Chapter 2 AC to DC Converters

Outline
2.1 Single-phase controlled rectifier
2.2 Three-phase controlled rectifier
2.3 Effect of transformer leakage inductance on rectifier circuits
2.4 Capacitor-filtered uncontrolled rectifier
2.5 Harmonics and power factor of rectifier circuits
2.6 High power controlled rectifier
2.7 Inverter mode operation of rectifier circuit
2.8 Thyristor-DC motor system
2.9 Realization of phase-control in rectifier
2.1 Single- phase controlled (controllable) rectifier

2.1.1 Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier

u2
Resistive load b)
0  t1  2 t
ug
VT c)
T
id 0 t
uVT ud
u1 u2 ud R
d)
0  t
a) uVT

e)
0 t

1  2U 2 1  cos 
Ud 
2  2U 2 sin  td ( t ) 
2
(1  cos  )  0 . 45 U 2
2 （ 2-1）
Inductive (resistor-inductor) load

u2

b)
0  t1  2 t
VT ug
id
T
uVT L c)
0 t
u1 u2 ud ud
R + +
d)
0 t
a) id
e)
0  t
uVT

f)
0 t
Basic thought process of time-domain analysis for power electronic
circuits
The time- domain behavior of a power electronic circuit is actually the
combination of consecutive transients of the different linear circuits
when the power semiconductor devices are in different states.
VT VT

L L
u2 u2
R R

a) b)

d id
L  Ri d  2U 2 sin  t （ 2 -2 ）
d t
ω t= a ， id = 0
R
2U  ( t   ) 2U
id   2
sin(    ) e  L
 2
sin(  t   ) （ 2 - 3 ）
Z Z
Single- phase half- wave controlled rectifier with freewheeling diode
load (L is large enough) Inductive

T VT u2
iVD id
b) O  T1 t
uVT L ud
a) u1 u2 ud c)
R O t
VDR id
d) Id
O t
iVT Id
e)
+ t
O - 
f ) iVDR
O t
g) uVT
O t
  
I dVT  Id （ 2 -5 ）
2
1   
I VT 
2 

I d2 d ( t ) 
2
Id （ 2 -6 ）

  
I dVD  Id （ 2 -7 ）
2
R

1 2   
I VD R   I d ( t ) 
2
d Id （ 2 -8 ）
2  2

Maximum forward voltage, maximum reverse voltage

Disadvantages:
–Only single pulse in one line cycle
–DC component in the transformer current
2.1.2 Single- phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier
 Resistive load

ud(id)
ud
id
b)
VT1 VT3 d i 0    t
i2
T a
uVT
ud 1 ,4
u1 u2 R
c)
b 0 t
VT2 VT4 i2
d)
a) 0 t
Average output (rectified) voltage:

1  2 2U 2 1  cos  1  cos 
U d   2U 2 sin  td ( t )   0 .9U 2 （ 2-9）
   2 2

Average output current:

U 2 2U2 1 cos U 1 cos
Id  d   0.9 2 （2-10）
R R 2 R 2
For thyristor:
1 U 1  cos 
I dVT  I d  0 . 45 2 （ 2 -11 ）
2 R 2

1  2U 2 U2 1   （ 2 -1 2 ）
I VT 
2  
(
R
sin  t ) 2 d (  t ) 
2R 2
sin 2  


For transformer:
1  2U 2 U2 1   (2-13)
  R
I  I2  ( sin t ) 2
d (t )  sin 2 
R 2 
 Inductive load (L is large enough)

u2

 t
ud

i 
i2
VT1 VT3 d
Id  t
T a id
 t
Id
u1 u2 ud R iVT1,4
 t
b iVT2,3 Id
VT2 VT4  t
i2 Id
a)

, t
Id
uVT1,4
 t
b)
 1   2 2
Ud   2U 2 sin  td ( t )  U 2 cos   0.9U 2 cos  （ 2-15）
  

 Electro- motive-force (EMF) load With resistor

id ud
E

R O    t
ud id
E Id

O t
a) b)
 With resistor and inductor

When L is large enough, the output voltage and current waveforms are the
same as ordinary inductive load.
When L is at a critical value u
d
 = 

