Word Class

Lexicogrammar
Lecturer: Siti Mukminatun, S.S., M. Hum.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
Machsuna Indriastuti (17202244028)
Nur Laila Rahmawati (17202244029)
Clara Straordinaria (17202244032)
Nanda Dwiana Pangestuti (17202244040)
Ave Angela M.S. (18202244049)
Noun

Pronoun
Range of
Article
Word Classes
Verb

Adjective

Adverb

Preposition

Conjunction and Interjection

Anticipating “Genitive”
Noun
Nouns denote what we will call “Entities”.

Noun forms are:

concrete abstract
The entities referred to are made They are intangible.
of material/physical substance
and are those “Animate (human
or animal)”.
 Proper
Nouns Count
Nouns
Common Nouns
Nouns
Mass Nouns

Proper Nouns Common Nouns

e.g. Ruth, Scotland, Glasgow, Count Nouns Mass Nouns
Queen Street, the Clyde, Skye, e.g. One, two, three, four, five, e.g. warmth, happiness,
Ben Lomond, Monday, May, etc. (can be counted) furniture, rubbish, milk,
Christmas, the Radio Times, the e.g. compass, map, torch, enlightenment.
Beano, The Guardian, The cagoule. (countable)
Listener, the Scottish Office, etc.
 Verb
Verb is used to express processes.

Verb can be classified into three ways :

denote action record events refer states

e.g. walk, draw, work, e.g. occur, colapse, melt, e.g. be, seem, like, feel (ill),
feel (pulse), sounds become, see sound (noisy)
• Based on systemic gramarrians, processes are classified into:

material mental relational

e.g. walk draw, occur, e.g. watch, see, listen, e.g. be, seem, become
colapse, melt hear, expect, like
• the variations of the verb work below some of these inflections in action:

tense aspect voice

• present : work, works • progressive : is working, was • active : worked, is working
• past : worked working • was worked, is being worked
• perfect : has worked, had
worked

mood Subject agreement

• indicative: She works/worked I/you/we/they work; he/she/it
hard works.
• imperative: Work hard/er
• subjunctive: They insist that
she work harder
• Verbs are traditionally classified into:

Main Auxiliary

e.g. works, worked, is working, will have primary : e.g. do, be, have,

been worked
modal: will, shall, may, can, phrasal/semi-:
must (together with would, (must): have to, have go to
should, might, could). (will): be about to, be going to
Marginal modals: dare, need, (can): be able to
ought to and used
• Verb can be also divided into:

finite non-finite
marked for tense Not marked for tense. Occur
either as a base infinitive or as a
participle.

e.g. I play, he plays, they play; e.g. She helped him (to) learn Russian.
I played, we played; She watched him, learn Russian.
I am playing, she is playing, they are playing; She imvited him to learn Russian.
• verbs acting as main verb can be classified :

lexical intransitive transitive ditransitive copular

e.g. They e.g. They e.g. Jill

e.g. Ruth does e.g. The ship is/seems/app
sank the ship. gave her a
not sank. ears/looked/f
Jill sang an beautiful
sell/grill/enjoy/ she wept all elt/became/g
Austrian watch.
make cheese night. rew/remaine
song. Marry asked
Jill a favour. d tired.
 Adjective
Thought of in traditional grammar as describing word, it has the role of ascribing an attribute or

feature to a noun.

Attibutive adjective (within the Predicative adjective (outside

nominal phrase) : the normal phrase)

prenominal postnominal
e.g.
a. This car is new.
b. Jack is fond of jill.
e.g. new car, a e.g. anything different, c. The problem is simple.
responsible child, the somebody new, the secretary d. We stood the bookcase upright.
principal problem general e. She drinks her tea black.
Some adjectives are able to be modified for gradability by comparison of degree.
Comparison of the adjective implace reference to a second entity or to previous
state of the first entity

e.g. my bike is cleaner than yours

The different between comparison and degree :

Keith was the most interesting speaker (comparison)
Keith was a most interesting speaker (degree)
 Adverb
Adverb have been seen as performing a so-called modifying role in relation to verbs.
e.g. She sings beautifully, he came yesterday.
Nominal phrases e.g. he is rather a nuisance/almost a
teenager
Prepositional phrases e.g. he ran almost into the
house/fairly near the river.
e.g. the match tomorrow Verb e.g. she almost fell, the house has just painted.

modifying noun within

the nominal phrase

modifying whole nominal and

prepositional phrases or the
Adjective e.g. she is very indicating the degree of the active or passive adverb can modify the
adjectival attribute or
clever whole (of the rest) of a
adverbial circumstance clause
Adverb e.g. he sings very well
• Adverb are divided based on the function of providing a connectiive link between the preceding
clause and the present one, into:

Conjunctive Adverb Disjunctive Adverb Interpersonal Adverb

e.g. Therefore the performance 1. The speakers assessment of 1. Politeness/courtesy adverbs
the degree of certainty or e.g. Would you pass me the
should now be better.
doubt surrounding the factual jam, please.
However, it doesn’t make sense. content of the clause: Kindly leave the room.
Jill as probably gone by bus 2. continuity markers e.g. well,
2. The speaker's comment well now, now then, right
on/reaction towards the then.
clause content: 3. Greetings and farewells e.g.
Amazingly, noone was hurt. hello, hi, goodbye, cheerio.
3. The speaker's terms of 4. Polarity and agreement
reference for the clause: responses, e.g. yes, no, okay,
Briefly, it doesn't meet our allright, certainly, sure.
demands. 5. Approval formulae, e.g.
cheers, hurrah.
 Preposition

