Lecture # 21

Ch. 4. Fluid Kinematics

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME321)

Dr. Ali Turab Jafry

2019 Fall Semester

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 1
 Learning Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be able to:

■ discuss the differences between the Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of
fluid motion.
■ identify various flow characteristics based on the velocity field.
■ determine the streamline pattern and acceleration field given a velocity field.
■ discuss the differences between a system and control volume.
■ apply the Reynolds transport theorem and the material derivative.

This chapter deals with various aspects of fluid motion without being concerned with
the actual forces necessary to produce the motion
That is the kinematics of motion

This incudes the velocity and acceleration of the fluid, and the description and
visualization of its motion.

2
 The Velocity Field
This chapter deals with various aspects of fluid motion
without being concerned with the actual forces necessary to
produce the motion
 Fluid kinematics is a field of physics and mechanics concerned with the movement
of fluids. Fluids tend to flow easily, which causes a net motion of molecules from one
point in space to another point as a function of time. Since it is impossible to
account for individual molecules, we have continuum hypothesis.
 Continuum hypothesis:
 fluid is made up of fluid particles that interact with each other and surroundings
 each particle contains numerous molecules
 infinitesimal particles of a fluid are tightly packed together
 This motion can be described in terms of the velocity and acceleration of the fluid
particles.
 At a given instant of time, description of any fluid property (density, pressure,
velocity, and acceleration) may be given as a function of fluid location.
 This representation of fluid parameters as function of spatial coordinates is
termed a field representation of the flow.
 Fluid parameters are functions of not only position but time as well. For example,
temperature in the room is completely specified by temperature field
 
T  T x, y, z, t 3
 The Velocity Field
 Velocity of a particle (position vector rA)
d rA
VA 
dt
 By writing the velocity for all of the
particles, we can obtain the field
description of the velocity vector

V  V  x, y, z, t 

 Velocity magnitude (the speed of the

fluid)
Particle location in terms
of its position vector
V  V  u 2  v2  w2

 Velocity field V  u  x, y, z , t  ˆi  v  x, y, z , t  ˆj w  x, y, z , t  kˆ

where u, v, and w are the x, y, and z components of the
velocity vector
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The Velocity Field
Fluids flow

 The figure shows the velocity field (i.e.,

velocity vectors) at a given instant for flow past
two square bars.

 It is possible to obtain much qualitative and

quantitative information for complex flows by
using plots such as this.

Flow 5
EXAMPLE 4.1

6
EXAMPLE 4.1

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 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions

 There are two approaches in analyzing fluid mechanics problem

 Eulerian method uses field concept

o the fluid motion is given by completely prescribing the
necessary properties (pressure, density, velocity, etc.) as
functions of space and time.
Flow
o From this method we obtain information about the flow in
terms of what happens at fixed points in space as the fluid
flows through those points.

 Lagrangian method involves following individual fluid

particle moving through the flow.
o determining how the fluid properties associated with these
particles change as a function of time.
o That is, the fluid particles are “tagged” or identified, and their
properties determined as they move.

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 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions
Smoke discharging from a chimney
Eulerian method:
 Attach a temperature-measuring device to the top of the chimney.
 Record the temperature at that point as a function of time.
 obtain the temperature, T, for that location as a function of time

Lagrangian method:
 Attach the temperature-measuring device to Eulerian
Lagrangian
a particular fluid particle (A)
 Record that particle’s temperature as it
moves
 obtain that particle’s temperature as a
function of time.

 Lagrangian information can be derived from

the Eulerian data—and vice versa
 Usually easier to use the Eulerian method to
describe a flow
 Lagrangian examples: Oceanographic
measurements, trace blood flow using X-ray Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of
opaque dyes temperature of a flowing fluid
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 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
 Generally, a fluid flow is a rather complex three-dimensional, time-
dependent phenomenon
 Simplification: approximating a real flow as a simpler one- or two-
dimensional flow.
 The flow of air past an airplane wing provides an example of a complex
three-dimensional flow. All three components are important.
 In many situations one of the velocity components may be small
 Assume two-dimensional flow.
 A few examples of flow are possible to consider one-dimensional flow
field.

