Thai Nguyen University

Thai Nguyen University of Technology

Faculty of International Training

GEE-001
Electrical Science

Lecture #4:

Circuit Theorems

Date: March 2017

Lecturer: Nguyen Minh Y, Ph.D.
 Philosophy lesson
Your success as an engineer will be directly proportional to your
ability to communicate!
– W. J. Wilmont Buxton

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 Objectives

This lecture is to some circuit theorems:

 Linearity, superposition
 Linear circuit
 Source transformation
 Voltage sources and current sources
 Thevenin’s theorem
 Norton’s theorem
 Maximum power transfer

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 4.1 Reviewing
 Tools to analyze a circuit
 Ohm’s law
 Kirchhoff’s laws
 Nodal method
 Mesh method
 For large, complicated circuit
 Computation burden
 Method to simplify the circuit
 Thevenin’s theorem
 Norton’s theorem
(Only applied to linear circuit)

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 4.2 Linearity Property
 Linearity
 The property of an element describing a linear relationship
between cause and effect.
 A linear circuit
 One whose output is linearly related (or directly proportional) to
its input.
 Example
 A linear circuit with
 vs input
 i output

i  f  vS  f  vS    f  vS 
f  v1  v2   f  v1   f  v2 
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  Example
 Find I0 when
v0=12V and vs=24V

Solution
Mesh current
KVL:
12i1  4i2  vS  0
 I 0  i2
4i1  16i2  vS  3vx  0

Substitute
vx  2i1

We obtain
12i1  4i2  vS i1  6i2
 
2i1  16i2  vS  vS

 2 76
i
Linearity?
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  Example
 Find I0

Solution
 The circuit is linear? Yes.
 Assume I0 = 1A. We have
 IS  I4  5A
V1  1 3  5   8V
Actually,
V 8 I S  15 A
 I1  1   2 A
4 4
 I 2  I1  I 0  2  1  3 A Because the circuit is linear
 V2  V1  2 I 2  8  2  3  14V
15
V3 14 I0  1  3A
 I3    2A 5
7 7
 I 4  I 2  I3  3  2  5 A
7
 4.3 Superposition
 Principle of superposition
 The voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear
circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltage across (or current
through) that element due to each independent source acting
alone.
 Example
 Find v?

Superposition

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  Step to apply superposition principle
1. Turn off all independent source except one. Find the output
(voltage or current) due to that active source.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the
contributions due to the independent sources.

 Note:
 Voltage sources by short circuits
 Current sources by open circuits

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 4.4 Source Transformation
 Equivalent circuit
 The one whose v-i characteristics are identical with the original
circuit.

 Series

 Wye-delta

10
  Source transformation
 The process of replacing a voltage source vS in series with a
resistor R by a current source iS in parallel with a resistor R, or
vice versus.

 The two circuit have the same voltage-current relation at

terminals a-b.
 Short circuit vS
iSC  iSC  iS
R
 Open circuit
vOC  vS vOC  iS R

 Source transformation requires vS

vS  iS R or iS 
11 R
  Derive v-i relation:

v
vS  vab i  S
iout 
S
R  i  i  vab
out S
R R

 Note: iout

 Directions of current and voltage iSC

1
source are the same R
 The resistance is not zero.

R0 vOC vab

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  Example
 Find vx using source
transformation.

Solution
 Voltage to current source
 6V current source to 3A current
source
 Current to voltage source
 0.25vx current source to 1vx voltage
source

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 Quiz #3 (15 min.)

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 4.5 Thevenin’s Theorem
 The Thevenin’s theorem states that
 A linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of a voltage source VTh in series with a resistor
RTh
 Where VTh is the open-circuit voltage at the terminals and RTh is
the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the
independent sources are turned off.

VTh  vOC
RTh  Rin
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  Find Thevenin voltage source
 Open the terminals a and b
 Determine the voltage between a and b
 Using nodal analysis or mesh analysis

VTh  vOC

 Example
 Find Thevenin voltage source?