E

0 
t

id

O t
2 2U2 3 U2
L  2.8710 （2-17）
Idmin Idmin
2.1.3 Single- phase full- wave controlled rectifier

VT1 ud
i1
T u
2
u1 O t
VT 2 u d
u2 R i1

O t

a) b)
 2.1.4 Single- phase bridge half-controlled rectifier
u2

b)
O t

ud

VT1

VT2

id
i2 O t
T a id Id
L
VDR

a) u2 ud
iVTO Id t
b R iVD1
4
 t
VD3

VD4

iVTO Id
iVD 2
3
 t
iVDO Id
R
O  t
Id
i2
O t
Id
 Another single- phase bridge half-controlled rectifier

VT1 VT3
T

u2 load

VT2 VT4

Comparison with previous circuit:

–No need for additional freewheeling diode
–Isolation is necessary between the drive circuits of the two thyristors
Summary of some important points in analysis

When analyzing a thyristor circuit, start from a diode circuit with the sam
e topology. The behavior of the diode circuit is exactly the same as the
thyristor circuit when firing angle is 0.
A power electronic circuit can be considered as different linear circuits wh
en the power semiconductor devices are in different states. The time- d
omain behavior of the power electronic circuit is actually the combinat
ion of consecutive transients of the different linear circuits.
Take different principle when dealing with different load
– For resistive load: current waveform of a resistor is the same as the volt
age waveform
–For inductive load with a large inductor: the inductor current can
be considered constant
2.2 Three- phase controlled (controllable) rectifier

2.2.1 Three- phase half- wave controlled rectifier

Resistive load, α= 0º
ua ub uc
u2
T a
VT1
b O  t1  t2  t3 t
VT2
c uG
VT3
ud
ud t
R id
O t
iVT1
Common-cathode connection
O t
Natural commutation point uVT1
O t

uab uac
Resistive load, α= 30º
u2
ua ub uc

O t

T a uG
VT1
b
O t
ud
VT2
c
VT3 O  t1 t
ud iVT1

R id
O
uVT1 u t
ac

O
t
uab uac
Resistive load, α= 60º

u2 ua ub uc

T O t
a
VT1
b
VT2 uG
c t
VT3 uO
ud d

R id t
O
iVT
1

O t
Resistive load, quantitative analysis
When α≤ 30º , load current id is continuous.
5
1  3 6
Ud 
2 

6
6

2U 2 sin td (t ) 
2
U 2 cos  1.17U 2 cos （2-18）

3
When α > 30º , load current id is discontinuous.
1  3 2      
Ud 
2 

6

2U 2 sin td (t )  U 2 1  cos(   )  0.6751  cos(   ) (2-19)
2  6   6 
3

Average load current U

I
d d
2
（-
20）
R
Thyristor voltages
1.2
1.17

0.8
Ud/U2
0 .4 1
3
2
0 30 60 90 120 150
/(° )
 Inductive load, L is large enough
ua ub uc
ud

O  t

ia
T a L
O t
b eL id ib
VT2 ud O t
R ic
c
VT3 O t
id
O
uVT1 t

O t
uac uac
uab
 1 56  36
Ud   2U2 sintd(t)  U2 cos 1.17U2 cos （2-18）
2 6  2
3

Thyristor voltage and currents, transformer current :

1 I VT
I 2  I VT  I d  0.577I d （2-23） I VT(AV)   0.368I d （2-24）
3 1.57
U FM  U RM  2.45U 2 （2-25）
2.2.2 Three- phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

Circuit diagram
VT1 VT3 VT5 d 1
ia
id
T
a
load ud
n b c

VT4 VT6 VT 2 d 2

Common- cathode group and common- anode group of thyristors

Numbering of the 6 thyristors indicates the trigger sequence.
Resistive load, α= 0º

VT1 VT3 VT5 d 1

ia
id
T
a
load ud
n b c

VT4 VT6 VT 2 d 2
 u2 = 0° ua ub uc
ud1

O  t1 t
ud2
I II III IV V VI
u2L uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac
ud

O t

iVT
1
O t
uVT uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac
1

O t

uab uac
Resistive load, α= 30º

VT1 VT3 VT5 d 1

ia
id
T
a
load ud
n b c

VT4 VT6 VT 2 d 2
 = 30¡ ua ub uc
ud1
ã

O  t1 t
ud2 І II III IV V VI
ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac

