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Drying Periods

The document discusses drying processes and rates. It provides two typical drying rate curves showing constant and falling rate periods. It also discusses calculating drying time based on these periods, equilibrium moisture content, and other factors. An example problem demonstrates calculating drying time for different initial and final moisture contents. Different dryer types are also outlined, including tray, tunnel, rotary, drum, and spray dryers.

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140 views11 pages

Drying Periods

The document discusses drying processes and rates. It provides two typical drying rate curves showing constant and falling rate periods. It also discusses calculating drying time based on these periods, equilibrium moisture content, and other factors. An example problem demonstrates calculating drying time for different initial and final moisture contents. Different dryer types are also outlined, including tray, tunnel, rotary, drum, and spray dryers.

Uploaded by

bilal4621
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Drying Periods:-

In the drying of materials, it is necessary to remove free moisture from


the surface and also moisture from the interior. If the change in
moisture content with time for a material is determined, a smooth curve
is obtained from which the rate of drying at any given moisture content
can be evaluated. The from of drying rate curve varies with the
structure and type of material and two typical curves are shown here.

E D

Rate of Drying B A
1 2

C Moisture above Equilibrium value %

Rate of Drying of solid material (granular)


In curve 2 there are two well – defined zones AB where the rate of
drying is constant, and BC, where there is a steady fall in the rate of
drying as the percentage of moisture is reduced. The moisture content
at the end of the constant rate period is represented by point B, and is
known as the critical moisture content.

Curve 1 which will be obtained for a rather different kind of material


shows three stages, DE, EF and FC. The stage DE represents a
constant rate period and EF and FC are falling rate periods. In this
case, however, the section EF is a straight line and only the portion FC
is curved. Section EF is a straight line and only the portion FC is
curved; the section EF is known as the first falling rate period and the
final stage FC as the second falling rate period.

The drying of soap gives rise to a curve of type 2.

The drying of sand gives rise to a curve of type 1.


Time for Drying:-
Suppose a material is dried by passing hot air over the surface which is
initially wet. Then the rate of drying curve in it, simplest form is
represented by the fig given below;

C B

1/A dw/dt

O we wc w1

Rate of drying curve for estimation of time drying

W is the total moisture


We is the equilibrium moisture content (E)
W – We is the free moisture content. And
Wc is the critical moisture content (C)
Constant Rate Period:-
During the period of drying from the initial moisture content W1 to the
critical moisture content Wc the rate of drying is constant, so that the
time of drying tc is given by;

Tc = (W1 – Wc)/RcA

Where Rc is the rate of drying per unit area in the constant rate period
and A is the area of exposed surface.

Falling Rate Period:-


During this period the rate of drying is directly proportional to the free
moisture content (w – we), that is;

– 1 /A. dw/dt = m (w – we) = mf


w tf
-1/mA ∫ dw/w – we = ∫ dt
wc o

m = Kg/m2.s.Kg. solid (dry)


w
tf = -1/mA |ln(w – we) |
wc
tf = -1/mA [ln(w – we) - ln(wc – we)]

tf = 1/mA [ln(wc – we) - ln(w – we)]

tf = 1/mA ln(wc – we / w – we)

tf = 1/mA ln (fc/f)

Total Time of Drying:- Total time of drying from w1 to w


is t = (tc + tf)
The rate of drying Rc over the constant rate period is equal to the initial
rate of drying in the falling rate period; So that;
Rc = mfc fc = (wc – we)
tc = (w1 – wc)/RcA = (w1 – wc)/mfcA

Total Drying time = t = w1 – wc/ mfc A + 1/mA ln fc/f


t= 1/ mA [ (w1 – wc)/fc + ln fc/f ]
W1 – We = f1
Wc – We = fc

f1 – fc = W1 – We – Wc + We = W1 – Wc

Problem (16.1):-
A wet solid is dried from 35% to 10% moisture under constant
drying conditions in 18 ks (5h). If the equilibrium moisture content is 4%
and the critical moisture content is 14%. How long will it take to dry 6%
moisture under the same conditions ?

