ITC

PRINTING
PRESENTED BY:
• ASFA JABBAR
• MISHAAL ARBAB
• RUBAB BABAR
• HIBBA MEHMOOD
• NAYAB SHAMS
THE WORLD OF PRINTING
 OVERVIEW

Definition:
Printing is a process of reproducing images and text using
template or master systems. It’s a process to convert the
electronic document on physical paper. The printers are used for
this purpose. They are responsible of taking data from the
computer and generate it onto a paper.

History:
The history of printing started in East Asia, where the woodblock
printing technique of patterns, images and text printing was
highly in use. The development increased with
the passage of time. The movable printing machine was made in
1040 that uses the metal pieces for striking a consistent human-
readable impression of graphics or text on paper. By 1450, the first
modern movable printing type was introduced by Johannes
Gutenberg. These type pieces were created uniquely from Alloys of
antimony, tin and lead, which are still
used today. Many printing press and
models were derived with the
innovations of Gutenberg.
Development in printing:

Later developments in printing include the rotary printing press,

letter printing press, offset printing press, gravure printing press
and then the printing process became more advanced with the
invention of flexography, dye-sublimation printer, pad printing,
ink-jet, laser, relief printing, screen-printing, intaglio and thermal
printing. With the more advancement, the features as well as
expense are moving up. These developments made for even
more readily available materials. Designs became more
sophisticated and field blossomed. Without the development of
the printing press, our society would have developed much
differently.
Introduction to Printers:
In computing, printers are the peripheral device which makes a
consistent human-readable impression of graphics and text on
paper. The first computer printer was a mechanically press
apparatus by Charles Babbage for his difference engine in the
19th century. The rapid update of printers through the 1990s and
into the 2000s has largely displaced the need for printing as a
means of moving documents, and a wide variety of reliable
storage systems means that a "physical backup" is of little benefit
today.

Today, established printers are used for the special purpose like
printing photographs or artwork, and are no longer compulsory to
have a peripheral. Starting around 2010, the 3D printing became
an acute interest, with the same process of printing and effort as
early laser print uses to print a catalogue. But are not in
commonplace and yet are in stages of their early development.
TYPES
 TYPES OF PRINTER

Impact printer:
• Dot matrix printer
• Daisey wheel printer
• Line printer
• Chain printer
• Band printer
• Dump printer

Non impact printer:

• Laser printer
• Inkjet printer
• Thermal printer
 Impact Printer
 An impact printer is a type of printer that operates by striking
a metal or plastic head against an ink ribbon.The ink ribbon is
pressed against the paper, marking the page with the
appropriate character, dot, line, or symbol.
Dot-Matrix:

The Dot matrix printers are cheap and easily available in the
market They can make carbon copies of the print out unlike non-
impact printers. The printing costs are the lowest as compared to
other printers.
The maintenance cost is low as compared to other printers.
Long Life Printer.
Dot-matrix technology uses a series or matrix of pins to create
printed dots arranged to form characters on a piece of paper.
 The printer creates great deal of noise while the pins strike the ribbon
to the paper.
 The quality of print out in general is not very good.
Daisy Wheel Printer:

 Daisy wheel printers print only characters and symbols and

cannot print graphics.
 They are generally slow with a printing speed of about 10 to
75 characters per second.
 By 1980 daisy wheel printers were the dominant printers for
quality printing.
 Working of daisy wheel printers is very similar to typewriters.
A circular printing element (known as daisy wheel, shown in
the below image) is the heart of these printers that contains
all text, numeric characters and symbols. The printing
element rotates rapidly with the help of a servo motor and
pauses to allow the printing hammer to strike the character
against the paper.
Line Printers:
 Line Printer can Print One Line at a Time.
 The line printer is a form of high speed impact printer.
 They can Print 300 to 3000 Lines per Minute. So that they are very
fast. Large Computer system typically use Line Printer.

