbon, hydrogen, and other fuel atoms with oxygen, releasing heat. Fuels are classified as primary (natural) or secondary (derived) and as solid, liquid, or gaseous. Coal represents the largest fossil fuel reserve and has the highest carbon to hydrogen ratio, determining its calorific value. The properties, analysis, composition and advantages of different solid, liquid and gaseous fuels are described.

Uploaded by

ananth2012
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fuels & Combustion

Introduction

Fuel : A Combustible Substance, containing Carbon as a mail constituent, which, on


proper burning, releases large amount of heat, that can be used for domestic
and industrial purposes.

Combustion : The atoms of Carbon, Hydrogen, etc. combine with atoms of Oxygen,
and Liberate Heat at a Rapid Rate, due to Rearrangement Of Valence
Electrons, i.e. forming New Compounds.

Fuels  Oxygen  Products  Heat


Classification of Fuels

Fuels

Primary Fuels Secondary Fuels

Natural Fuels Derived Fuels

Solid Liquid Gaseous Solid Liquid Gaseous

Wood, Crude Natural Coke, Petrol, Coal Gas,


Coal, Oil Gas Charcoal Kerosene, Water Gas,
Lignite Diesel Bio Gas
1. Introduction
 Solid fuel embraces a wide variety of combustibles, ranging from
wood, peat and lignite, through refuse and other low calorific value
substances, to coal and other solid fuels derived from it.
 Coal represents by far the largest component of the world’s fossil fuel
reserves.
 In thermal terms 90% of the known hydrocarbon fuel deposits are
formed by coal.
 The carbon: hydrogen ratio of coal is the highest of the fossil fuels,
hence the calorific values of coals are principally determined by the
carbon in the fuel.
 It is usual to consider coals in terms of their rank: in general, a high
ranking coal will have a high carbon content.
 The other major coal constituent element, hydrogen, is present in
hydrocarbons which are released as volatile matter when the coal is
heated.

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Solid Fuels

Solid Fuels

Anthracite Bituminous Lignite

Hard, Soft Coal,


Geologically the Oldest Geologically the Youngest

Sub – Classification : 1. Semi – Anthracite,


2. Semi – Bituminous,
3. Sub – Bituminous, etc.

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II


Solid Fuels – Properties
Physical Properties : • Calorific Values (HCV / LCV).
• Moisture Content.
• Volatile Matter.
• Ash Content.

Chemical Properties : Chemical Contents of :

• Carbon,

• Hydrogen,

• Oxygen,

• Sulphur.

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II


Solid Fuels – Properties
Higher Calorific Values :

Parameter Lignite Indian Indonesian South African


(Dry Basis) Coal Coal Coal
HCV (MJ/kg) 18.84 16.74 21.0 25.1

A. Moisture Content : • % of Moisture in Fuel ( < 0.5 – 10 % ).

• ↓ Heating Value of Fuel.


• Results in Weight Loss from Heated and then Cooled
Powdered Raw Coal.

B. Fixed Carbon : • Fixed Carbon = 100 – ( Moisture + Volatile Matter + Ash )


• Carbon + (H2, O2, S, N2 Residues).
• Responsible for Heat Generation during Combustion.
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II
Solid Fuels – Properties

C. Volatile Matter : • Methane (CH3), Hydrocarbons (HC), Hydrogen (H2),


Carbon Monoxide (CO), etc.
• Typically 25 – 35 %.

• Easy Ignition with ↑ Volatile Matter.


• Results in Weight Loss from Heated and then Cooled
Crushed Coal.

D. Ash Content : • Impurity that will NOT Burn.


• Typically 5 – 40 %.
• Important for Design of Furnaces.
• Ash ≡ Residue after Combustion.
Solid Fuels – Analysis

1. Proximate Analysis : • Determines only Fixed Carbon, Volatile Matter,


Moisture and Ash.
• Useful to Find HCV.
• Simple Analysis Equipment.

2. Ultimate Analysis : • Determines all of Coal Component :


i.e. C, H2, O2, S, and others.
• Useful for Furnace Design
(Flame Temp + Flue Duct Design)
• Laboratory Analysis.
Solid Fuels – Composition

Fuel Moisture in C H N O Calorific Value


Dried Sample (%) (%) (%) (%) (MJ / kg)
(ppm)

Wood 25 50 6 0.5 43.5 16.7 – 18.8

Peat 25 57 5.7 2 35.3 17.3 – 22.6

Lignite 20 67 5 1.5 20.6 27.2 – 29.7

Bituminous 4 83 5 2 10 33.5 – 35.6

Anthracite 1.5 93 3 0.7 3 36.2 – 36.5


Liquid Fuels V/s. Solid Fuels

Advantages of Liquid Fuels over Solid Fuels :

1. Higher Calorific Values.

2. Economy in Space.
3. Cleanliness of the Surrounding.

4. Easy Control in Combustion.

5. Elimination of Wear & Tear of Grate.

6. Easy Handling and Supply.

7. Easy Starting and Stopping.


Gaseous Fuels V/s. Solid Fuels

Advantages of Gaseous Fuels over Solid Fuels :

1. Easy Production and Distribution.

2. Remote and Easy Control on Combustion.


3. Easy in Smoke and Ash Disposal.

4. Cleanliness.

5. Gasification helps for Reuse of Low Grade Solid Fuels.

6. Complete Combustion without Pollution is possible.


Coal
 Coal is a sedimentary rock of vegetable origin.
Vast deposits of plant material, formed approximately 80 million years
ago, were consolidated by pressure, heat and earth movement.
 The rank of a coal is related to its geological age and, generally, its
depth in the earth.

 The ranking sequence is:

Wood
Peat
Lignite (brown coal)
Bituminous Coal
Anthracite
 In general, deposits close to the surface which can be worked by strip
mining produce a more economical fuel than deep mined coal.

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 Coal was the fuel which fired the Industrial Revolution, but it is no
longer the cheapest option among the fossil fuels.
 The cost of working the deposits and the investment in technology
needed to meet increasingly stringent emissions standards have
increased the cost of burning coal.
 Recent developments in gasification processes have shown that it is
possible to produce gas from coal at a viable thermal efficiency and to
remove the sulfur from the fuel at the same time
 Recent developments in gasification processes have shown that it is
possible to produce gas from coal at a viable thermal efficiency and to
remove the sulfur from the fuel at the same time.

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