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Time Study Revised 2018

This document discusses various techniques for work measurement and setting labor standards. It describes: 1. Common time study techniques like stop-watch time study, work sampling, and predetermined time standards (PTS) for establishing the time required to complete tasks. 2. Key concepts like the qualified worker, standard performance, standard rating, and allowances that are considered when setting labor standards. 3. The general steps involved in conducting time studies and work sampling, including how to determine sample sizes and calculate standard times.

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Shishir Kumar
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140 views21 pages

Time Study Revised 2018

This document discusses various techniques for work measurement and setting labor standards. It describes: 1. Common time study techniques like stop-watch time study, work sampling, and predetermined time standards (PTS) for establishing the time required to complete tasks. 2. Key concepts like the qualified worker, standard performance, standard rating, and allowances that are considered when setting labor standards. 3. The general steps involved in conducting time studies and work sampling, including how to determine sample sizes and calculate standard times.

Uploaded by

Shishir Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TIME STUDY

W S William
THE TECHNIQUES OF WORK MEASUREMENT

1. Stop-watch time study


2. Work sampling
3. Predetermined Time Standards(PTS)
A FAIR DAY'S WORK
Amount of work that can be produced by a qualified
employee when working at normal pace and
effectively utilizing his time where work is not
restricted by process limitations.

Work Measurement
Work measurement is the application of techniques
designed to establish the time for a qualified worker
to carry out a specific job at a defined level of
performance.
THE QUALIFIED WORKER

A qualified worker is one who is accepted as having


the necessary physical attributes, who possess the
required intelligence and education and who has
acquired the necessary skill and knowledge to carry
out the work in hand to satisfactory standards of
safety, quantity and quality
STANDARD RATING
Rating is the assessment of the worker's rate of
working relative to the observers' concept of the rate
corresponding to standard pace.
STANDARD PERFORMANCE

It is the rate of output which qualified workers


will naturally achieve without over-exertion as
an average over the working day or shift,
provided that they know and adhere to the
specified method and provided that they are
motivated to apply themselves to their work.
Uses of Labor Standards
 Costing labor content of products
 Planning staffing needs
 Estimating time and cost for bids
 Planning production (crew size and work balance)
 Estimating expected production
 Basing wage-incentive plans
 Determining employee efficiency
Time Studies
 Labor standards are based on observing
worker doing task.
• Observe only a sample of work
• Use average time & pace to set
standard
 Disadvantages
• Requires a trained & experienced
analyst
• Standard cannot be set before task is
performed
The Eight Steps to Conducting a Time Study

 Define the task to be studies (after a methods


analysis)
 Break down the task into precise elements
 Decide how many times each element of the
task must be measured
 Record the times and rating of performance
for the task elements
 Compute the average observed cycle time
(element times adjusted for unusual
influences for each element)
The Eight Steps to Conducting a Time
Study- continued

 Compute the normal time for each task


element:
 Normal time= (Average actual cycle time ) x
(Rating factor)
 Sum the normal times for each element to
develop a total normal time for the task
 Compute the standard time:
Total normal time
Standard time= --------------------------
1- Allowance factor
Allowances
 Personal time allowance : 4% - 7% of total time use
of restroom etc.
 Delay allowance : based upon actual delays that
occur
 Fatigue allowance : to compensate for physical or
mental strain, noise level, tediousness, heat and
humidity, assumption of an abnormal position, etc.
Time Study Equations

Total normal time


Standard time = -----------------------------
1- Allowance factor
FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF WORKING
(outside the control of worker)
1. Variation in the quality of materials used
2. Changes in the operating efficiency of the equipment
3. Changes in climatic and surrounding conditions of operation.
FACTORS WITHIN THE CONTROL OF WORKER
a. Acceptable variations in the quality of the product
b. Variations due to his ability
c. Variations due to his attitude
SCALES OF RATING
0-100
Sample size

How to calculate number of cycles to be studied in case


of stopwatch time study ?
To determine sample size , we must consider:
• How accurate we want to be ?
• The desired level of confidence
• How much variation exists within the job elements
Work Sampling
 Labor standard is set using output and %
of time worker spends on tasks
 Involves observing worker at random
times over a long period
 Advantages
• Less expensive than time studies
• Observer required little training
 Disadvantages
• Ineffective for short cycle jobs
Work Sampling

Used for

• Setting labor standards


• Measuring worker performance]
The Five Step Work Sampling
Procedure

 Take a preliminary sample to obtain an


estimate of the parameter value
 Compute the sample size required
 Prepare a schedule for observing the
worker at appropriate times
 Observe and record worker activities: rate
worker performance
 Determine how workers spend their time
(usually as a percent)
Work Sampling Equations

(Total Time) (% of time working) (Rating)


Normal Time= ------------------------------------------------------
Number of units Produced

Normal Time
Standard Time = ---------------------
1- Allowance
Sample size

How to calculate sample size in case of work sampling ?


Predetermined Time Standards

• Divides work elements into micro-motion


called “therblig” (anagram of Gilbreth)
[ e.g. grasp, position, assemble, reach, hold]
• These micro-motions are measured in Time
Measurement Unit (TMU)
• Each TMU = 0.00001 hour or 0.0006 minutes
Thank you

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