Types of line printer:

• Chain Printer
• Band Printer
• Drum Printer

Chain Printer:

 These are also Line Printers, which Prints one Line at a Time.
 All the Characters are printed on the Chain and the Set of Characters
are placed on the Chain.
 There are 48 and 64 and 96 Characters set Printers are Available.
 There are also Some Hammers, those are Placed in Front of the
Chain, and Paper is Placed between the Hammer and the Inked
Ribbon.
 The Total Number of Hammers will be Equals to the Total Number
of Print Positions.
Band Printer:
 A type of impact printer which contains a metal band with character
shapes imprinted on it.
 During output, the band rotates
horizontally past the paper, and
a hammer strikes the band opposite
the appropriate character pressing
it through an inked ribbon and
onto the paper.
 Band printers can print from 300 to
2000 lines per minute.
Also known as a belt printer.
Drum Printer:
 Drum Printer consists of a Drum Which Consists of a Number of
Characters; those
are Printed on the Drum.
 And the Number of Characters or Number of Tracks are Divided,
after examining the width of the Paper.
 There are also Some Character sets Available Means the Number of
Characters those are printed on the Paper. For Example 64, and 96
Characters etc.
 NON IMPACT PRINTER
A printer that prints without banging a ribbon onto
paper. Laser,inkjet, solid ink, thermal wax transfer and dye
sublimation printers are examples of non-impact printers.
• Ink jet printer:
• An inkjet printer is a
computer peripheral that produce hardcopy by spraying
ink onto paper. A typical inkjet printer can produce copy
with a resolution of at least 300 dots per inch ( dpi ).
Some inkjet printers can make full color hard copies at
600 dpi or more. Many models include other devices such
as a scanner , photocopier, and dedicated faxmachine
along with the printer in single box.
Working:
It prints characters by spraying patterns of ink on
the paper from a nozzle or jet. It prints from nozzles having
very fine holes, from which a specially made ink is pumped
out to create various letters and shapes. The ink comes out
of the nozzle in a form of vapors. After passing through a
reflecting plate, it forms the desired letter/shape at the
desired place.
 Laser printer:
• A laser printer is a toner-based computer printer that uses
a laser beam to produce an image on a drum, which then
electrically attracts powdered toner to the paper to form
an image.

• . The resolution of laser printers can be much higher than

those of ink jet printers---ranging from 1200 DPI on
consumer models all the way up to 2400 DPI for
professional machines---which makes for very crisp and
clear text and line art.
• Working:
• Laser printers are a lot
like photocopiers and use the same basic
technology. Indeed, as we describe later in
this article, the first laser printers were
actually built from modified photocopiers. In
a photocopier, a bright light is used to make
an exact copy of a printed page. The light
reflects off the page onto a light-sensitive
drum; static electricity (the effect that makes
a balloon stick to your clothes if you rub it a
few times) makes ink particles stick to the
drum; and the ink is then transferred to
paper and "fused" to its surface by hot
rollers
• Thermal printer:
• Thermal printer uses color waxes and heat to produce
images on special paper. The color wax sheets are not
required for black-and-white output. Thermal printers are
expensive and require costly paper.

• Working:
• Thermal printer generate heat and print
on paper
 COMPARISON OF PRINTERS
Impact Printers:
• It produces print on paper by striking mechanism.
• It uses pins, hammers or wheel to strike against an inked ribbon to
print on a paper.
• Normally impact printers use continuous paper sheet.
• Impact printers are normally less expansive.
• print quality of impact printers is lower than those of non-impact
printers.
• impact printers use special inked ribbons to produce print on paper
when print head strikes.
• Impact printers are low speed printers. They consume a lot of time
to print a document.
• Impact printers are very noisy because they strike print head.
• Examples of Impact printers are Dot matrix and daisy wheel
printers.
• Impact printers use old printing technologies.
Non-Impact Printers:

• It produces print on paper with a non-striking mechanism

• It uses laser, spray of special ink, or heat and pressure to print on
paper.
• Non-Impact printers normally use individual paper sheets.
• Non-Impact printers are more expansive.
• Print quality of Non-Impact printers is higher than those of impact
printers.
• Non-Impact printers use toner or cartridge for printing on paper.
• Non-Impact printers are very fast, they can print many pages per
minute.
• Non-Impact printers do not make a noise because they do not use
striking mechanism in which print head strikes on ribbon and
paper etc.
• Examples of Non-Impact printers are laser printers and inkjet
printers.
• Non-impact printers use latest printing technologies.
 Other Special Printers:

Dye-Sublimation Printers:
A dye-sublimation is a printer which uses heat to transfer the dye
onto materials such as plastic, card paper, or fabric. They are
manufactured to produce photographic prints, ID cards, cloths and
more.

