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Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion: Today's Objectives

The document discusses using graphs to analyze rectilinear kinematics. It describes how position, velocity, and acceleration graphs are related and can be derived from one another. Specifically, it states that the slope of a velocity-time graph at a point represents acceleration, and the area under a velocity-time graph between two times equals displacement during that interval. It then provides an example problem of determining the acceleration-time and position-time graphs given a velocity-time graph for a train moving between stations.

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LUIS ISAAC LEON PARO
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65 views18 pages

Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion: Today's Objectives

The document discusses using graphs to analyze rectilinear kinematics. It describes how position, velocity, and acceleration graphs are related and can be derived from one another. Specifically, it states that the slope of a velocity-time graph at a point represents acceleration, and the area under a velocity-time graph between two times equals displacement during that interval. It then provides an example problem of determining the acceleration-time and position-time graphs given a velocity-time graph for a train moving between stations.

Uploaded by

LUIS ISAAC LEON PARO
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: ERRATIC MOTION

Today’s Objectives:
Students will be able to:
• Determine position, velocity, and acceleration of a particle
using graphs.

In-Class Activities:
• s-t, v-t, a-t, v-s, and a-s diagrams

“Dynamics by Hibbeler,” Dr. S. Nasseri, MET Department, SPSU


1
APPLICATION

In many experiments, a
velocity versus position (v-s)
profile is obtained.

If we have a v-s graph for


the motorcycle, can we
determine its acceleration at
position s = 150 feet?

How?

“Dynamics by Hibbeler,” Dr. S. Nasseri, MET Department, SPSU


2
ERRATIC MOTION
(Section 12.3)
Graphing provides a good way to handle complex
motions that would be difficult to describe with
formulas. Graphs also provide a visual description of
motion and reinforce the calculus concepts of
differentiation and integration as used in dynamics.

The approach builds on the facts that slope and


differentiation are linked and that integration can be
thought of as finding the area under a curve.

“Dynamics by Hibbeler,” Dr. S. Nasseri, MET Department, SPSU


3
S-T GRAPH

Plots of position vs. time can be


used to find velocity vs. time
curves. Finding the slope of the
line tangent to the motion curve at
any point is the velocity at that
point (or v = ds/dt).

Therefore, the v-t graph can be


constructed by finding the slope at
various points along the s-t graph.

“Dynamics by Hibbeler,” Dr. S. Nasseri, MET Department, SPSU


4
V-T GRAPH
Plots of velocity vs. time can be used to
find acceleration vs. time curves.
Finding the slope of the line tangent to
the velocity curve at any point is the
acceleration at that point (or a = dv/dt).

Therefore, the a-t graph can be


constructed by finding the slope at
various points along the v-t graph.

“Dynamics by Hibbeler,” Dr. S. Nasseri, MET Department, SPSU


5
V-T GRAPH

Also, the distance moved


(displacement) of the particle is
the area under the v-t graph
during time t.

“Dynamics by Hibbeler,” Dr. S. Nasseri, MET Department, SPSU


6
A-T GRAPH

Given the a-t curve, the change


in velocity (v) during a time
period is the area under the a-t
curve.

So we can construct a v-t graph


from an a-t graph if we know the
initial velocity of the particle.

“Dynamics by Hibbeler,” Dr. S. Nasseri, MET Department, SPSU


7
A-S GRAPH

A more complex case is presented by


the a-s graph. The area under the
acceleration versus position curve
represents the change in velocity
(recall  a ds =  v dv ).
s2
½ (v1² – vo²) =  a ds = area under the
s1
a-s graph
This equation can be solved for v1,
allowing you to solve for the velocity
at a point. By doing this repeatedly,
you can create a plot of velocity
versus distance.
“Dynamics by Hibbeler,” Dr. S. Nasseri, MET Department, SPSU
8
V-S GRAPH
Another complex case is presented
by the v-s graph. By reading the
velocity v at a point on the curve
and multiplying it by the slope of
the curve (dv/ds) at this same point,
we can obtain the acceleration at
that point.
a = v (dv/ds)

Thus, we can obtain a plot of a vs. s


from the v-s curve.