O t

uVT u ab u
ac u bc u ba u ca ucb u ab u ac
1

O t

uab uac
ia

O t
Resistive load, α= 60º

VT1 VT3 VT5 d 1

ia
id
T
a
load ud
n b c

VT4 VT6 VT 2 d 2
  = 60 º
u d1 ua ub uc

t1
O t

u d2
I II III IV V VI
u ab uac u bc uba u ca u cb u ab uac
ud

O t

u VT
1
u ac uac

O t

uab
Resistive load, α= 90º

VT1 VT3 VT5 d 1

i
a

id
T
a
load ud
n b c

VT4 VT6 VT 2 d 2
ud1 ua ub uc ua ub

O
ud2 t
ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac ubc uba

O t

id

O t
iVT1

O t
ia

O t
Inductive load, α= 0º

VT1 VT3 VT5 d 1

ia
id
T
a
load ud
n b c

VT4 VT6 VT 2 d 2
u2 = 0º ua ub uc
ud1

O  t1 t
ud2
u2L I II III IV V VI
uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac
ud

O t

id

O t
iVT
1
O t
Inductive load, α= 30º

VT1 VT3 VT5 d 1

i
a

id
T
a
load ud
n b c

VT4 VT6 VT 2 d 2
 = 30°
ud1 ua ub uc

O t1 t

ud2
I II III IV V VI
ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac

O t

id

O t
ia

O t
Inductive load, α= 90º

VT1 VT3 VT5 d 1

ia
id
T
a
load ud
n b c

VT4 VT6 VT 2 d 2
  = 90° ub uc ua
ud1

O  t1 t

ud2 I II III IV V VI
uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac
ud

O t

uVT uac uac

1

O t
uab
Quantitative analysis

Average output voltage:

1 23 
Ud   6U2 sintd(t)  2.34U2 cos （2-26）
 3 
3
For resistive load, When a > 60º, load current id is discontinuous.
3    
Ud   6U2 sintd(t)  2.34U2 1 cos( ) （2-27）
 3 
 3 
everage output current (load current):
U
Id d
2
-
2
（0）
Transformer current: R

1 2 2 2 2  2
I2  dI    (Id )     Id  0.816Id （2-28）
2  3 3  3
 2.3 Effect of transformer leakage inductance on rectifier circuits
T a LB ia
ik L
b B ib
VT1
VT2
c LB ic
VT3
R ud L

ud ua ub uc


O t

id ic ia ib ic ia Id
O  t

In practical, the transformer leakage inductance has to be taken into account.

Commutation between thyristors, thus can not happen instantly,but with a commuta
tion process.
Commutation process analysis

Circulating current ik during commutation

ub-ua = 2·LB·dia/dt
ik: 0 Id
ia = Id-ik : Id 0

ib = ik : 0 Id
Output voltage during commutation

dik di u ub （2-30）

ud ua LB ub LB k  a
dt dt 2
Quantitative calculation
Reduction of average output voltage due to the commutation process
5 5
1   6 3   6 dik
Ud  
5
2 / 3  6
(u b  ud )d(t )   5
2  6
[u b  (ub  LB
dt
)]d(t)
（2-31）
5
3   6 dik 3 Id 3
 
2 56
LB d(t) 
dt 2 0 LBdik  XBId
2
Calculation of commutation angle

2XBId
cos cos(
  )  （2-36）
6U2

– Id ↑,γ↑
– XB↑, γ↑

– For α ≤ 90۫ , α↓, γ↑

 Summary of the effect on rectifier circuits

Single- Single- T hree- Three- m-pulserecfifier

Circuits
phase phase phase phase
Full wave bridge halfw ave bridge

XB 2X B 3XB 3XB mX
Ud Id Id Id Id B
Id
  2  2

IdXB 2IdXB 2XBId 2X B I d Id XB

cos(
cos )
2U 2U2 6U2 6U2 
2
2U2 sin
m
 Conclusions
–Commutation process actually provides additional working states of the
circuit.
–di/dt of the thyristor current is reduced.
–The average output voltage is reduced.
–Positive du/dt
– Notching in the AC side voltag
2.4 Capacitor- filtered uncontrolled (uncontrollable) rectifier