Thermal-Wax Printers:

Thermal-wax printing is done by melting wax within the print

heads of a specialized ink. They are primarily used for
presentation graphics and handouts.
 PLOTTERS
A plotter is a type of printer which is used for printing vector
graphics. It is used to print large-size prints and graphics, such as
construction designs and posters. In past, plotters came into huge
sizes, that has robotic arms that drew images on the paper, though
they have generally been replaced with wide-format conventional
printers. A plotter gives the hard copy of output.
 TYPES OF PLOTTERS

There are two types of plotters:

• Drum Plotters
• Flatbed Plotters
 DRUM PLOTTERS
A drum plotter is also known as roller plotter. It consists of a
roller on which a paper is placed and the drum rotates to produce
graphics on the paper. It has a robotic drawing arm that holds a
set of colored ink pens that are used while printing graphics.
 FLATBED PLOTTERS
Flatbed plotter also known as table plotter, has a rectangular table
on which a paper is placed and has two robotic drawing arms,
each of which holds set of colored ink pens which plots graphics
on the paper. Typically, size of flatbed plotter is equal to the size
of a bed and prints graphics on a larger scale.
 ADVANTAGES OF PLOTTERS
• Plotters print large sheets of paper having high resolution.
• They can print on different papers, i:e plywood, aluminum, sheet
steel, cardboard and even plastic.
• Plotters print the same drawing on paper thousands of time without
any modification

DISADVANTAGES OF PLOTTERS
• Plotters are very large in size than other printers.
• They are much more expensive than other printers.
 HIGH QUALITY DIGITAL PRINTING
Digital printing refers to methods of printing from a digital based
image directly to a variety of media. It usually refers to
professional printing where small run jobs from desktop-publishing
and other digital sources are printed using large-format and/or high-
volume laser printers.
Digital printing has a higher cost per page than more traditional offset
printing methods, but this price is usually offset by avoiding the cost of
all the technical steps required to make printing plates. It also allows for
on-demand printing, short turnaround time, and even a modification of
the image (variable data) used for each impression. The savings in labor
and the ever-increasing capability of digital presses means that digital
printing is reaching the point where it can match or supersede offset
printing technology's ability to produce larger print runs of several
thousand sheets at a low price.
 PROCESS AND DIFFERENCE

The greatest difference between digital printing and traditional

methods is that there is no need to replace the printing plates in
digital printing, whereas in analog printing the plates are repeatedly
replaced. This results in quicker turnaround time and lower cost
when using digital printing, but typically a loss of some fine-image
detail by most commercial digital printing processes. The most
popular methods include ink jet or laser printers. that deposit
pigment or toner onto a wide variety of substrates including paper,
photo paper, canvas, glass, metal, marble, and other substances.
DIGITAL PRTINTING PRESS
 APPLICATIONS
Digital printing has many advantages over traditional methods such as,

• DESKTOP PUBLISHING:
Inexpensive home and office printing is only possible because of digital
processes that bypass the need for printing plates.

• VARIABLE DATA PRINTING:

Uses database-driven print files for the mass personalization of printed
materials.

• FINE ART:
Archival digital printing methods include real photo paper exposure
prints and giclée prints on watercolor paper using pigment-based inks.
• ADVERTISING:
Often used for outdoor banner advertising and event signage, in trade
shows, in the retail sector at point of sale.
• ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN:
New media that conforms to a variety of surfaces has enabled interior
and exterior spaces to be transformed using digitally printed wall
murals and floor graphics.
• PHOTOS:
Digital printing has revolutionized photo printing in terms of the ability
to retouch and color correct a photograph before printing.
• PRINT ON DEMAND:
Digital printing is used for personalized printing for example, children's
books customized with a child's name, photo books (such as wedding
photo books), or any other books.
 CONCLUSION
The printing press is seen as being one of the most revolutionary
inventions ever created. Literary works that previously existed
through original copies only, slowly became generally available to
the public. With this invention also came the necessity of new
careers, a job market that had otherwise been unknown to the
previous civilization. However, advancements of the printing press
eventually were established, helping the technological advancement
of printing. The printing industry, like many other industries,
continues to undergo technological changes, as computers and
technology alter the manner in which work is performed. Because
of this, the printed word is everywhere we look, from flyers to
brochures to books to magazines. If Printing technology continues
to advance every day. A tool that has changed the course of human
history, printing will remain a strong force in society for many years
to come.
QUESTIONS?