Chapter 2

Functions and
Their Graphs

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 1
 Section 2.3

Properties of Functions

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 2
Objectives
• Determine Even and Odd Functions from a Graph
• Identify Even and Odd Functions from an Equation
• Use a Graph to Determine Where a Function Is
Increasing, Decreasing, or Constant
• Use a Graph to Locate Local Maxima and Local
Minima
• Use a Graph to Locate the Absolute Maximum and
the Absolute Minimum
Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 3
Objectives Continued
• Use a Graphing Utility to Approximate Local
Maxima and Local Minima and to Determine Where
a Function Is Increasing or Decreasing
• Find the Average Rate of Change of a Function

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 4
Objective
• Determine Even and Odd Functions from a Graph

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 5
Definitions

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 6
Definitions

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 7
Theorem

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 8
 Example: Determining Even and Odd
Functions from the Graph
Determine whether each graph is the graph of an even function,
an odd function, or a function that is neither even nor odd.
(a)

Solution:
(a) The graph is that of an even function, because the graph is
symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 9
Example: Continued
(b) (c)

Solution:
(b) The function is neither even nor odd, because the graph is
neither symmetric with respect to the y-axis nor symmetric
with respect to the origin.
(c) The function is odd, because its graph is symmetric with
respect to the origin.

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 10
Objective
• Identify Even and Odd Functions from an Equation

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 11
Example: Identifying Even and Odd
Functions

Use a graphing utility to conjecture whether each of the

following functions is even, odd, or neither. Then algebraically
determine whether the graph is symmetric with respect to the
y-axis or with respect to the origin.
(a) f (x) = x2 – 5 (b) g(x) = x3 – 1

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 12
 Example: Continued (a) f (x) = x2 – 5
Solution:
(a) It appears that the graph is symmetric with respect to
the y-axis. We conjecture that the function is even.
To algebraically verify the conjecture, replace x by –x in
f (x) = x2 – 5. Then f (– x) = (–x)2 – 5 = x 2 – 5 = f (x)
Since f (– x) = f (x), we conclude that f is an even
function and that the graph is symmetric with respect to
the y-axis.

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 13
Example: Continued (b) g(x) = x3 – 1

Solution:
(b)

It appears there is no symmetry. We conjecture that the function

is neither even nor odd.

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 14
Example: Continued (b) g(x) = x3 – 1
Solution:
(b) To algebraically verify that the function is not even, find
g(–x) and compare the result with g(x).
g(– x) = (– x) 3 – 1 = –x3 – 1; g(x) = x3 – 1
Since g(– x) ≠ g(x), the function is not even.
To algebraically verify that the function is not odd, find –
g(x) and compare the result with g(–x).
–g(x) = –(x 3 – 1) = –x3 +1; g(– x) = –x3 – 1
Since g(– x) ≠ –g(x), the function is not odd. The graph is
not symmetric with respect to the y-axis nor is it symmetric
with respect to the origin.
Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 15
Objective
• Use a Graph to Determine Where a Function Is
Increasing, Decreasing, or Constant

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 16
Example: Determining Where a Function
Is Increasing, Decreasing, or Constant
from Its Graph
Determine the values of x for which
the function is increasing. Where is
it decreasing? Where is it constant?

Solution:
The graph is that of an even function, because the graph is
symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 17
Example: Continued

Solution:
When determining where a function is increasing, where it is
decreasing, and where it is constant, we use inequalities
involving the independent variable x, or we use intervals of
x-coordinates. The function is increasing on the interval [–4, 0],
or for –4 ≤ x ≤ 0. The function is decreasing on the intervals
[–6, –4] and [3, 6] , or for –6 ≤ x ≤ –4 and 3 ≤ x ≤ 6. The
function is constant on the closed interval [0, 3] , or for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3.

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 18
Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 19
Objective
• Use a Graph to Locate Local Maxima and Local
Minima

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 20
Definitions

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 21
Example: Finding the Local Maxima and Local
Minima from the Graph of a Function and
Determining Where the Function Is Increasing,
Decreasing, or Constant
The figure shows the graph of a function f.
(a) At what value(s) of x, if any, does f have a
local maximum? List the local maximum
value(s).
(b) At what value(s) of x, if any, does f have a
local minimum? List the local minimum
value(s).
(c) Find the intervals on which f is increasing.
Find the intervals on which f is decreasing.
Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 22
Example: Continued

Solution:
The domain of f is the set of real numbers.
(a) f has a local maximum at x = 0, since for all x close to 0, we
have f(x)  f(0). The local maximum value is f(0) = 3.

