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River Training-1

The document discusses river training, which aims to ensure the safe passage of floodwaters, efficient sediment transport, bank stability, and navigation. It outlines the objectives of river training and the importance of minimizing impacts on surrounding communities. Various river training works are described, including embankments, retaining walls, guide banks, spurs, bed/bank protection, and dredging. Guide banks in particular are discussed as structures used to direct river flow past bridges without damage.

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Harold Jackson Mtyana
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154 views19 pages

River Training-1

The document discusses river training, which aims to ensure the safe passage of floodwaters, efficient sediment transport, bank stability, and navigation. It outlines the objectives of river training and the importance of minimizing impacts on surrounding communities. Various river training works are described, including embankments, retaining walls, guide banks, spurs, bed/bank protection, and dredging. Guide banks in particular are discussed as structures used to direct river flow past bridges without damage.

Uploaded by

Harold Jackson Mtyana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RIVER TRAINING

GENERAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN


MTYANA, H.J
PhD. Structural Engineering - on progress

Ass. Lecturer
Dept. of Structural and Construction Engineering
College of Engineering and Technology
University of Dar es salaam, Tanzania
Email: hjmtyana@gmail.com
Introduction
Objectives of River Training
• Safe and quick passage of high flood
• Efficient transport of sediment load
• Make river course stable and prevent bank erosion
• Provide sufficient draft for navigation
• Prevent outflanking of a structure by directing the flow in a defined
stretch of the river
Introduction
River training therefore, is an important component in the prevention
and mitigation of flash floods and general flood control, as well as in
other activities such as ensuring safe passage of a flood under a bridge
In designing works to fulfil this function, it is important to ensure:
a) The impact on surrounding lands, properties and communities is
minimized
b) In particular, that problems of flooding are not introduced upstream
of the works
c) The condition of the natural channel downstream of the works is
unaffected by the operation of the works.
Introduction
River training therefore, is an important component in the prevention
and mitigation of flash floods and general flood control, as well as in
other activities such as ensuring safe passage of a flood under a bridge
In designing works to fulfil this function, it is important to ensure:
a) The impact on surrounding lands, properties and communities is
minimized
b) In particular, that problems of flooding are not introduced upstream
of the works
c) The condition of the natural channel downstream of the works is
unaffected by the operation of the works.
Types of River Training Works

1. Embankments,
2. Retaining walls,
3. Guide Banks or Bell Bunds,
4. Spurs or Groynes,
5. Bed Pitching and Bank Revetment, and
6. Dredging of River.
Types of River Training Works
1. Embankments:
The floods near cross drainage structure in highway, may be
prevented from submerging the country by constructing earth
embankments. They are generally constructed up to a height of
12m. They are designed and constructed in the same way as an
earth dam. The embankments are generally constructed parallel to
the river channel.

Depending upon the position of the embankments subdivisions


made are:
• Marginal embankments or dykes or levees,
• Retired embankments.
The marginal embankments are constructed as close to the banks as
possible to restrict the flood water from submerging the area behind
them. Figure 14.4 shows the position of marginal embankments.

They are designed to hold up the water up to a maximum anticipated


HFL without the possibility of overtopping and with a view to withstand
all external pressures. This condition is met with by providing sufficient
freeboard, bed width, top width and stone protection on adequate
slopes.
Therefore, marginal embankments have the following key
features:
• They are built to contain river spill generated by raising of
water level at a bridge;
• Due to back water effect, at locations, the Marginal Bund
could extend up to 32 km in length;
• Generally Marginal Bunds are anchored with Guide Banks or;
• At locations they are stone pitched.
Retired embankment

As the height of the embankment increases it becomes necessary to


provide key trench, zoned section etc., to make the embankment stable.
Like earth dams embankments are also likely to fail due to overtopping,
piping, rat holes, seepage and caving in of river side sloping face. It is
therefore necessary to adopt adequate sections for various heights.

The following sections are generally adopted for various heights. (Fig.
14.5 a, b, c):
Retired embankment

• They are built at a distance from the river ridge behind the
existing flood embankment/bund;

• Act as second line of defense or;

• Replacement of a damaged flood embankment/bund;

• Designed parameters same as that of Flood bund.


Spurs:
• Spurs are structures placed transverse to the river flow;

• Extend from the bank into the river;

• Widely used for the purpose of river training; and

• To serve one or more the following functions:


- Training the river along a desired course by attracting,
deflecting and holding the flow in a channel.
- Creating a zone with the object of silting up the area in the
vicinity of spur.
- Protecting the river bank by keeping the flow away from it.
Guide Banks:
Alluvial rivers in flood plains spread over a very large area during
floods and it would be very costly to provide bridges or any other
structure across the entire natural spread. It is necessary to narrow
down and restrict its course to flow axially through the diversion
structure. Guide bunds are provided for this purpose of guiding the
river flow past the diversion structure without causing damage to it
and its approaches. They are constructed on either or both on the
upstream and downstream of the structure and on one or both the
flanks as required.
Guide Banks:

The guide banks consist of two heavily built set of embankments with
heavily protected curved ends in the shape of bell mouth. The width of
water way is kept equal to the width of the structure from abutments.
The river side slopes of guide banks are pitched with stones.
Guide Banks:

The waterway is given by Lacey’s regime


perimeter formula:

Pw = 4.825Q1/2

where Pw is waterway in metres and

Q is discharge in cubic metres/sec.

The length of upstream part of the guide bank should


be 10 per cent more than the length of a bridge or any
other structure between the abutments. The length of
downstream part of the guide bank should be 1/5 of
the structure. (Fig. 14.6).
Guide Banks:
Bed Pitching and Bank Revetment:
Sometimes to protect the bed and bank against action of water,
protection is provided by laying a closely packed stone blocks or
boulders or even concrete blocks. This permanent revetment and
pitching counteracts the general tendency of the water to notch away
the material from bed and banks.
Dredging of River:
To improve navigability of the river channel the river section may need
to be excavated. This excavation is carried out to increase the depth of
flow even when there is flow m the river. The process of underwater
excavation is termed dredging.

The machinery used for the purpose is called a dredger. Various types
of dredgers are in use for example, dipper dredger, grab dredger,
bucket dredger, suction dredger etc. Figure 14.13 (a, b, c, d) shows
various types of dredgers.
Types of dredgers

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