2.4.1 Capacitor- filtered single- phase uncontrolled rectifier

Single-phase bridge, RC load:

id
i,ud
ud
VD1 VD3
i2 iC iR i

u1 u2 ud + C R
0   2 t

VD2 VD4


a) b)
 Single-phase bridge, RLC load

u
id + L -
L
VD1 i2,u2,ud u2 ud
i2 VD3
iC iR i2
+
u1 u2 ud
R 0
C    t
VD2 VD4

a) b)
2.4.2 Capacitor- filtered three- phase uncontrolled rectifier
Three-phase bridge, RC load

ud uab ud uac

VD1VD3VD5 id ia

ia  0    t
T a iC iR 3
+
b ud C R
c id

VD4VD6VD2 O t
a) b)
Three- phase bridge, RC load Waveform when ωRC≤1.732

ia ia

O tO t
id id

O tO t
a
) b
)

a
） 
RC= 3 b
） 
RC< 3
•
Three- phase bridge, RLC load

ia
VD1VD3VD5
ia O t
T id
a iC iR
b ud+ C R b)
ia
c
O t
VD4VD6VD2

a) c)
2.5 Harmonics and power factor of rectifier circuits
2.5.1 Basic concepts of harmonics and reactive power
For pure sinusoidal waveform

For periodic non-sinusoidal waveform

where
 Harmonics-related specifications
Take current harmonics as examples
Content of nth harmonics
In
n 
HRI 100
%（ 2
-57
）
I1

In is the effective (RMS) value of nth harmonics.

I1 is the effective (RMS) value of fundamental component.
Total harmonic distortion
Ih
i 
THD 100
% 2
（-5
8）
I1

Ih is the total effective (RMS) value of all the harmonic components.

 Definition of power and power factor for sinusoidal circuits
Active power
1 2
P  uid(t) UIcos （2-59）
2 0
Reactive power
Q=U I sin （2-61）
Apparent power
S=UI （2-60）
S2  P2  Q2 （2-63）

Power factor

P （
2
-
62）
S

=
c
o
s 2
-
6
（4）
 Definition of power and power factor For non- sinusoidal circuit

Active power: P=U I1 cos 1 （2-65）

P UI1 cos1 I1
   cos1  cos1 （2-66）
Power factor: S UI I
Distortion factor (fundamental- component factor):
=I1 / I

Displacement factor (power factor of fundamental component):

=cos 

Definition of reactive power is still in dispute

 Review of the reactive power concept

The reactive power Q does not lead to net transmission of energy between
the source and load. When Q ≠ 0, the rms current and apparent power
are greater than the minimum amount necessary to transmit the averag
e power P.

Inductor: current lags voltage by 90°, hence displacement factor is zero. T

he alternate storing and releasing of energy in an inductor leads to curr
ent flow and nonzero apparent power, but P = 0. Just as resistors cons
ume real (average) power P, inductors can be viewed as consumers of r
eactive power Q.

Capacitor: current leads voltage by 90°, hence displacement factor is zero.

Capacitors supply reactive power Q. They are often placed in the utilit
y power distribution system near inductive loads. If Q supplied by cap
acitor is equal to Q consumed by inductor, then the net current (flowin
g from the source into the capacitor- inductive- load combination) is in
phase with the voltage, leading to unity power factor and minimum rm
s current magnitude.
2.5.2 AC side harmonics and power factor of controlled rectifiers with
inductive load
 Single- phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier
u2

 t
ud

VT1 i 
i2
VT3 d
Id  t
T a id
 t
Id
u1 u2 ud R iVT1,4
 t
b iVT2,3 Id
VT2 VT4  t
i2 Id
a)

, t
Id
uVT1,4

t
b)
AC side current harmonics of single- phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier
with inductive load
4 1 1
i2  Id (sint  sin3t  sin5t )
 3 5
4 1 （2-72）
 Id  sinnt  2In sinnt
 n1,3,5, n n1,3,5,

Where
22
I
I d
=
1
n,
3,
5,
…（2
-
73
）
n
n
Conclusions
–Only odd order harmonics exist
– In∝1/n
– In / I1 = 1/n
 A typical gate triggering control circuit