Prepositions have the feature of accompanied, indeed normally followed, by a

completive element in the form of (single or multiple word) phrase or a clause.
Based on their position, prepositions are divided into:

preposition

preposition postposition adposition

e.g. From Mary, for sure

e.g. Three weeks ago, that
fact apart
Based on the number of words, prepositions are divided
into:
prepositions

simple complex
prepositions prepositons
Based on the use, Grammarians are divided preposition
into:
prepositions

intransitive transitive
prepositions prepositions
 Conjunction
Conjuction as grammatical connectors are divided into:

coordinating subordinating
conjunction conjunction

e.g. Ruth plays the flute and Jill sings. e.g. He declined because he has no money.
Jill and David sang a duet. (adverbial clause)
The captain confirmed that Ruth would
play. (nominal clause)
 Interjection
Interjenctions are typically described as those words which are used to express the speaker’s exclamation
or emotinal reaction but which have no further lexical content.

With explentives
e.g. oh, wow, aha, ouch, alas, hey e.g. damn, golly, hell, etc.
 Article

The (definite) a/an (indefinite)

e.g. The title has been agreed. e.g. I know a good restaurant.
The strawberries are ripe. We’ve got a ticket.

Making specific reference to a Making reference to an entity

particular noun entity. which is presented as a
sample, a member of a type or
class but whose specific
identity is not an issue.

Articles are used to mark specificity, generalization or universality of reference to entity denoted by the following noun.
 Pronoun
• The pronoun used to be thought of as a class of word. It is a
word that replace a noun so it could be less repetitive.
• We can only use pronoun when the reference is clear.
Dolphins are marine mammals. Dolphins are marine mammals.
Dolphins have high intelligence. They have high intelligence. Most
Most of dolphins consume fish of them consume fish and squid.
and squid.

• There are several sub classes of pronoun: personal, possesive,

demonstrative, relative, typic, interrogative, exclamative,
reflexive, reciprocal, emphatic, indefinite, substitute, numeral,
and quantifier.
1. Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns specify the first person (I, we), second person (you), or third person (he,
she, it, they) in the singular and plural. They only have the headword role.
e.g
I was born in Ireland. It is the best country for me.

2. Possesive pronouns
Possesive pronouns mark belonging to a person or other entity and fulfill determiner
and headword roles. As determiners they form part of a phrase with a noun, whereas as
headwords they constitute a phrase on their own and are separated by a verb from the
noun or adjective to which they relate.
e.g
My book is new. (Determiner)
This book is mine. (Headword)
3. Demonstrative pronouns
They are used to point a thing or entity. This (singular) and these (plural)
are used for thing that are close to us. That (singular) and those (plural)
are used for thing that are far from us. They can operate in a determiner
and a headword role.
e.g
This chicken is delicious. (determiner)
This is a delicious chicken. (headword)
4. Relative pronouns
Relative pronoun have the job of binding a relative subordinate clause
either to a particular nominal phrase in the main/ superordinate clause
or to the whole of the main/ superordinate clause.
e.g
The man whose shirt is blue is a new student. (determiner)
The girl who I sang with is my sister. (headword)
5. Typic pronouns
They are used to refer to the type/ the sort of entity.
e.g
Such things aren’t real. (determiner)
Do such exist? (headword)
6. Interrogative pronouns
They are typically used to form questions about an entity, its
possession and determination, Separate frpm their headword and
determiner roles, they can be seen as combining, in an interrogative
context, with the roles of personal, possessive, demonstrative, and
typic pronouns.
e.g
Who did it? (personal: headword)
Whose towel is this? (possessive: determiner)
Whose is the red towel? (possesive: headword)
Which car is Winda’s? (demonstrative: determiner)
Which is Winda’s car? (demonstrative: headword)
What subject are you studying? (typic: determiner)
7. Exclamative pronouns
They occur in context where a speaker is giving reactions to an entity or
situation.
e.g
What a mess! (determiner)
What! Another test! (headword)
8. Reflexive pronouns
They are used ehere the object refers to the same entity as the subject.
They have only a headword role.
e.g
I’ve cut myself.
9. Reciprocal pronouns
They are used to indicate that two or more people are carrying out or
have carried out an action of some type, with both receiving the benefits
or consequences of that action simultaneously.
e.g
They brought a present for each other.
10. Emphatic pronouns
They are used to emphasized the message.
e.g
I myself will meet the professor.
11. Indefinite pronoun
They denote an entity whose identity is not specific and whose
determination is not important to the issue. The have only a headword
role.
e.g
Somebody might see it.
12. Substitute pronouns
They are used tp refer to an entity whose identity has been mentioned,
or is determinable from the context, and where selection is involved.
They typically form the headword of a multiple word nominal phrase, as
they substitute for the headword noun alone.
e.g
Which one do you like?
The blue one.
13. Numerals
Numerals can be thought of as exact numeratives. They embrace two
types which are known, firstly, as cardinal or plain number (one, two,
three,…) and secondly, as ordinals (first, second, third,..)
a. Cardinal : The three traveller enter the jungle.
b. Ordinal : Her second attempt was successful.
14. Quantifiers
They are used before a noun to indicate the amount or quantity. All,
both, many, some, few, several, any, each, every, a lot are examples of
quantifiers.
e.g
There is some milk in a glass.
Thanks!