(b) f has local minima at x = – 2 and at x = 1. The local minimum

values are f(–2) = – 1 and f(1) = 0.
Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 23
Example: Continued

(c) The function whose graph is given in the figure is

 

increasing on the intervals [– 2, 0] and [1, , or for

–2  x  0 and x  1. The function is decreasing on the
intervals ( – , – 2] and [0, 1] , or for x  – 2 and 0  x  1.

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 24
Objective
• Use a Graph to Locate the Absolute Maximum and
the Absolute Minimum

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 25
Definition

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 26
Example: Finding the Absolute Maximum
and the Absolute Minimum from the
Graph of a Function
Find the absolute maximum and the absolute minimum, if
they exist. Also, find any local maxima or local minima.

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 27
Example: Continued
Solution:
The function has the interval [0, 5]
as its domain. The absolute
maximum of f is f (5) = 4. The
absolute minimum is 1.

Notice that the absolute minimum 1 occurs at any number in

the interval [1, 2]. The function has a local minimum value of
1 at every x in the interval [1, 2], but it has no local
maximum value.

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 28
Theorem

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 29
Objective
• Use a Graphing Utility to Approximate Local
Maxima and Local Minima and to Determine Where
a Function Is Increasing or Decreasing

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 30
Example: Using a Graphing Utility to
Approximate Local Maxima and Minima and to
Determine Where a Function Is Increasing or
Decreasing

(a) Use a graphing utility to graph

f (x) = 6x3 – 12x + 5 for – 2 ≤ x ≤ 2. Approximate where f
has a local maximum and where f has a local minimum.
(b) Determine where f is increasing and where it is decreasing.

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 31
Example: Continued

Solution:

(a) Graph the function f for –2 ≤ x ≤ 2. The MAXIMUM and

MINIMUM commands require us to first determine the
open interval I. The graphing utility will then approximate
the maximum or minimum value in the interval. Using
MAXIMUM, we find that the local maximum value is
11.53 and that it occurs at x = – 0.82, rounded to two
decimal places. Using MINIMUM, we find that the local
minimum value is – 1.53 and that it occurs at x = 0.82,
rounded to two decimal places. See Figures on next slide.

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 32
Example: Continued

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 33
Example: Continued

Solution:

(b) Looking at the Figures on the previous slide, we see that the
graph of f is increasing from x = –2 to x = –0.82 and from
x = 0.82 to x = 2, so f is increasing on the intervals
[–2, –0.82] and [0.82, 2] , or for –2 ≤ x ≤ –0.82
and 0.82 ≤ x ≤ 2.
The graph is decreasing from x = –0.82 to x = 0.82, so f is
decreasing on the interval [–0.82, 0.82], or for
–0.82 ≤ x ≤ 0.82.

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 34
Objective
• Find the Average Rate of Change of a Function

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 35
Definitions

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 36
Example: Finding the Average Rate of Change
Find the average rate of change of f(x) = x2 + 1
(a) From 0 to 2 (b) from 1 to 2.
y = x2 +1

Solution:
 

Average rate of
(2, 5)
(a) The average rate of change of change = 2

f(x) = x2 + 1 from 0 to 2 is Average rate of

change = 3
(1, 2)
= = = = (0, 1)

 
(b) The average rate of change of f(x) = x2 + 1 from 1 to 2 is
= = = =3

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 37
Theorem

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 38
Example: Find the Equation of a Secant Line

Suppose that g(x) = x2 3x + 2.

 

(a) Find the average rate of change of g from 1 to 3.

(b) Find an equation of the secant line containing (1, g(1)) and

(3, g(3)).
(c) Using a graphing utility, draw the graph of g and the secant
line obtained in part (b) on the same screen.

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 39
Example: Find the Equation of a Secant Line

Solution:
 

(a) The average rate of change of g(x) = x2 3x + 2 from 1 to 3

is
Average rate of change =
=
= =1 g(3) = 32 – 3(3) + 2 = 2
g(1) = 12 – 3(1) + 2 = 0

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 40
Example: Find the Equation of a Secant Line

Solution:
(b) The slope of the secant line containing (1, g(1)) = (1, 0) and

(3, g(3)) = (3, 2) is msec = 1. Use the point–slope form to

find an equation of the secant line.
y – y1 = msec(x – x1) Point–slope form of the secant line
y – 0 = 1(x – (1)) x1 = 1, y1 = g(1) = 0, msec = 1
y–0 =x–1 Distribute.
y =x–1 Slope–intercept form of the secant
line
Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 41
Example: Find the Equation of a Secant Line

Solution:
(c) The figure shows the graph of g along with the secant line
y = x – 1.

Y2 = x – 1

 
Y1 = x2 3x + 2

Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc. Section 2.3, Slide 42