Visualization of the flow past a model Visualization of the flow Fluid flow in porous
airfoil (3D) over a rotating-disk media - paper (1D) 10
 Steady and Unsteady Flows
 Steady flow – the velocity (or fluid properties temperature, density, etc.) at
a given point in space does not vary with time, otherwise, flow is unsteady

 Unsteady flow: The flow in which conditions at any point change with time.

 Among the various types of unsteady flows are nonperiodic flow, periodic
flow, and truly random flow. E.g. fuel air injection into a cylinder is periodic
and unsteady.

 In reality, fluid flow is three-dimensional and unsteady.

 In many situations, flow can be simplified to steady, two- or one-

dimensional flow in order to make solution easier without loss of accuracy

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 Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines
 Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines are used for flow
visualization
 Streamline is used in analytical work while the streakline and pathline
are used in experimental work
 Streamline is a line, that is everywhere tangent to the velocity field
 Streamlines are obtained by integrating differential equation of
streamline. For two-dimensional flow dy/dx = v/u.
 If flow is steady, streamlines are fixed
lines in space.
 Streakline consist of all particles in a
flow that have previously passed through
the common point (Lab tool).
 Pathline is the line traced out by a given
particle as it flows from one point to
another (Lagrangian concept)
 For steady flow streamlines, streaklines,
and pathlines will coincide.
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Inviscid Flow Around A Cylinder

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 Lecture # 22

Ch. 4. Fluid Kinematics

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME321)

Dr. Ali Turab Jafry

2019 Fall Semester

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 1
 Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines
 Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines are used for flow
visualization
 Streamline is used in analytical work while the streakline and pathline
are used in experimental work
 Streamline is a line, that is everywhere tangent to the velocity field
 Streamlines are obtained by integrating differential equation of
streamline. For two-dimensional flow dy/dx = v/u.
 If flow is steady, streamlines are fixed
lines in space.
 Streakline consist of all particles in a
flow that have previously passed through
the common point.
 Pathline is the line traced out by a given
particle as it flows from one point to
another (Lagrangian concept)
 For steady flow streamlines, streaklines,
and pathlines will coincide.
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Example 4.3: Comparison of Streamlines, Pathlines, and Streaklines

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Example 4.3: Comparison of Streamlines, Pathlines, and Streaklines

These two streamlines,

plotted in Fig. E4.3b, are
not the same because the
flow is unsteady

The shape of the entire

streamline is a function
of time.

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Example 4.3: Comparison of Streamlines, Pathlines, and Streaklines

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Example 4.3: Comparison of Streamlines, Pathlines, and Streaklines

The pathlines and streamlines do not coincide because the flow is unsteady.

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 Example 4.3: Comparison of Streamlines, Pathlines, and Streaklines

 Each particle that flows through the

origin travels in a straight line (pathlines
are rays from the origin), the slope of
which lies between ±𝑣0 /𝑢0

 Particles passing through the origin at

different times are located on different
rays from the origin and at different
distances from the origin.

 Because of the unsteadiness, the

streakline will vary with time, although it
will always have the oscillating, sinuous
character shown.

 In this example neither the streamlines,

pathlines, nor streaklines coincide. If the
flow were steady, all of these lines
would be the same.

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 Acceleration Field
Acceleration Field from Velocity field
 We can describe fluid motion by:
1. Following individual particles (Lagrangian description)
2. Remaining fixed in space and observing different particles as they pass by
(Eulerian description).