Solution:- For the first set of conditions;

W1 = 0.35 Kg/Kg We = 0.04 Kg/Kg


W = 0.10 Kg/Kg Wc = 0.14 Kg/Kg

f1 = (W1 – We) = (0.35 – 0.04) = 0.31 Kg/Kg


fc = (Wc – We) = (0.14 – 0.04) = 0.10 Kg/Kg
f = (W – We) = (0.10 – 0.04) = 0.06 Kg/Kg
We know that; t= 18ks
t= 1/mA [ f1 – fc/fc + ln fc/f ]
18= 1/mA [ 0.31 – 0.10/0.10 + ln ( 0.10/0.06 ]
mA= 1/18 [ 0.21 /0.10 + ln ( 0.10/0.06 ] = 0.145 Kg/ks

For the Second set of conditions;

W1 = 0.35 Kg/Kg We = 0.04 Kg/Kg


W = 0.06 Kg/Kg Wc = 0.14 Kg/Kg

f1 = (W1 – We) = (0.35 – 0.04) = 0.31 Kg/Kg


fc = (Wc – We) = (0.14 – 0.04) = 0.10 Kg/Kg
f = (W – We) = (0.06 – 0.04) = 0.02 Kg/Kg
mA= 0.145 kg/s

We know that;

t= 1/mA [ f1 – fc/fc + ln fc/f ]


t = 1/0.145 [ 0.31 – 0.10/0.10 + ln ( 0.10/0.02 ]
t = 6.89 ( 1.609 + 2.1 ] = 25.6 ks (7.1 hr)
Problem (16.4):-
One mega gram (1 tone) (dry weight) of a non – porous solid is
dried under constant drying conditions with an air velocity of 0.75 m/s,
so that the area of surface drying is 55 m2. If the initial rate of drying is
0.3 g/m2s, how long will it take to dry the material from 0.15 to 0.25 kg
water/kg dry solid ? The critical moisture content of the material may be
taken as 0.125 kg water/kg dry solid.

Solution:-
During constant rate period the moisture falls from 0.15 to 0.125 kg/kg.
1/A. dw/dt = The rate of drying = 0.3 x 10-3 kg/m2.s

C B

1/A dw/dt

wc = 0.125 w1 = 0.15

w
At the start of the falling rate period w = wc = 0.125 kg
We know that; 1/A. dw/dt = m (w – we) = m (wc –we) = (0.125– 0.025)

0.3 x 10-3 = m(0.125 – 0.025)


m= 3.0 x 10-3 kg/m2.s kg dry solid
m= 3.0 x 10-6 kg/m2.s Mg dry solid

t= 1/mA [ +ln ( fc / f ) + f1- fc / fc ]

f = (W – We) = (0.25 – 0) = 0.025 Kg/Kg (taking We= 0)


fc = (Wc – We) = (0.125 – 0) = 0.125 Kg/Kg
f1 = (W1 – We) = (0.15 – 0) = 0.15 Kg/Kg

t= 1/3.0 x 10-6 x 55 [ ln (0.125 / 0.025) + ( 0.15 – 0.125/0.125)]


t = 10.96 x 103 s
t = 10.96 ks (3.04 hr)

Types of Dryers:-
There are many hundreds of dryers designs available. Some of the
types are as follows;
1. Tray Dryers or Shelf Dryers:- Tray or shelf dryers are
commonly used for granular materials. The material is placed on a
series of trays.

2. Tunnel Dryers:- In the tunnel dryer, a series of trays or


trolleys is moved slowly through a long tunnel, and drying takes
place in a current of warm air; the tunnel itself may or may not
be heated. Tunnel dryers are used for drying trays of paraffin
wax, gelatin or soap etc.

3. Rotary Dryers:- For the continuous drying of materials


on a large scale (1 tonne /hr or greater) the rotary dryer is
suitable. This consists of a relatively long cylindrical shell
mounted on rollers, and driven at a low speed up to 0.4 Hz.
The shell is arranged at a small angle to the horizontal so that
material fed in at the higher end cuill travel through the dryer
under gravity. There are also different type of rotary dryer.

4. Drum Dryers:- If a solution or slurry is sun on to a steam –


heated drum which is slowly rotating, evaporation will take
place and the solids may be obtained in a dry form.
5. Spray Dryers:- Water can be evaporated from a solution or a
suspension of solid particles by spraying the mixture into a
vessel through which a current of hot gases is passed. By this
means a large interfacial area is produced and consequently a
high rate of evaporation is obtained.

Because of the fine state of subdivision of the liquid, the dried


material is obtained in a finely divided state.

In spray drying, it is necessary to atomize and distribute liquid


under controlled conditions.

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