Water Collection & Conveyance

Intake Structure?
Intake structures
• are used for collecting water from the surface
sources such as river, lake, and reservoir (within
the limitations of water level) and conveying it
further to the water treatment plant or power
station by pump or directly.
• These structures are masonry or concrete
structures and
• provides relatively clean water, free from
pollution, sand and objectionable floating
material
• Intake structures are the construction, used
for storing the water, from surface sources
(river, reservoir and lakes) and conveying it
further to treatment plant.
• nearer to water sources such as river, lake,etc.
Masonry Intake
Concrete Intake structure
 Site Selection for Intake Structures
• The site should be so selected that it may admit water even
under worst condition of flow in the river.
• Site should be very close to treatment plant as possible.
• It should be so located that it is free from the pollution. It is
better to provide intake at upper stream of city so that water
is not contaminated.
• It should not interfere with river traffic, if any. The intake
should never be constructed near the navigation channel.
• It should be located where good foundation conditions are
available.
• It should be so located that it admits relatively pure water
free from mud, sand and pollutants. Means it should be
protected from rapid currents.
• The intake should never be located in the
curves in river.
• The intake should never be constructed near
the navigation channel.
• The intake should be constructed such that it is
accessible during flood.
• The site must be well connected by good
approach of roads.
• The location of intake regarding the sources of
pollution need to be considered.
 Types of Intake Structures
Intakes are classified under three categories:
Category 1: Location
• Submerged intake
• Exposed intake
Category 2: Condition
• Wet intake
• Dry intake
Category 3:Source
• River intake
• Reservoir intake
• Lake intake
• Canal intake
 I.1.Submerged Intake Structures

• It is the one
which is
constructed
entirely under
water.
• It is commonly
used to obtain
supply from a
lake.
• submerged intake structures consists of simple concrete block
or a rock filled timber crib supporting the starting end of the
withdrawal pipe.
• The withdrawal pipes are generally taken up to the sump well
at shore from where the water is lifted by pumps.
• The intake opening is generally covered by screen so as to
prevent the entry of debris, ice etc., into the withdrawal pipe.
• In case of lakes where silt tends to settle down, the intake
opening is generally kept about 2 to 2.5 m above the bottom of
the lake and thus to avoid the entry of silt and sediment.
• Such intake structures should be placed in streams or intakes at
a place where they may not get buried under sediment and
where there are deep water
• These are widely used intakes for small water supply projects
drawing water from streams and lakes having relatively little
change in water surface elevation throughout the year.
 I.2. Exposed Intake Structures

• It is in the form of a
well or tower
constructed near the
bank of a river, or in
some cases even
away from the river
banks.
• Exposed intakes are
more common due
to ease in operation.
• Intake towers are generally used on large projects
and on rivers or reservoirs where there is large
fluctuation of water level.
• Gate controlled openings at various levels called
ports are generally provided in these concrete
towers which may help in regulating the flow
through the towers and permit some selection of
the quality of water to be withdrawn.
• Accesses to these towers are generally provided for
operating the gates, etc., by means of a foot bridge
from the tower up to the dam or up to the shore
 II.1.Wet Intake Structures
• It is a type of
intake tower in
which the water
level is
practically the
same as the
level of the
sources of
supply.
• It is sometimes
known as Jack
well and is most
commonly used.
• It consists of a concrete circular shell filled with water up
to the reservoir level and has a vertical inside shaft which
is connected to the withdrawal pipe.
 II.2.Dry Intake Structures

• In case of dry intake there

is no water in the water
tower.
• Water enters through entry
port directly into the
conveying pipes.
• It is simply used for the
operation of valves etc
• The essential difference
between a dry intake and
wet intake is that in a wet
intake the water enters
from the entry ports in to
the intake and then it
enters in to the conduit
pipe through separate
gate controlled openings
whereas in a dry intake
water is directly drawn in
to the withdrawal pipe
through the gate entry
openings.
• A dry intake will therefore
have no water inside the
intake if its gates are
closed whereas the wet
intake will be full of water
even if its gates are
closed.
 III.1. River Intake Structures
• It is a type of intake which
may either located
sufficiently inside the river so
that demands of water are
met with in all the seasons of
the year, or they may be
located near the river bank
where a sufficient depth of
water is available.
• Sometimes, an approach
channel is constructed and
water is led to the intake
tower.
• If the water level in the river
is low, a weir may be
constructed across it to raise
the water level and divert it
to the intake tower
 River bottom or tyrolean intake
• River bottom or Tyrolean intakes for
drinking water systems are usually
used in small rivers and streams
where the sediment content and bed
load transport are low
• The water is abstracted through a
screen over a canal(usually made of
concrete and built into the river bed)
• The bars of the screen are laid in the
direction of the current and sloping
downwards, so that coarse material
cannot enter.
• From the canal, water enters a sand
trap and then may pass a valve and
flow by gravity, or be pumped into the
rest of the system
• Suitable for Rivers with little sediment
and bed load
 Floating Intake
• Water abstracted from near
the surface of a river or lake
• Thus avoiding the heavier silt
load that are transported
closer to the bottom during
floods.
• The inlet pipe of a suction
pump is connected just under
the water level to a floating
pontoon that is moved to the
bank or bottom of the lake or
river
• Pump itself can be located
either on the bank or on the
pontoon
• The advantages of placing the
pump on the pontoon are that
the suction pipe can be quite
short and the suction head will
be constant( less risk of
cavitation)
• If the river currents frequently
carry logs or large debris, a
floating inlet needs extra
protection or it will be
damaged.
• To construct the pontoon, a
steel or wooden frame can be
attached to floats made from
empty oil drums, Plastic
containers or sealed steel tubes
at least 30cm in dia.
Use: Rivers or lakes
 Sump Intake
• Water from a river or lake
flows through an underwater
pipe to a well or sump from
where it is lifted
• The inflow opening of the
underwater pipe is located
below the low-water level and
screened.
• A well provides a place for
sedimentation to settle and
protects the pump
• damage by floating is
prevented by stone and gravel
filling
• To facilitate cleaning two sump
intakes are sometimes built for
one pump
 III.2.Reservoir Intake Structures