 For Eulerian description one describes the acceleration field as a function of

position and time
 Acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity of a given particle
 For unsteady flow the velocity at a given point in space (occupied by different
particles) may vary with time, giving rise to a portion of the fluid acceleration
 In addition, a fluid particle may experience an acceleration because its velocity
changes as it flows from one point to another in space

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 Acceleration Field

Velocity Field VA  VA  rA , t   VA  xA  t  , y A  t  , z A  t  , t 
where define the location of the moving particle

The acceleration of a particle is the time rate of change of its velocity

Use the chain rule of differentiation:

Velocity and position of

particle A at time t
In terms of particle’s velocity components:

The general form of acceleration field is:

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 Acceleration Field
Acceleration Field
where

ax, ay, az are the x, y, and z components of the acceleration.

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 Acceleration Field
The Material Derivative

Introducing material derivative or substantial derivative D( )/Dt

Shorthand notation for acceleration

The material derivative concept is very useful in analysis involving various fluid
parameters, not just the acceleration.
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 Exam Preparation
Study Tips

Study Eat
 Plan your course ahead of time and stay organized
 Give yourself enough time to study (Study, eat and
sleep) Sleep
 Practice exam questions.
 Write down all formulas in one sheet of paper
(Quick revision)
 Explain your answers to other friends.
 Take 20 mins break to refresh your mind and eat
healthy food only.
Best Wishes for your Exam!
 On exam day, take a good sleep before and
stay hydrated. 25
 Lecture # 23

Ch. 4. Fluid Kinematics

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME321)

Dr. Ali Turab Jafry

2019 Fall Semester

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 2
Example 4.4: Acceleration along a Streamline

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 Example 4.4: Acceleration along a Streamline

Along streamline A-B the acceleration has only an x component,

and it is negative (a deceleration). Thus, the fluid slows down from
its upstream velocity of V = V0 i at
to its stagnation point velocity of V = 0 at x = - R

In general, for fluid particles on streamlines other than A-B, all three
components of the acceleration ax ,ay and az will be nonzero.

The variation of ax along streamline A-B

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 The Acceleration Field
Unsteady Effects

 Material derivative formula contains two types of terms—those involving the time
derivative and those involving spatial derivatives
 The time derivative portions are denoted as the local derivative. Represent
unsteadiness of the flow.
 If the parameter involved is the acceleration, that portion given by is termed
the local acceleration.
 For steady flow the time derivative is zero throughout the flow field; local acceleration
= 0.

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 The Acceleration Field
Unsteady Effects

Uniform, unsteady flow in a constant diameter pipe

 Consider flow in a constant diameter pipe where flow is assumed to be spatially

uniform throughout the pipe
 The value of the acceleration depends on V0
 The acceleration due to the spatial variations of velocity is zero.

An unstirred cup (V=0) of coffee will cool down in time because of heat transfer
to its surroundings.

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 The Acceleration Field
Convective Effects
 The portion of the material derivative represented by the spatial derivatives is termed
the convective derivative.
 It represents the fact that a flow property associated with a fluid particle may vary
because of the motion of the particle from one point in space where the parameter
has one value to another point in space where its value is different.
 The time rate of change of the parameter for the particle can occur whether the flow is
steady or unsteady.

The temperature, T, of each water particle increases as it

passes through the heater, even though it is steady state.

Steady state operation of a water heater 31

 The Acceleration Field
Convective Effects

 That portion of the acceleration given by the term is termed the convective
acceleration.
 Consider flow in a variable area pipe as shown with steady and one-dimensional.
 Convective acceleration becomes:

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Problem Statement

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 Lecture # 25

Ch. 4. Fluid Kinematics

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME321)

Dr. Ali Turab Jafry

2019 Fall Semester

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 3
 Control Volume and System Representation
 The application of laws such as the conservation of mass, Newton’s laws of motion,
and the laws of thermodynamics forms the foundation of fluid mechanics analyses.
 To apply these governing laws to a fluid, we can use the system approach and control
volume approach.
 System is a collection of matter of fixed identity (always the same atoms or fluid
particles), which may move, flow, and interact with its surroundings. A system is a
specific, identifiable quantity of matter. The system may interact with its surroundings
by various means (by the transfer of heat or the exertion of a pressure force, for
example), but it always contains the same mass. For example, air drawn into a
compressor, free-body diagram to apply Newton’s laws of motion.

