Department of Physics

and Astrophysics

(AMPLIFIERS)
Presented By:

Team Flash
INTRODUCING TEAM FLASH:

RENU SHARMA (1886946)

NISHA MALIK (1886934)
MANAS GUPTA (1886839)
AYUSH PURWAR (1887234)
VIKAS GUPTA (1886868)
NANDINI GULATI (1886847)
LOW GAIN AMPLIFIER

low gain amplifier is basically an overswampped amplifier.

If the bypass capacitor C2 is removed , the ac equivalent
resistance of emitter = RE1 + RE2= RE
EFFECTS OF SWAMPPING:
● It decreases the gain , as earlier gain Av=Rc/re
now gain reduces to Av=Rc/(re+RE).
● Reduced Distortion: it reduces the distortion as the voltage gain
now is less dependent on the changes in re'. As re=(25) mv / IE
(at room
temp) , so in large signal unswampped amplifier , the voltage gain
● High Input Impedance:
LOW GAIN AMPLIFIER :
Circuit Diagram:

Formulae Used:
Re =h ie/hfe
Gain=RC / (Re )
S=1+Rth /RE
Cin ≥10/2πfR in
C out ≥10/2πfR C
 11V

frequency(KHz)  input voltage(v)  Output voltage(v)  Gain (Av=Vo/Vin) log(frequency) 

0.1  1.56  8.6  5.5128  2.0000 

0.2  1.56  8.7  5.5769  2.3010 
0.5  1.56  8.8  5.6410  2.6989 
1  1.56  8.8  5.6410  3.0000 
5  1.56  8.8  5.6410  3.6989 
10  1.56  8.8  5.6410  4.0000 
50  1.56  8.8  5.6410  4.6989 
100  1.61  8.8  5.4658  5.0000 
200  1.69  8.7  5.1479  5.3010 
500  1.74  8.7  5.0000  5.6989 
700  1.82  8.5  4.6703  5.8450 
1000  1.92  7.8  4.0625  6.0000 
1500  2.00  7.2  3.6000  6.1760 
 :MID GAIN AMPLIFIER:

• Adding emitter bypass capacitor ,CE to the low gain amplifier

circuit, the voltage gain is greatly increased.
• A bypass capacitor CE blocked DC and behaves as a short to the
A C signal . Therefore , whole of AC signal passes through it.
• CE keeps the emitter at AC ground, thus for AC purposes RE
does not exist, unlike in the low gain amplifier where there was
voltage drop across RE and the gain was low.
circuit Diagram:

Formula Used-
Re =h ie/hfe
Xe =1/2πfCE
Gain=RC / (Xe +Re )
S=1+Rth /RE
Cin ≥10/2πfR in
C out ≥10/2πfR C
Frequency(Hz) Vin(mV) Vout(V) log(f) GAIN Gain(dB)
25 147 1.2 1.397940009 8.16 18.2338
50 147 1.2 1.698970004 8.16 18.2338
100 147 4.4 2 29.93 29.5221
200 143 8 2.301029996 55.94 34.9544
500 137 12 2.698970004 87.59 38.8491
1000 137 14 3 102.19 40.1882
2000 131 14 3.301029996 106.87 40.5771
3000 129 14 3.477121255 108.53 40.7109
5000 131 14 3.698970004 106.87 40.5771
7000 133 14 3.84509804 105.26 40.4453
10,000 133 14 4 105.26 40.4453
20,000 127 12 4.301029996 94.49 39.5077
30,000 127 12 4.477121255 94.49 39.5077
50,000 127 11 4.698970004 90.91 39.1722
70,000 121 11 4.84509804 90.91 39.1722
100,000 133 10 5 75.19 37.5232
500,000 67 4.4 5.698970004 65.67 36.3473
1,000,000 59 2.2 6 37.29 31.4318
 :RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER:
 An RC coupled amplifier is a part of multistage amplifier/cascaded amplifier
wherein different stages of amplifier are connected using a combination of
resistor and capacitor.
 The coupling capacitor of RC coupled amplifier is used so that DC biasing of
each stage is not affected by other stage .While the AC voltage are coupled to
next stage.
 The phase of output voltage in a RC coupled amplifier depends on the no. of
stages cascaded ,as a CE amplifier causes a phase shift of 180 in output so a two
stage cascaded amplifier has an output in phase with input.
ADVANTAGES:
a) Cost of RC coupled amplifier is low.
b) It takes less space because of small size of resistances and capacitors.
c) They have better frequency response and gain. And the mid way frequency is
almost constant.
DISADVANTAGES:
a) They have smaller gain because of the load effect of next stage.
b) The coupling capacitor increases the stability of the network as it blocks the
DC while offers a low resistance in path of the AC signal, thereby preventing
the DC bias conditions of one stage affecting the other.

 Further it is to be noted that the cascading of individual amplifier stages

increases the gain of the overall circuit as net gain will be the product of
the gain offered by the individual stages. However in the real scenario, the
net gain will be slightly less than this ,due to loading affect.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

Theoretical Result Experimental Result

Gain of one CE Circuit(G1)=100 voltage across input=27.2 mV

Gain of second CE circuit(G1)=100 voltage across voltage divider=1.2 mV

Total Gain=G1*G2 output voltage=8.40 V

Total Gain=10000. Gain= 8.40 /1.2 x 10-3 =7000.

 :CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER:

 Class A amplifier is simply a voltage amplifier

in which transistor operates in active region.
 Collector current flows for 360◦ of AC signal.