R15
VD11~VD14
C7 + C6
VD15
220V 36V +15V
B
VD7 TP VD8
+15V
R18
RP2 R11 R12 R14
R9
VS C3 R13 VD9
R3 A
V5 R16
V1 VD4 C5
R1 R10 VD6
I1c
V3 R6 V7
V4
R7
R4
VD1 VD2 C2 R17 V8
TS V6
R V2 R5 R8 C3
Q
VD10 VD5
uts C1 R2
up
RP1
Disable
uco -15V XY -15V
 Three- phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

VT1 VT3 VT5 d 1

ia
id
T
a
load ud
n b c

VT4 VT6 VT 2 d 2
  = 30°
ud 1 ua ub uc

O t1 t

ud 2
I II III IV V VI
ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac

O t

id

O t
ia

O t
 AC side current harmonics of three- phase bridge fully- controlled
rectifier with inductive load

2 3 1 1 1 1
ia  I d [sin  t  sin 5 t  sin 7 t  sin 11 t  sin 13 t  ] （2-79）
 5 7 11 13
2 3 2 3 1
 I d sin  t  I d  (  1) k sin n  t  2 I1 sin  t   (  1) k 2 I n sin n  t
  n  6 k 1 n n  6 k 1
k 1, 2 , 3 k 1, 2 , 3

where

 6
I1  Id
  （2-80）

I  6 I , n6k1,k 1,2,3,


n
n
d
2.5.3 AC side harmonics and power factor of capacitor- filtered uncon
trolled rectifiers

Situation is a little complicated than rectifiers with inductive load.

Some conclusions that are easy to remember:

–Only odd order harmonics exist in single- phase circuit, and only 6k±1
(k is positive integer) order harmonics exist in three- phase circuit.

–Magnitude of harmonics decreases as harmonic order increases.

–Harmonics increases and power factor decreases as capacitor increases.

–Harmonics decreases and power factor increases as inductor increases.

2.5.4 Harmonic analysis of output voltage and current

  2 cos k 
ud0  U d0   bn cos nt U d0 1   2 cos nt  （2-85）
n mk  nmk n  1 
u
d

m 
Ud0  2U2 sin （2-86）
 m
2cosk
bn   2 Ud0 （2-87） 2 U2
n 1

  t
mO m
2
m
Output voltage of m- pulse
rectifier when α = 0º
Ripple factor in the output voltage
Output voltage ripple factor
U

uR
2
-
8
（8）
U
d0

where UR is the total RMS value of all the harmonic components in the o
utput voltage

UR  n
U2

nmk
 U2
U2
d0 （2-89）

and U is the total RMS value of the output voltage

 Harmonics in the output current

id Id dn cos(
nt n) （2-92）
nmk

where

U d0  E
Id  （2-93）
R
bn bn
dn   （2-94）
zn R 2  ( n L ) 2
n L
 n  arctan （2-95）
R
Conclusions
for α = 0º
Only mk (k is positive integer) order harmonics exist in the output voltage
and current of m- pulse rectifiers
Magnitude of harmonics decreases as harmonic order increases when m is
constant.
The order number of the lowest harmonics increases as m increases. The c
orresponding magnitude of the lowest harmonics decreases accordingl
y.
For α ≠ 0º
Quantitative harmonic analysis of output voltage and current is very
complicated for α ≠ 0º.
As an example,for 3- phase bridge fully- controlled rectifie
 2.6 High power controlled rectifier
2.6.1 Double- star controlled rectifier
Circuit Waveforms When α= 0º
ua ub uc
ud1

O t
1
T I
ia 2 d
a b c 1
I
6 d

O uc' ua' ub' uc' t

u d2
iP n LP
n2 n1
O t
L
1
a '
b '
c' ud ia' 2 Id
R 1
I
VT5 VT3 VT1 VT4 VT6 VT2 6 d
id
O t
 Effect of interphase reactor(inductor, transformer)

ud1,ud2 u ' ua uc' ub ua' uc ub'

b

a)
ua
O t1 t
1
u
2 P
n LP
+- + 60
n2- n1 up
iP ub' L
u d2 u d u d1 b)
VT 1 O t
VT 6 R
360

u p  u d2  u d1 （ 2-97）
1 1 1
u d  u d2  u p  u d1  U p  ( u d1  u d2 ) （ 2-98）
2 2 2
Quantitative analysis when α = 0º

