A PRESENTATION ON

“LEVELLING”

PREPARED BY:
ANMOL THAPA (BCE/074/05)
ASHISH BANJARA(BCE/074/08)
BHARAT BAHADUR CHAND(BCE/074/11)
© BIBEK ACHARYA(BCE/074/12)
BISHWASH PAUDEL (BCE/074/16)
PRATIK RANA MAGAR (BCE/074/48)
 INTRODUCTION
 method of obtaining the elevation of the ground points
relative to a reference datum
 The art of determining relative height or elevations of
point or objects on the earth surface or beneath the
surface of earth
 Used for execution of engineering projects such a route
survey, canals, dam, water survey scheme and sanitary
scheme
 Used to determine altitude of different points such as hill
or to know the reduced level of different point on or
below the earth surface
Some Terminology:
• Level surface : Any surface parallel to the mean spherical
surface of the earth. Surface should be curved.
• Level line : Any line lying on a level surface is called a
level
• Reduced level : Height or elevation of any point with
respect to mean sea level
• Absolute level : Any point is taken with respect to center of
earth in which elevation of mean sea level reduced and the
level become reduced level
• Datum: The reference line with respect to which the levels
of other station points are fixed.
• Bench Mark : It is a fixed location on ground surface which
has known reduced level. Reduced level of other points are
found with respect to reduced level of bench mark.
Principle of levelling
Based on principle used levelling can be categorized into two
different method:
• Sprit levelling (direct levelling):
- Horizontal line of sight is furnished and vertical
distance is found out above or below with respect to
horizontal line of sight
- The line of sight is furnished with a level and a
graduated levelling staff is used for determination of
the height of the line of sight above the staff station.
- More precise method used by surveyors.
• Trigonometrical levelling
-involve measurement of vertical angle and either the
horizontal or slope distance between the two points between
which the difference of level
-Elevations of points are computed from vertical and
horizontal distance
Types Of Level
 Dumpy Level:
 Design by Gravatt
 Telescope rigidly fixed to its support
 Bubble tube is attached at top of telescope
 Most suitable when from one setting of the instrument, elevation of several
points are to be determined.

 The Wye level:

 Telescope is held in two ‘Y’ supports
 Can be removed from supports and reversed.
 Y supports consists of two curved clips.
 Reversible Level:
 Combination of dummy level and Y level
 Telescope is supported by two rigid sockets.

 Tilting Level:
 Incase of dummy and Y level, line of sight is perpendicular to the
vertical axis, once instrument set truly vertical
 Line of sight can be tilted without tilting the vertical axis
 Advantage is quickly levelling, instrument rough leveled can be used

 Automatic Level:
 Known as self aligning level
 Leveled automatically with a certain tilt range by the means of
compensating device
Levelling Instruments:
 Level
 Telescope: used to provide line of sight
 Level tube: used to make line of sight horizontal

 Tripod Stand
• Stand on which level is fixed
  Levelling Staff:
 Target Staff
 Consists of movable target
 This is adjusted by staff man according to directions of level man.
 Used for level sighting

 Self Reading Staff

Following are the different types of self reading staff:
 Sop with telescopic staff
 Folding matric staff
 One length staff
 Invar staff
Adjustment of level
Permanent Adjustment
Two adjustment are required in the auto level
 The first adjustment , to make the axis of the bubble tube
perpendicular to the vertical axis
 The second adjustment to make the line of collimation
parallel to the axis of the bubble tube

Temporary Adjustment
 These adjustment are performed at every set up of instrument
 Setting up of level
 Levelling of telescope
 Focusing of the eye piece
 Focusing of object glass
 Measurement in levelling work

 Back sight reading (B.S):

First reading taken by the instrument after setting out any
location i.e. to benchmark is fixed known as back sight reading.

 Fore Sight reading (FS):

-All last reading taken by the instrument position is known as fore
sight reading.

 Intermediate Sight Reading:

All other reading except foresight and back sight reading are known
as intermediate reading.
 Method To Find R.L.

 Height of instrument method:

H.I. = R.L of B.M+B.S

 R.L of any point

R.L = H.I.- I.S/F.S

 Arithmetic Check:
Sum of BS-Sum of FS = Last R.L.-First R.L.
Rise and Fall Method:

 The difference of level between two consecutive points I s

determined by comparing each forward staff reading with
the staff reading at the immediately preceding point.
 Arithmetic Check
Sum of rise – Sum of Fall = Last RL – First RL = Sum
of BS – Sum of FS
Inverted Staff:

 Sometimes leveling staff is inverted in leveling work in

order to find R.L. of the ceiling point(top point).
 Inverted staff reading are represented as –ve value.
Reciprocal levelling
 Reciprocal levelling is adapted when there is an obstruction
in the direction of survey in which levelling work is not
possible
 By reciprocal levelling:
- effect of errors like error due to curvature and
refraction are eliminated
- any error in the line of collimation can be found
Error in Levelling
 Instrumental Errors:
 Under sensitive bubble.
 Errors in staff graduation
 Loose tripod head.
 Telescope not parallel to bubble tube
 Telescope not at right angles to the vertical axis

 Collimation Error
Collimation error occurs when the collimation axis is not truly
horizontal when the instrument is level. The effect is illustrated
in the sketch below, where the collimation axis is tilted with
respect to the horizontal by an angle a.
 Error due to Curvature & Refraction
The earth appears to “fall away” with distance. The curved
shape of the earth means that the level surface through the
telescope will depart from the horizontal plane through the
telescope as the line of sight proceeds to the horizon.
This effect makes actual level rod readings too large by:
C= 0.0239D*D
 Error correction:
 Correction due to earth curvature:
 Staff reading are taken corresponding to horizontal line whereas R.L. at point should be
found as per level line .
 Difference between horizontal line and level line is called correction due to earth
curvature.
 It is generally denoted by Cc.
Curvature correction (Cc)=(D*D)/(2*R)
where,
R=radius of the earth
D=distance between level instrument and level staff
NOTE:
• Error correction should be negative.
  Correction due to refraction :

 Due to refraction line of sight is shifted towards the downward direction

for large distance
 In this case smaller reading is obtained on staff due to which positive
correction is required to be applied.
 Generally correction due to refraction is 1/7 TH of correction due to
earth curvature.
 Generally denoted by Cr.
 Refraction correction(Cr)=(1/7)*((D*D)/(2*R)
 COMBINED CORRECTION
• Effect due to curvature and refraction
• So, combined correction = curvature correction
+ refraction correction
• Combined correction is always negative
• Combined correction = (6/7)*(D^2/2R)
GRACIAS!!