• When the flow in the river is

not guaranteed throughout the
year, a dam is constructed
across it to store water in the
reservoir so formed.
• These are similar to river intake,
except that these are located
near the upstream face of the
dam where maximum depth of
water is available.
• Design of intake may vary based
on the type of dam.
• The access to
intake is
provided
through a
foot bridge.
• The water
level will be
the same as
the reservoir
level.
 III.4. Lake Intake Structures
• Generally submerged
intakes are preferred
for lake intakes.
• These are constructed
as cribs or bell mouths.
The cribs are made of
heavy timber frame
work which is partly or
wholly filled with rip-
rap to protect the
intake conduit against
damage by waves etc.
• The top of the crib is
covered with cast iron
or mesh grating.
 III.5. Canal Intake Structures
• In some cases, source of water
supply to a small town may be
an irrigation canal passing
nearer or through the town.
Then it will be constructed.
• Generally it consists of
masonry or concrete intake
chamber of rectangular shape,
admitting water through a
coarse screen.
• A fine screen is provided over
the bell mouth entry of the
outlet pipe.
• The intake chamber may be
constructed inside the canal
bank if it does not offer any
appreciable resistance to
normal flow in the canal.
• It’s preferred to provide lining
to the canal near the intake
• In canal intake structure, the intake well is generally located in the
bank of the canal and water enters the chamber through the inlet
pipe.
• The inlet pipe is covered with a fine screen.
• The top of the screen is generally provided at minimumwater level
in the canal and bottom is a bout 0.15 m above the canal bed to
avoid entry of bed load
• The inlet end is of bell mouth shape with perforation of fine screen
on its surface.
• The flow velocity through the out let is generally 1.5 m/sec, and this
helps in determining the area and diameter at the withdrawal pipe.
• The area of the coarse screen is designed by limiting the flow
velocity to as low as 0.15m/sec.
• The flow velocity through the bell mouth is limited to about 0.3
m/sec
• Various materials used for pipes
1.Asbestos cement pipes
2.Cast-iron Pipes
3.Cement concrete pipes
4.Copper pipes
5.Galvanised pipes
6.Lead pipes
7.Plastic pipes
8.Steel pipes
9.Wood pipes
1. Asbestos cement pipe
• Made from mixture of Asbestos fibre and cement.
• Convey water under low pressure.
ADVANTAGES:-
Inside surface-Very smooth
Joining-Very good, flexible, easily
Light in weight, easy to handle & transport
Very suitable for distribution pipes of small size
DISADVANTAGES:-
Brittle; cannot withstand impact forces Not durable Cannot
be laid in exposed places Can be used only for verylow
pressure.
• 2. Cast iron pipes Mainly used for conveyance of
water. Joined by bell and spigot (or) Expansion
joint. The spigot is of smaller diameter and is inserted
to the larger diameter bell end. Expansion Joint:
Severe change of temperatures A rubber gasket is
inserted between the spigot and the bell end. Flanged
joint: Water at high pressure. At a wide flange will be
provided which are bolted together. They are
manufactured by pig-iron and given some suitable
treatmentsADVANTAGES The cost is moderate Easy to
join Not subjected to corrosion
• Strong & DurableDISADVANTAGES The
breakage of these pipes is large. Carrying
capacity decreases with the increases in
life Not used for pressure greater than 0.7
N/mm^2 Heavier & Uneconomical-Size
beyond 1200 mm dia.
• Cement concrete pipes Plain (or) Reinforced (or)
Pre stressed pipes Plain –15 m , RCC –75 m and
High head –pre stressed. Reinforcement in the
form of links or hooks and longitudinal
bars Mould -Hume pipe (or) Spun concrete
pipesADVANTAGES Inside Surface –Very
smooth Maintenance cost is low Pipes can be
cast at site and can be transported. Does not
require expansion joint No danger of rusting &
incrustation
• Copper pipes Widely used for service
connectionsADVANATGAES:- Cheap, light in
weight andeasy to handle and transport. Easy
to joinDISADVANTAGES Liable forincrustation
& easily affected by acidic or alkaline
water. The useful life of pipe is pipe is short
about 7 to 10 years.
• 5. Lead pipes Not adopted for conveyance of
water due to lead poisoning It can be easily
bent. Apparatus required for alumn &
chlorine discharge-can not water. It can be
bent due to hot water.