3 6U 2 1 2 1
u d1  [ 1  cos 3  t  cos 6  t  cos 9  t     ] （ 2 -9 9 ）
2 4 35 40
3 6U 2 1 2 1
u d2  [ 1  cos 3 (  t  60  )  cos 6 (  t  60  )  cos 9 (  t  60  )     ]
2 4 35 40
3 6U 2 1 2 1
 [ 1  cos 3  t  cos 6  t cos 9  t     ] （ 2 -1 0 0 ）
2 4 35 40
3 6U 2 1 1
up  [  cos 3  t  cos 9  t     ] （ 2 -1 0 1 ）
2 2 20
3 6U 2 2
ud  [ 1  cos 6  t     ] （ 2 -1 0 2 ）
2 35
Waveforms when α > 0º


ud   30 u u ' ub ua' uc ub'
a c
Ud=1.17 U2 cos 

O t
  60 ub'
ud uc' ub ua' uc

O t
  90 ub'
ud uc' ub ua' uc

O t
2.6.2 Connection of multiple rectifiers

Larger output voltage:

series connection
To increase the
Connection output capacity Larger output current:
of multiple parallel connection
rectifiers
To improve the AC side current waveform
and DC side voltage waveform
 Phase-shift connection of multiple rectifiers
Parallel connection
LP
1 2
VT
T L
c1 c2

b1 b2
M
a1 a2

12- pulse rectifier realized by

paralleled 3- phase bridge rectifiers
 Series connection
ia1
i1 id Id
a1 a a)
I 0 (((( ((((t
( (
0 1 I ia2
b1 ua1b1 L
iab2 2 Id
c1 b) I
3d
iA A 0 t
?
1
* 3d
I
ud ia'b2 3
3 Id
2 3
1
c) 3 Id
0 t
C a2 iab2
* 3 iA
?
B R
c2 ?
ua2 2 2 3
b
II (1+3 )Id
III
30° * b2

d)
0 3 3 t
3 Id (1+ 3 )Id

12- pulserectifier realizedby

series3- phasebridgerectifiers
 Sequential control of multiple series-connected rectifiers

Id

VT11 VT13
u Ⅰ ud
2
i VT12 VT14
O  +
L
VT21 VT23
ud b)
u Ⅱ
2
i Id
VT22 VT24
load 2 Id
VT31 VT33
u Ⅲ
2
VT32 VT34
c)

a)

Circuit and waveforms of series- connected

three single-phase bridge rectifiers
2.7 Inverter mode operationof rectifiers
 Review of DC generator- motor system

Id Id Id

EG
G M G M G M
EG R EM EG R EM R ¡Æ E M
¡Æ ¡Æ

a) b) c)

EG - EM EM - EG s h o u ld b e a v o id e d
Id = Id =
RΣ RΣ
 Inverter mode operation of rectifiers
Rectifier and inverter mode operation of single- phase full- wave conv
erter
VT1 VT1 L
1 L 1
0 0 iVT
u10 iVT id
1 id R 1
ud R
ud
u20 VT2 VT2
engry + -
engry
M EM 2 M EM
2 iVT iVT
2 - 2 +
ud  u10 u20 u10 ud u10 u20 u10
Ud>EM

O t O t
Ud<EM

id id = i VT1 + iVT2 id  id = i VT1 + iVT2

Id Id
iVT iVT iVT iVT iVT iVT
1 2 1 2 1 2
O t O t
a) b)

U d - EG EM - Ud
Id = Id =
RΣ RΣ
Necessary conditions for the inverter mode operation of controlled re
ctifiers
There must be DC EMF in the load and the direction of the DC EMF mus
t be enabling current flow in
thyristors. (In other word EM must be negative if taking the ordinary outp
ut voltage direction as positive.)
α > 90º so that the output voltage Ud is also negative.
  Inverter mode operation of 3- phase bridge rectifier

u2 ua ub uc ua ub uc ua ub uc ua ub

O t

=  =  = 

3 4 6
ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac ubc

 t1  t 2 t 3
O t

=  =  = 

3 4 6
Inversion angle (extinction angle) β
α+ β=180º

Inversion failure and minimum inversion angle

Possible reasons of inversion failures
–Malfunction of triggering circuit
–Failure in thyristors
–Sudden dropout of AC source voltage
–Insufficient margin for commutation of thyristors