 Control volume is a volume in space (geometric entity, independent

of mass) through which fluid may flow. For example, we are interested
in the thrust produced by space shuttle than following the exhaust
fumes from rocket engine.
 We identify a specific volume in space (a volume associated with the
fan, airplane, or automobile, for example) and analyze the fluid flow
within, through, or around that volume to determine e.g. the forces on
a blade, airplane or automobile. 35
 Control Volume and System Representation
 In general, the control volume can be a moving volume, although for most situations
considered in this book we will use only fixed, nondeformable control volumes.
 Control surfaces is the surface of the control volume.

 4.10b) The air that was within the engine itself at time t1 (system) has passed through
the engine and is outside of the control volume at a later time t2 as indicated.
 System approach is similar to keeping track of specific quantity of matter which in
fluid is similar to Lagrangian flow description. In the control volume or Eulerian
description, we remain stationary and observe the fluid’s behavior at a fixed location.
 Governing laws of fluid motion are stated in terms of fluid systems, not control
volume. For example, the mass of a system remains constant.
36
 The Reynolds Transport Theorem
 Both system concepts (consider a given mass of the fluid) and control volume
concepts (consider a given volume) are needed to describe the laws governing fluid
motion.
 To shift from one representation to the other, The Reynolds transport theorem is
used. Also known as differentiation under the integral sign.
 Physical laws are stated in terms of physical parameters (velocity, acceleration, mass,
temperature, momentum etc.)
 Let B represent any fluid parameter and b represent amount of that parameter per
unit mass. Then
B  mb
 Parameter B is termed an extensive property, and the parameter
b is termed an intensive property (independent of the amount of
mass).

 Amount of extensive property that a system possesses at a given

instant is
Bsys    bdV
sys
37
 The Reynolds Transport Theorem
 Time rate of change of extensive property of a system

dBsys

d 
sys
 bdV 
dt dt
 To formulate the laws into a control volume approach, time rate of change of
extensive property of a control volume

dBcv d

 cv
 bdV 
dt dt
 The difference is represented by the difference in the limits of integration
 This theorem transforms the system formulation to control volume formulation.

38
 The Reynolds Transport Theorem
 Consider one-dimensional flow through a fixed control volume such as the variable
area duct section:

Control volume and system for flow through a variable area pipe

 The system that we consider is that fluid occupying the control volume at some initial
time t. After a short time dt, the system moves to the right.
 We assume the fluid flows across sections (1) and (2) in a direction normal to these
surfaces and that Velocity is constant across sections (1) and (2).

39
 The Reynolds Transport Theorem

 The outflow from the control volume: volume II, inflow : volume I, control volume : CV.
 At t, SYS = CV. At , SYS = CV – I + II. CV remains same for all time.

 At t, . At ,

 Thus, the change in the amount of B in the system, in the time interval divided by this
time interval is given by

40
 The Reynolds Transport Theorem

 At t, , the equation is rearranged as:

(4.10)

 In the limit , the LHS of eq. becomes which represents the time rate
of change of property B associated with a system (a given portion of fluid) as it moves
along. (Material derivative)

 First term: (4.11)

41
 The Reynolds Transport Theorem
 The volume of fluid that flows across section (2):
 Thus, the amount of B within region II: the rate at which the extensive
parameter B flows from the control volume across the control surface.

