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Drying Problems

The document outlines the drying process of a granular material in a pan, detailing the heat transfer by convection and the calculations for drying rates during constant and falling rate periods. It provides specific values for moisture content, drying area, and rates, leading to the determination of time required for drying the material from an initial to a final moisture content. Additionally, it includes a relation for the falling rate period and calculates the equilibrium moisture content.

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Rahul Singh
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4 views5 pages

Drying Problems

The document outlines the drying process of a granular material in a pan, detailing the heat transfer by convection and the calculations for drying rates during constant and falling rate periods. It provides specific values for moisture content, drying area, and rates, leading to the determination of time required for drying the material from an initial to a final moisture content. Additionally, it includes a relation for the falling rate period and calculates the equilibrium moisture content.

Uploaded by

Rahul Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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An insoluble wet granular material is dried in a pan 0.

457 m *
0.457 m and 25.4 mm deep. The material is 25.4 mm deep in
the pan, and the sides and bottom can be considered to be
insulated. Heat transfer is by convection from an air stream
flowing parallel to the surface at a velocity of 6.1 m/s. The air
is at 50 oC and has a humidity of 0.01 kg water/kg dry air.
Estimate the rate of drying for a constant rate period.
For humidity H=0.01 and dry bulb temperature of 50oC, wet bulb temperature is
found as 26 oC.

22.4(50 + 273) 1 0.01


𝑣𝐻 = ( + ) 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
273 29 18
3⁄
= 0.9286 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

The density of 1kg dry air +0.01 kg water is


1 + 0.01
𝜌= = 1.088 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
0.9286
The mass velocity
𝐺 = 𝑣𝜌 = 6.1 ∗ 3600 ∗ 1.088 = 23892.5 𝑘𝑔⁄ℎ𝑟𝑚2
ℎ = 0.0204𝐺 0.8
ℎ = 0.0204(23892.5)0.8
= 64.90 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 𝐾
𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑤 = 26o C λw = 2439.9 kJ⁄kg
ℎ
𝑅𝐶 = [𝑇 − 𝑇𝑤 ]
λw
64.90
= [50 − 26] 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠𝑚2
2439.9 ∗ 1000
= 6.384 ∗ 10−4 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠𝑚2
= 2.298 𝑘𝑔⁄ℎ𝑟𝑚2

1
1400 kg (bone dry) of granular solid is to be dried under
constant drying conditions from moisture content of 0.25 to 0.01
kg/ kg dry solid. The material has an effective area of 0.0615
m2/kg dry solid. Under the conditions, the following rates were
previously known. Calculate the time required for drying.

Moisture content,
0.3 0.2 0.14 0.096 0.056 0.046 0.026 0.016
X, kg/kg dry solid
Rate, N, kg/hr m2
1.71 1.71 1.71 1.46 1.29 0.88 0.54 0.376

𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑋=
𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑

𝑋1 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡


𝑋2 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑋𝐶 = 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑋 ∗ = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑡 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑


𝐴 = 𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
𝐿𝑆 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
𝑋1 = 0.25
𝑋2 = 0.01

𝑋𝐶 = 0.14
𝐴⁄ = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚2⁄
𝐿𝑆 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 0.0615 𝑘𝑔

2
𝐿𝑆 𝑋1 𝑑𝑋
𝑡= ∫
𝐴 𝑋2 𝑅
𝐿𝑆 𝑋1 𝑑𝑋 𝐿𝑆 𝑋𝐶 𝑑𝑋
𝑡= ∫ + ∫
𝐴 𝑋𝐶 𝑅𝐶 𝐴 𝑋2 𝑅
𝑡 = 𝑡𝐶 + 𝑡𝑓
𝑡𝐶 &𝑡𝑓
= 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑, 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦

For
𝑋2 = 0.01 R=?

(0.54 − 0.376) (0.376 − 𝑅)


=
(0.026 − 0.016) (0.016 − 0.01)

0.0984 = (0.376 − 𝑅)
𝑅 = (0.376 − 0.0984) = 0.2776

For constant rate period

𝐿𝑆
𝑡𝐶 = (𝑋 − 𝑋𝐶 )
𝐴𝑅𝐶 1
𝑘𝑔⁄
𝑅𝐶 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 1.71
ℎ𝑟 𝑚2
(𝑋1 − 𝑋𝐶 )
𝑡𝐶 =
(𝐴⁄𝐿 ) 𝑅𝐶
𝑆
(0.25 − 0.14)
= = 1.04598 ℎ𝑟
(0.0615) ∗ 1.71

For falling rate period


𝐿𝑆 𝑋𝐶 𝑑𝑋
𝑡𝑓 = ∫
𝐴 𝑋2 𝑅
3
𝑋 𝑑𝑋
Calculation of area (∫𝑋 𝐶 ) by numerical integration using spreadsheet:
2 𝑅

X R 1/R ∆X (1/R)av ∆X*(1/R)av


0.14 1.71 0.5848
0.044 0.63485 0.027933
0.096 1.46 0.6849
0.04 0.73005 0.029202
0.056 1.29 0.7752
0.01 0.9558 0.009558
0.046 0.88 1.1364
0.02 1.49415 0.029883
0.026 0.54 1.8519
0.01 2.28835 0.022884
0.016 0.376 2.7248
0.006 3.16355 0.018981
0.01 0.2776 3.6023

𝑋𝐶 𝑑𝑋 1
∫𝑋 =∑∆X( )𝑎𝑣 = 0.138441
2 𝑅 𝑅

0.138441
𝑡𝑓 = = 2.25107 ℎ𝑟
0.0615

𝑡 = 𝑡𝐶 + 𝑡𝑓

= 1.04598 + 2.25107 = 3.29705 ℎ𝑟

4
In a laboratory drying test with a solid material the following
relation for the falling rate period was obtained
𝑑𝑋
= −0.8(𝑋 − 0.05)
𝑑𝑡

Where X is the moisture content on dry basis and t is the time in


hours. The critical moisture content is 1.4 kg moisture per kg
dry solid. Calculate the time required for drying the material
from X1=4.0 to X2=1.4 and the equilibrium moisture content.

Solution

Given:

Relation for falling rate period:


𝑑𝑋
= −0.8(𝑋 − 0.05) = −0.8𝑋 + 0.04
𝑑𝑡
Relation for constant rate period:
Substituting for X=1.4 from critical moisture content data,
𝑑𝑋
= −0.8 ∗ 1.4 + 0.04 = −1.08
𝑑𝑡
Time required for drying from X1=4.0 to X2=1.4 in constant rate period tC:
1.4 − 4.0
𝑡𝐶 = = 2.407 ℎ𝑟
−1.08
At equilibrium moisture content rate of drying is zero.
𝑑𝑋
Equilibrium moisture content X* is obtained by equating to zero.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑋
= −0.8𝑋 ∗ + 0.04 = 0
𝑑𝑡

0.8𝑋 ∗ = 0.04
𝑋 ∗ = 0.04⁄0.8 = 0.05

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