Minimum inversion angle (extinction angle)

βmin= δ + γ+ θ′ （ 2-109 ）
 LB
VT1
a LB
iVT LB
1 VT2 L
b L
iVT LB
B
2 VT3 id -
c
iVT ud M EM
3
+
o
ud ua ub uc ua ub

O p t

 
  
id  
iVT iVT iVT iVT iVT
3 1 2 3 1
O t
2.8 Thyristor- DC motor system

2.8.1 Rectifier mode of operation

u ua ub uc ud
Waveforms and equations d

Ud
Ud  EM  R  I d U (2-112) idR E
O t
where

R   RM  RB  3XB
2π
(for 3- phase half-wave)
id ic ia ib ic

O t
(Waveforms of 3- phase half- wave
rectifier with DC motor load
 Speed- torque (mechanic) characteristic when load current is conti
nuous

EM  C e  n （2-113）
For 3- phase half-wave
EM  1.17U2 cos n
3XB Id
(RB+RM+ 2 ) C
E M  1.17U2 cos  R I d  U a1
e

（2-114） a2
1.17 U2 cos  R I d U
n  a3
Ce a1<a2<a3
（2-115）Ce
For 3-phase bridge
O Id
For 3- phase half-wave
2.34 U2 cos R I d
n  （2-116）
Ce Ce
 Speed- torque (mechanic) characteristic when load current is disco
ntinuous
EMF at no load (taking 3- phase half-wave as example)

E
E0
For α ≤ 60º ( 2 U 2)
E o= 2U 2
E 0'
For α >60º ( 0 .5 8 5 U 2 )
E o= 2U cos(    3)
2 I d m in
d is c o n tin u o u ts c o n tin u o u s m o d e
O Id
m ode

F o r 3 - p h a s e h a lf-w a v e
2.8.2 Inverter mode of operation
Equations n
–are just the same as in the rectifier
rectifier mode of operation mode 1

α increasing
except that Ud, EM and n 2
become negative. E.g., in
3
3- phase half- wave
E M  1.17U2 cos  R I d  U 4

（2-114） == 

β increasing
1.17 U2 cos  R I d U 2 Id
n  4
Ce （2-115）Ce 3
– Or in another form
2
EM = - ( U d 0 cos + I d R I) （2-122） inverter 1
 mode
n  Ud 0cos  I d R （2-123） Speed-torque characteristic of
Ce
a DC motor fed by a thyristor
rectifier circuit
2.8.3 Reversible DC motor drive system(4-quadrant operation)

L
a a
b b
c M EM c Back-to-back
connection of two 3-
phase bridge circuits
converter 1 converter 2

+n
converter 2 inverting Id Id converter 1 rectifying
AC AC

+ source source +
Energ
Energ
EM + y +
M y M E
-converter 2 - M
converter 1 - Ud  U d - converter 2
converter 1
forward braking(regenerating) forward motoring

-T O +T
converter 2 rectifyingId Id converter 1 inverting
AC AC

- source source -
- Energ Energ -
EM M y y M EM
+ +
converter 1 + Ud converter 2 Ud  + converter 2
converter 1
reverse motoring reverse braking(regenerating)
-n
 n
converter 2 converter 1
'1
β

1

α increasing
 '2
increasing

2
 '3
3
 '4
4
'='= 2

== 
α increasing

Id

β
'4 2
4

increasing
' 3
3
' 2
2
'1
1
1='1;'1=1
2='2;'2=2
2.9 Gate triggering control circuit for thyristor rectifiers
A typical gate triggering control circuit R15
VD11~VD14
C7 + C6
VD15
220V 36V B +15V
VD7 TP VD8
+15V
R
RP2 18
R9 R11 R12 R14
VS C3 R13 VD9
R3 A
V5 R16
V1 VD4 C5
R1 R10 VD6
I1c
V3 R6 V7
V4
R7
R4
VD1 VD2 C2 R17 V8
TS V6
R V2 R5 R8 C3
Q
VD10 VD5
uts C1 R2
up
RP1
Disable
uco -15V XY -15V