“Dynamics by Hibbeler,” Dr. S. Nasseri, MET Department, SPSU


9
EXAMPLE
Given: v-t graph for a train moving between two stations

Find: a-t graph and s-t graph over this time interval

Think about your plan of attack for the problem!

“Dynamics by Hibbeler,” Dr. S. Nasseri, MET Department, SPSU


10
EXAMPLE (continued)
Solution: For the first 30 seconds the slope is constant
and is equal to:
a0-30 = dv/dt = 40/30 = 4/3 ft/s2
Similarly, a30-90 = 0 and a90-120 = -4/3 ft/s2

a(ft/s2)

4
3
30 90 t(s)
120
-4
3

“Dynamics by Hibbeler,” Dr. S. Nasseri, MET Department, SPSU


11
EXAMPLE
(continued)
s(ft)
The area under the v-t graph
3600 represents displacement.
3000
s0-30 = ½ (40)(30) = 600 ft

s30-90 = (60)(40) = 2400 ft

s90-120 = ½ (40)(30) = 600 ft


600
t(s)
30 90 120
V is increasing
(increasing slope)
V is constant
V is decreasing (decreasing slope)
(constant slope) “Dynamics by Hibbeler,” Dr. S. Nasseri, MET Department, SPSU
12
READING QUIZ

1. The slope of a v-t graph at any instant represents instantaneous

A) velocity. B) acceleration.
C) position.

2. Displacement of a particle in a given time interval equals the


area under the ___ graph during that time.

A) a-t B) a-s
C) v-t C) s-t

“Dynamics by Hibbeler,” Dr. S. Nasseri, MET Department, SPSU


13
CONCEPT QUIZ

1. If a particle starts from rest and


accelerates according to the graph
shown, the particle’s velocity at
t = 20 s is

A) 200 m/s B) 100 m/s


C) 0 D) 20 m/s

2. The particle in Problem 1 stops moving at t = _______.


A) 10 s B) 20 s
C) 30 s D) 40 s
“Dynamics by Hibbeler,” Dr. S. Nasseri, MET Department, SPSU
14
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING

Given: The v-t graph shown

Find: The a-t graph, average


speed, and distance
traveled for the 30 s
interval

Plan: Find slopes of the curves and draw the v-t graph. Find the
area under the curve--that is the distance traveled. Finally,
calculate average speed (using basic definitions!).
“Dynamics by Hibbeler,” Dr. S. Nasseri, MET Department, SPSU
15
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING
(continued)
Solution:
For 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 a = dv/dt = 0.8 t ft/s²

For 10 ≤ t ≤ 30 a = dv/dt = 1 ft/s²

a(ft/s²)

1
t(s)
10 30

“Dynamics by Hibbeler,” Dr. S. Nasseri, MET Department, SPSU


16
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING
(continued)
s0-10 =  v dt = (1/3) (.4)(10)3 = 400/3 ft

s10-30 =  v dt = (0.5)(30)2 + 30(30) – 0.5(10)2 – 30(10)


= 1000 ft

s0-30 = 1000 + 400/3 = 1133.3 ft

vavg(0-30) = total distance / time


= 1133.3/30
= 37.78 ft/s

“Dynamics by Hibbeler,” Dr. S. Nasseri, MET Department, SPSU


17
ATTENTION QUIZ
1. If a car has the velocity curve shown, determine the time t
necessary for the car to travel 100 meters. v
A) 8 s B) 4 s 75

C) 10 s D) 6 s
t
6s
2. Select the correct a-t graph for the velocity curve shown.
a a
v
A) t B) t
a a
t
C) t D) t
“Dynamics by Hibbeler,” Dr. S. Nasseri, MET Department, SPSU
18

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