 Thus, the rate at which this property flows from the control volume

(4.12)

 Similarly, the inflow of B into the control volume across section (1)

 Thus, the rate of inflow of the property B into the control volume:

(4.13)
42
 The Reynolds Transport Theorem
 Combine Eqs. 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, and 4.13, we see that the relationship between the
time rate of change of B for the system and that for the control volume is given by

(4.14)

(4.15)

 This is a simplified version of the Reynolds transport theorem valid under the
restrictive assumptions:
 fixed control volume with one inlet and one outlet having uniform properties
(density, velocity, and the parameter b) across the inlet and outlet with the
velocity normal to sections (1) and (2).
The time derivative associated with a system may be different from that for a control
volume.
43
 The Reynolds Transport Theorem - General conditions
 The flow field may be simple 1D or complex 3D, unsteady

 A typical pipe system may contain several inlets and outlets

 the volume of fluid that passes across each area element:

Entire outflow portion of the

control surface
44
 The Reynolds Transport Theorem - General conditions

 Similarly for the inflow portion:

 the net flux (flowrate) of parameter B across the entire control surface is

(4.18)
45
 The Reynolds Transport Theorem - General conditions
 By combining Eqs. 4.14 and 4.18 we obtain

(4.19)

 Equation 4.19 is the general form of the Reynolds transport theorem for a fixed,
nondeforming control volume.

46
 Lecture # 26

Ch. 4. Fluid Kinematics

Ch. 5. Finite Control Volume Analysis
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME321)

Dr. Ali Turab Jafry

2019 Fall Semester

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 4
 Physical Interpretation
General Form Of Reynolds
Transport Theorem For A Fixed,
Non-deforming Control Volume

Provides a link between control

volume ideas and system ideas
The physical meanings of the terms are:

1. The total rate of change of any arbitrary extensive property B, of the system.
This may be rate of change of mass, momentum, energy, or angular momentum of
system.

2. The time rate of change of the arbitrary extensive property B within the control
volume as the fluid flows through it.

3. The net efflux (flow out minus flow in) or net flowrate of the extensive property B
across the entire control surface. Outflow (efflux) is positive and inflow (influx) is
negative.

48
 Relationship to Material Derivative

Unsteady Particle’s motion

Effects (Convective effect)
 Provides the time rate of change of a fluid property (temperature, velocity, etc.)
associated with a particular fluid particle as it flows.
 The Reynolds transport theorem is the integral counterpart of the material derivative.

Time derivative Convective effects

of CV across CS

 The parameters B and b may be scalars or vectors similar to material derivative.

 Thus, both the material derivative and the Reynolds transport theorem equations
represent ways to transfer from the Lagrangian viewpoint to the Eulerian viewpoint. 49
 Moving Control Volumes
 Consider a control volume that
moves with a constant velocity.
 The shape, size, and orientation
of the control volume do not
change with time
 The main difference is that
Relative velocity, W, carries fluid
across the moving control
surface.
 If absolute velocity is V, then
velocity of the control volume:

 Or:
 The Reynolds transport theorem
for a moving, Nondeforming
control volume uses relative
velocity W. 50
 Selection of a Control Volume

 Any volume in space can be considered as a control volume depending on the type of
analysis.
 In dynamics  Selection of the body  Represent object in a free-body diagram.
 Best practice: a) The point of interest (e.g. force, v, P point) is located on CS. b) The
CS should be normal to fluid velocity  Simplifies the solution (𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
 Fig4.24: The selection of the control volume (a) is better than that of (b) because
point (1) lies on the control surface.
 Similarly, control volume (a) is better than (c) because the flow is normal to the inlet
and exit portions of the control volume. None of these control volumes are wrong.
 (a) will be easier to use. None of the control volumes are wrong. 51
 Chapter Summary
 Some of the important equations in this chapter

52
 Assignment + Quiz Ch. 4 Monday 7:00 – 8:00 PM
Course Book: Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, Munson, 7th Edition
Problems:
4.4, 4.7, 4.8, 4.21, 4.24, 4.36, 4.37, 4.56, 4.60

Assignment Session 4 + Quiz 4

Question – From Sample Problems + Class problems

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