 Class A amplifier has minimum distortion and

maximum amplitude of the output signal.
 The Q point is located near the middle of the AC
load line & hence offers maximum amplification.
 The efficiency of Class A amplifier is very low.
:CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
:RESUST OF POWER A AMPLIFIER:
 :CLASS B POWER AMPLIFIER:

o Class B operation is provided when dc bias leaves

transistor biased just off.This is no bias condition and
only one half of the signal is amplified.
o To obtain output for full cycle of signal ,two transistors
are used,which is called Push-Pull Configuration.
o Efficiency of Class B amplifier is approx 78.5%.
o Although ,efficiency of class B amplifier is greater than
that of class A,we observe distortion in the waveform
of class B amplifier called “cross-over” distortion.
o It occurs because the amplifier is biased at cut-off
point.
THERE ARE TWO COMMON APPROACHES FOR USING PUSH PULL AMPLIFIERS TO REPRODUCE
THE ENTIRE WAVEFORM. THESE ARE:

COUPLED TRANSFORMER AMPLIFIER

COMPLEMENTARY SYMMETRY AMPLIFIER

TRANSFORMER COUPLED AMPLIFIER: COMLEMENTARY SYMMETRY:
CIRCUIT WORKING ( PUSH PULL SYMMETRY AMPLIFIER):
OUTPUT WAVEFORM:
CROSSOVER DISTORTION:
 :CLASS C POWER AMPLIFIER:
 Maximum Theoretical efficiency of Class C operation power amplifier is
100% which is greater than class A and class B operation.
 In this operation, we reverse bias the base and emitter such that the input
signal conducts transistor for θ<180°. Lesser is θ, more is the efficiency.
 Tank circuit is designed such that it picks out the fundamental frequency
from the current pulses of collector and rejects all other frequencies. That is
why this operation works for narrow band and find its applications in RF
transmitters rather than in audio and video power amplifiers.
 Efficiency is dependent on the angle of conduction of the input signal(θ) and
is given by-
:CIRCUT DIAGRAM:
 :WAVEFORM OUTPUT:

Distortion-less
output for
f=240kHz

Distorted output for

f=290kHz
 Differential amplifier amplifies the difference of the two input signal
 The differential amplifier works in two modes.
a) Common Mode Gain
b) Differential Mode Gain
 In common mode gain both the input are in phase and same.
But the differential amplifier amplifies only the difference of the
input signal but here the difference between two inputs is zero ,so
we will get zero output.
 So we have designed circuit for differential Mode Gain.
 To design circuit for differential mode we applied signal to the base
terminal of one transistor, and base terminal of the another
transistor is grounded.
 We get the inverted waveform at the collector terminal of transistor
whose base terminal is connected to the input signal.
 And we get non-inverted waveform at the collector terminal of the
transistor whose base terminal is grounded.
:CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Rc1=Rc2=RC =10K ohm.

Re=1kohm.
The supply voltage VIC=+10v
The supply voltage VIE=-10v.
:OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER:
 CASCODE AMPLIFIER
:COMMON BASE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER (WITH COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER WITH

SOURCE RESISTANCE =10KΩ
source resistance Rs=0 Ω)
 FOR RS= 0KΩ FOR RS=10KΩ
40 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

35 -5

30 -10

25 -15
GAIN(dB)

Gain
20 -20
gain(dB)

15 -25

10 -30

5 -35

0 -40
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
log(f(in khz)) logf(in KHz)

WITH HIGH SOURCE RESISTANCE THE INPUT SOURCE ACT AS CURRENT SOURCE ,THEREFORE
THE GAIN DECREASES BUT THE BANDWIDTH INCREASES.
THE CASCODE AMPLIFIER CONSIST OF COMMON EMITTER(CE) STAGE FEEDING A COMMON-
BASE (CB) STAGE THIS CONFIGURATION HAS THE INPUT CHARACTERISTICS SIMILAR TO THOSE
OF CE AMPLIFIER AND OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS SIMILAR TO THOSE OF CB AMPLIFIER .IT HAS
HIGH OUTPUT RESISTANCE AND IS MORE STABLE .THE MILLER CAPACITANCE IS AT A MINIMUM
WITH THE CB STAGE PROVIDING GOOD HIGH FREQUENCY OPERATION.
CASCODE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
AC ANALYSIS OF CASCODE AMPLIFIER
 C-E AMPLIFIER GAIN(120) CASCODE AMPLIFIER GAIN(120)

THEREFORE ,BY COMPARING THE DATA OF CE AND CASCODE AMPLIFIER WE

CAN SEE THAT FOR SAME GAIN THE UPPER CUTOFF FREQUENCY AND THUS
THE BANDWIDTH OF CASCODE AMPLIFIER IS GREATER THAN THAT OF CE
AMPLIFIER
 ADVANTAGE OF CASCODE OVER CASCADE
For cascaded amplifier, the gain bandwidth
product of particular stage is constant .
Therefore if we increase the gain, the
bandwidth of particular stage decreases.
Therefore overall bandwidth decreases. But in
cascode amplifier, the bandwidth does not
change even when gain is boosted.
COMMON BASE CIRCUIT AND FREQUENCY RESPONSE BY PSPICE

Common Base Circuit Diagram Frequency response of CB amplifier

COMMON EMITTER CIRCUIT & FREQUENCY RESPONSE BY PSPICE

Common Emitter Circuit Diagram Frequency Response of CE Amplifier

 CASCODE CIRCUIT AND FREQUENCY RESPONSE BY PSPICE

Frequency Response of Cascode

Circuit Diagram of Cascode Amplifier
Amplifier