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  Find Thevenin resistance RTh
 Case 1. if the network has no dependent sources, we turn off all
independent sources. RTh is the input resistance of the network
looking between terminals a and b.
 Case 2. If the network has dependent sources, we turn off all
independent sources. Dependent sources are not to be turned off
because they are controlled by circuit variables. We apply voltage
vo at terminals a and b and determine the resulting current i0. Then
v0
RTh 
i0

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  Example
 Find Thevenin equivalent circuit

Solution
 Terminals a and b?
 Sources?
 Open circuit voltage
 Mesh current i1, i2

 32  4i1  12  i1  i2   0


i2  2 A

 i1  0.5 A

 VTh  12  i1  i2   12  0.5  2   30V

 Input resistance
Nodal voltage?
4 12
RTh  1   4
18 4  12
  Example
 Find Thevenin equivalent circuit v2
v1
Solution
 Sources?
 Open circuit voltage
 Nodal voltage v1, v2
v2  v1  2vx vx  v1
 v2  3v1 v1  20
 v1 v2   3
 5   0
4 6 60  3v1  2v2  0 v2  20

 Thevenin resistance
v0
 Turn off independent source RTh 
i0
 Apply voltage source 1 V
 Nodal analysis
v2  3v1

 v1 v2 v2  1
19
 4  6  2  0
  Problem
 Find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit.

 Open circuit?
 No independent sources, VTh = 0.
 Thevenin resistance?
 Excite the circuit by external souces (e.g., 1V or 1A)

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 Quiz. 8 (20 min)
 Problem 1. Use source
transformation to find the
voltage Vx in the below
circuit.

 Problem 2. Obtain the

Thevenin equivalent at
terminal a-b of the below
circuit.

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 4.6 Norton’s Theorem
 Norton’s theorem states that
 A linear two terminals circuit can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of a current source IN in parallel with a resistor
RN
 Where IN is the short-circuit current through the terminals and RN
is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the
independent sources are turned off.

 Note: I N  iSC
 From the source transformation, RTh  Rin
22 RN  RTh
  Find Norton current source
 Short circuit terminals a and b
 Determine the short circuit current isc
 Use nodal or mesh analysis

I N  isc

 Example

 Short circuit?
 Nodal or mesh analysis?

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  Find Norton resistance
 Similar to the way to find Thevenin resistance RTh

 Example
 Find the Norton’s resistance

RN  5 ||  8  4  8 

RN  6 ||  3  3

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  Problem
 Find Norton equivalence of the circuit

Solution
 Norton current source
 Nodal voltage

v1  10V
10
 ix   2.5 A
4
10
 iSC  2ix   7 A
5
 Norton resistance 3ix
 Turn off independent source
 Excite circuit by a voltage v0 = 1V

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 4.7 Derivation of Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems
 Prove Thevenin and Norton
equivalence
 By superposition principle
 Assume
 A linear circuit consists of
 Two voltage sources v1, v2
 Two current sources i1, i2
 Excite the circuit by an external current
source i
 Superposition If,
v  A0i  A1vS 1  A2 vS 2  A3iS 1  A4iS 2 VTh  B0

 A0i  B0  RTh  A0
26 The v-i relations are identical!
 4.8 Maximum Power Transfer
 Power to a load
2
 VTh 
p  i 2 RL    RL
 RTh  RL 

 Maximum power transfer

RL Maximum power is transferred to the load
max p  max
 RTh  RL 
RL RL 2 when the load resistance equals the
Thevenin resistance as seen from the load.
d  RL  RTh2  RL2
  0
 
dRL   RTh  RL    RTh  RL 
2 4

VTh2
max p RL  RTh 
RL 4 RTh
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  Example
 Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit.

 Thevenin equivalence
 Thevenin voltage source
Nodal or mesh analysis?
 Thevenin resistance
 Input resistance from terminals a and b?
 Maximum power transfer
 Optimality condition

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 Assignments
 Homework #4.
 Due on the next class.

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