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Ontologies

The document discusses different types of ontologies including philosophical, domain-specific, and linguistic ontologies. It provides examples of ontologies such as the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO), WordNet, EuroWordNet, and BabelNet which connects WordNet and Wikipedia. The document also discusses the role of ontologies in the semantic web for enabling the sharing of a common understanding of information among software agents.

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46 views33 pages

Ontologies

The document discusses different types of ontologies including philosophical, domain-specific, and linguistic ontologies. It provides examples of ontologies such as the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO), WordNet, EuroWordNet, and BabelNet which connects WordNet and Wikipedia. The document also discusses the role of ontologies in the semantic web for enabling the sharing of a common understanding of information among software agents.

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Ontologies

Some Examples
ONTOLOGY is the philosophical study of the
nature of being, existence or reality in general,
as well as the basic categories of being and
their relations.

ONTOLOGIE - ramură a filosofiei care studiază


trăsăturile generale ale existenței.
DEX
Trei tipuri de ontologii

• Ontologia globală (filosofie)


• Ontologii pe domenii (inteligența artificială)
• Ontologia lingvistică
In computer science and information science, an
ontology is a formal representation of knowledge
as a set of concepts within a domain, and the
relationships between those concepts.

Ontologia este o reprezentare formală a


cunoştinţelor într-un domeniu în formă de un graf
ce descrie conceptele domeniului dat, proprietăţile
lor şi relaţiile între conceptele date.

Онтоло́гия (в информатике) — это попытка


всеобъемлющей и детальной формализации
некоторой области знаний с помощью
концептуальной схемы.
Mason-ontology
Medical ontology
Medical ontology
SUMO – Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
Linguistic ontology: A system of symbols
representing the concepts (meanings) encoded by
NL expressions (lexical units, terms, etc.)

Ontologia lexicală conţine conceptele(noţiuni)


descrise de cuvintele limbii şi relaţiile între acestea.

Fiindcă limba descrie totul, existenţa materială şi


nematerială, Ontologia lingvistică este nevoită să
reprezente de fapt totul, toată existenţa.
WordNet
WordNet

{conveyance; transport}

hyperonym

{vehicle}

hyperonym {bumper} {hinge; flexible joint}


{motor vehicle; automotive vehicle} meronym
{car door} {doorlock}
meronym meronym
hyperonym

{car; auto; automobile; machine; motorcar}


{car window} {armrest}
meronym
{car mirror}
hyperonym hyperonym
{cruiser; squad car; patrol car; police car; prowl car} {cab; taxi; hack; taxicab; }
Mikrokosmos ontology
EuroWordNet
Top

1stOrderEntity 2ndOrderEntity

Function Composition Origin Form SituationType SituationComponent

Etc….
Etc.
Covering Part Group Natural Object Static Dynamic Physical Location Experience Mental

Living

Human

skin Direction desire


body church human change of position feel
hair distance disturbance
part company adult divide
body- spatial property emotion
cell institute adult female locomotion
covering spatial relation feeling
muscle organization adult male motion
course humor
organ party child path pleasance
union native
offspring
EuroWordNet
Ontologia de vârf EuroWordNet:
63 concepte (în afară de top)
Top

1stOrderEntity 2ndOrderEntity

Function Composition Origin Form SituationType SituationComponent

Etc.
Covering Part Group Natural Object Static Dynamic Physical Location
Primul Nivel (First Level) [Lyons 1977]:
Entităţi de ordinul I (491 BC synsets, numai
substantivele) : Orice obiect fizic localizat în spaţiu şi timp
care poate fi perceput cu organele de percepţie.

Top

1stOrderEntity 2ndOrderEn

Function Composition Origin Form SituationType Situa

Etc.
Covering Part Group Natural Object Static Dynamic Phys
Primul Nivel (First Level) [Lyons 1977]:
Entităţi de ordinul I (491 BC synsets, numai
substantivele) : Orice obiect fizic localizat în spaţiu şi timp
care poate fi perceput cu organele de percepţie.
Primul Nivel (First Level) [Lyons 1977]:
Entităţi de ordinul II ((500 BC synsets, 272 substantive,
228 verbe) : Orice situaţie statică sau dinamică, proprietate
sau relaţie. Ele pot fi localizate în timp, se petrec sau au
loc, dar nu există ca un obiect fizic.

Top

y 2ndOrderEntity

igin Form SituationType SituationComponent

Etc….

tural Object Static Dynamic Physical Location Experience Mental


Primul Nivel (First Level) [Lyons 1977]:
Entităţi de ordinul II ((500 BC synsets, 272 substantive,
228 verbe) : Orice situaţie statică sau dinamică, proprietate
sau relaţie. Ele pot fi localizate în timp, se petrec sau au
loc, dar nu există ca un obiect fizic.
Primul Nivel (First Level) [Lyons 1977]:
Entităţi de ordinul III (33 BC synsets, numai substantive) :
Orice declaraţie care există independent de spaţiu şi timp.
Ele pot fi adevărate sau false, memorizate sau uitate,
acceptate sau refuzate.
Primul Nivel (First Level) [Lyons 1977]:
Entităţi de ordinul III (33 BC synsets, numai substantive) :
Orice declaraţie care există independent de spaţiu şi timp.
Ele pot fi adevărate sau false, memorizate sau uitate,
acceptate sau refuzate. Spre exemplu, idea, teoria,
informaţia.

Exemple de entităţi de ordinul III: theory; idea; structure;


evidence; procedure; doctrine; policy; data point; content;
plan of action; concept; plan; communication; knowledge
base; cognitive content; know-how; category; information;
abstract; info;
BabelNet ontology
created by connecting
WordNet and Wikipedia
SOWA ontology (top level)
SOWA ontology

• Matrix of the twelve central categories


The task of classifying all the words of language,
or what's the same thing, all the ideas that
seek expression, is the most stupendous of
logical tasks.

Charles Sanders Peirce,


letter to editor B. E. Smith of the Century Dictionary
We must be systematic, but we should keep our
systems open.

Alfred North Whitehead, Modes of Thought


Related to the different layers:

1. NIF: http://persistence.uni-leipzig.org/nlp2rdf/ontologies/nif-core#
2. (there is a gap here, Dublin Core or Foaf are not enough imho)
3 a) MARL: http://www.gi2mo.org/marl/0.1/ns.html
   b) ITS: Docu: http://www.w3.org/TR/its20/ ,
RDF: http://www.w3.org/2005/11/its/rdf#
   c) OLIA: http://purl.org/olia/
4. a) Dublin Core: http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/
    b) Prov-O: http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/
5. also NIF: http://persistence.uni-leipzig.org/nlp2rdf/ontologies/nif-core#
6. lemon: http://lemon-model.net/
7. a) DCAT and DataId: http://wiki.dbpedia.org/coop/DataIDUnit
   b) NERD: http://nerd.eurecom.fr/ontology
WWW Consortium (W3C) desfăşoară
activitatea de creare a standardelor pentru
ontologiile care vor fi folosite în reţeaua
globală de agenţi inteligenţi – programe care
activează în Web.

“A set of knowledge terms, including the


vocabulary, the semantic interconnections,
and some simple rule of inference and
logic”

(Hendler 2001)
Scopul ontologiilor
în Web Semantic

Sharing common understanding of the


structure of information among people or
software agents is one of the more
common goals in developing ontologies
(Musen 1992; Gruber 1993).
“A set of knowledge terms, including the
vocabulary, the semantic interconnections, and
some simple rule of inference and logic”

(Hendler 2001)

OWL – Web Ontology Language


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